Introduction to Computing (First Week Orientation) PDF

Introduction to Computing competence and effective quality management Prof. Bator, Priscilla S. (“Ms. Precy”) system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements. (First Week SUBJECT ORIENTATION) VISION -...

Introduction to Computing competence and effective quality management Prof. Bator, Priscilla S. (“Ms. Precy”) system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements. (First Week SUBJECT ORIENTATION) VISION - TUP: A premier state university with COS GOALS - The College of Science recognized excellence in engineering and prepares students to become fully integrated technology education at par with leading individuals, scientifically literate and technically universities in the ASEAN region. competent to assume dynamic and responsible leadership for the country's scientific and MISSION - The mission of TUP is stated in technological development in the improvement Section 2 of P.D. No. 1518 as follows: The of man's well-being and the quality of the University shall provide higher and advanced environment. vocational, technical, industrial, technological and professional education and training in POLICIES: industries and technology, and in practical arts - Two consecutive absences will men leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees. It DROPPED from subject shall provide progressive leadership in applied Dropped = Repeat the subject research, developmental studies in technical, industrial, and technological fields and *Need to submit the excuse letter together with production using indigenous materials; effect the photocopy of your parent or guardians ID technology transfer in the countryside; and *Need to see the original ID of your assist in the development of small-and-medium parents/guardian scale industries in identified growth centers. - No show for 30 mins, then we can leave CORE VALUES T - Transparent and participatory governance LESSON 1: Introduction to the World U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, of Technology and objectives Overview P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality This chapter covers: service What computers are, how they work, I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the and how they are used good name of the University Computer terminology A - Accountability for individual and An overview of the history of computers organizational quality performance The basic types of computers in use N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to today the rapid economic growth of the country How to access resources on the Internet S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and The societal impact of computers resourcefulness in compliance to the mandates of the university Why Learn About Computers and Technology? QUALITY POLICY - TUP shall commit to Pervasive computing provide quality higher and advanced education; Also known as ubiquitous computing conduct relevant research and extension Computers are everywhere and have projects; continually improve its value to become an integral part of our lives customers through enhancement of personnel Before 1980  Computers were large and expensive Computing Devices in the Home Very few people had access to them ❖ Computers are used for a variety of Computers were mostly used for tasks: high-volume processing tasks ❖ Looking up information and news ❖ Exchanging email Early Personal Computer Use ❖ Shopping and paying bills Early 1980s ❖ Watching TV, videos, and movies Microcomputers (inexpensive personal ❖ Downloading music and movies computers) were invented ❖ Organizing digital photographs Dramatic increase in computer use ❖ Playing games ❖ Making vacation plans Early 1990's ❖ Other reference, productivity, or The World Wide Web (W W W) and the entertainment task graphical Web browser were invented ❖ Common technologies Increased the purchase and use of Wireless networking computers for personal use Computers can be used in nearly any location Computers and Technology Today Smart appliances Most households have a computer or Traditional appliances with smartphone, and most individuals use a built-in computer or computer device at work communication technology Smart homes Electronic devices are converging into single Household tasks are units with multiple capabilities, such as to: monitored and controlled Check email on living room television by a main computer in the Make telephone calls via a computer house or a smartphone View Internet content on a smartphone Computing Devices in Education Computer literacy (understanding what a ❖ Most children and teens have used computer is and how it works) is an essential computers all their lives skill for everyone ❖ Computer labs and classrooms Most students today have access Convergence to computers at school TELEVISIONS - Can be used to access Web Some schools integrate e-books pages, e-mail, streaming movies, and other into the curriculum Internet content,in in addition to viewing TV Some schools supply or require a content. device ❖ Wireless hotspots SMARTPHONES - Can be used to access Allow students to access the Web pages, e-mail, movies, and other Internet Internet and campus resources content; play music; run apps and games; and ❖ Distance learning take photos, in addition to making phone calls Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom  ❖ setting using computers and Internet OFF-SITE COMMUNICATIONS - Portable access devices are used to record data, access data, or communicate Examples of Computing Devices in with others Education COMPUTER LABS AND CLASSROOMS - Computing Devices on the Go Computers and Internet access are often Computers are encountered in nearly available in the classroom and/or a computer every aspect of daily life lab for student use. Consumer kiosks ATM transactions CAMPUS WIRELESS HOTSPOTS - Students POS systems at retail stores can often access the Internet from anywhere Self-checkout systems on Consumer authentication systems campus to do research, check email, and Portable computers more, via a campus hotspot Smartphones and smart watches GPS systems DISTANCE LEARNING - With distance Examples of Computing Devices on the Go learning, students—such as these U.S. Army MOBILE DEVICES - Enable individuals to soldiers—can take classes from home or remain in touch with others and to access wherever they happen to be at the moment. internet resources while on the go. Computing Devices on the Job CONSUMER KIOSKS - Are widely available to Computers have become a universal view conference or gift registry information, on-the-job tool print photographs, order products or services, Used by all types of employees and more Used for decision-making, productivity, and communications MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS - Allow Used for access control and other individuals to pay for purchases using a security measures smartphone or other device. Used by service professionals Used extensively by the military WEARABLE DEVICES - Enable individuals to Often requires periodically updating easily view smartphone messages or their computer skills fitness activities while on the go. Some jobs exist because computers exist Technology and You Restaurant iPad Ordering Systems Examples of Computing Devices on the Job Used in conjunction with e menus DECISION MAKING - Computers are used to Customers can place and pay for help make on-the-job decisions. orders Can provide more resources to PRODUCTIVITY - Computers are used to customers perform on-the-job tasks efficiently and accurately What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? ❖ A computer is a programmable, electronic device that accepts data,  performs operations on that data, and Each new generation is characterized stores the data by a major technological development Its instructions, called programs, Pre Computers and early computers determine the tasks the computer (before approx. 1946) will perform Abacus, slide rule, mechanical ❖ Basic operations (the IPOS cycle) calculator Input: Entering data into the Punch Card Tabulating Machine and computer Sorter Processing: Performing operations on the data Computers Then and Now: First and Output: Presenting the results Second Storage: Saving data, programs, Generation Computers or output for future use First-generation computers (1946-1957) Communications: Sending or Enormous and powered by vacuum receiving data tubes Used a great deal of electricity and generated a lot of heat ENIAC and UNIVAC Second-generation computers (1958-1963) Used transistors The IPOS Cycle Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable Punch cards and magnetic tape were used for input Punch cards and paper were used for output Magnetic tape was used for storage Data versus Information ❖ Data is raw, unorganized facts Computers Then and Now: Third and Fourth Can be in the form of text, Generation Computers graphics, audio, or video ❖ Third-generation computers ❖ Information is data that has been (approximately 1964–1970) processed into a meaningful form Used integrated circuits (ICs), Information processing is the which consist of transistors and conversion of data into electronic circuits on a single tiny information silicon chip Keyboards were used for input; Computers Then and Now: Precomputers monitors for output and Hard drives were used for Early Computers storage The computer as we know it is a fairly ❖ Fourth-generation computers recent invention (approximately 1971–present) The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations  Use microprocessors, which Input, Processing and Output Devices contain the core processing of an ❖ Input devices entire computer on a single chip Used to input data into the Keyboards and mice are used for computer input; monitors and printers for Include keyboards, mice, output; hard drives, flash memory scanners, cameras, media, and optical discs for microphones, pens, touch pads, storage touch screens, fingerprint Networks and the Internet were readers, etc. developed ❖ Processing devices Includes the central processing Computers Then and Now: Fifth Generation unit (CPU), which performs Computers calculations and controls the Fifth-generation (now and the future) computer’s operation ❖ Most commonly defined as being based Also includes additional on artificial intelligence (AI) processors, such as the graphics ❖ Some aspects like voice and touch input processing unit (GPU), and are used today memory ❖ Future computers may be different, such ❖ Output devices as: Present results to the user Optical computers Includes monitors, printers, Tiny computers that utilize speakers, headphones, etc. nanotechnology General-purpose computers built Storage and Communications Devices into everyday devices ❖ Storage devices FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS - Some Used to store data on or access aspects of ‰fifth-generation computers, such data from storage media as the natural language input and artificial Include hard drives, CD/DVD intelligence used by the IBM Watson computer discs and drives, USB flash shown competing on Jeopardy! here, it drives, etc. already exists. ❖ Communications devices Allow users to communicate with Hardware others and to electronically Hardware is the physical parts of a computer access remote information ❖ Internal hardware Includes modems, network Located inside the main box adapters, routers, etc. (system unit) of the computer ❖ External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection ❖ Hardware devices are associated with all five computer operations Examples of Hardware Application Software (Apps) ❖ Application software (apps) perform specific tasks or applications Creating letters, budgets, etc. Managing inventory and customer databases Editing photographs Scheduling appointments Viewing Web pages Exchanging email Burning DVDs Designing homes Software Playing games, watching videos, Software is the program or instructions used listening to music to tell the computer hardware what to do Writing computer programs and ❖ System software allows the computer to creating Web pages operate Includes the operating system, Examples of Application Software which starts up the computer and controls its operation Without an operating system, a computer cannot function The operating system boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction Most use graphical objects to interact with the user via icons, buttons, tiles, etc. Includes Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, IOS, etc. The Windows desktop is the work area for Windows PC s The Windows Desktop Computer Users and Professionals Computer users (end users) use a computer to perform tasks or to obtain information Computer professionals include: ❖ Programmers Write programs that computers use ❖ Systems analysts Design computer systems ❖ Computer operations personnel Manage day-to-day computer operations  ❖ Security specialists Secure computers and networks Inside the Industry against hackers Smartphone Driver Licenses Computers To Fit Every Need Several states are currently testing, and Six basic categories of computers: likely implementing, digital driver Embedded computers licenses (DDLs) Mobile devices DDLs resemble your paper driver Personal computers license, and contain the same Servers information Mainframe computers DDLs are mobile apps that can contain Supercomputers additional features Some issues need to be resolved Embedded Computers - An embedded before widespread use computer is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the product in which it is Personal Computers (PCs) embedded ❖ A personal computer (PC) is a small Household appliances computer designed to be used by one Thermostats person at a time Sewing machines Originally called a Treadmills microcomputer Answering machines Available in different sizes and Cars shapes Self-driving cars ❖ Desktop computers Sit on or next to a desk Mobile Devices - A mobile device is a very Tower case, desktop case, or small device with some type of built-in all-in one computing or Internet capability PC or Macintosh Typically has a small screen and Not portable keyboard Many use voice or touch input Portable Computers Can perform Internet searches, pay for A portable computer is designed to be carried products, and view documents around easily Include smartphones, handheld gaming ❖ Notebook (laptop) computers devices, tablets, and smart watches Typically use a clamshell design ❖ Tablet computers Trend Usually use a digital pen/stylus or Apple Watch touch screen Designed to work in conjunction with an No physical keyboard; on-screen iPhone for much of its functionality or attached keyboard Launch apps and select options via ❖ Hybrid notebook-tablet computers touch Can function as either a notebook Also supports voice input or a tablet Apple Pay enables you to make ❖ Netbooks payments via a store’s contactless Smaller; designed for accessing payment terminal Internet resources  Mainframe Computers A mainframe computer is a powerful computer used by many large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data Often used in hospitals, universities, Examples of Portable Computers large businesses, banks, government offices, etc. Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network Runs programs to meet the needs of a wide variety of users, as well as large processing tasks during off hours Thin Client and Internet Appliances Often uses virtualization; used for new ❖ A thin client is designed to utilize a and emerging needs such as processing network for much of its processing data from smart meters and running Advantages include lower cost, social networks increased security, and easier Also called high-end servers or maintenance enterprise-class servers Disadvantages include limited or no local storage and the inability Example of a Mainframe Computer to function if the network is down ❖ An Internet appliance is an ordinary device that can be used for accessing the Internet Some use apps to deliver news, sports scores, weather, music, and other Web-based information Include smart TVs, refrigerators, and other appliances Servers A server is a midrange computer used to host programs and data for a small network Supercomputers ❖ Users connect via a network with a A supercomputer is the fastest, most computer, thin client, or dumb terminal expensive, most powerful type of computer ❖ Virtualization refers to creating virtual ❖ Generally run one program at a time, as rather than actual server environments fast as possible Used to share a server for ❖ New applications include hosting increased efficiency extremely complex Web sites and three Desktop virtualization delivers a dimensional applications user’s desktop to his or her ❖ Can cost several million dollars each current device ❖ Tend to be very large and contain a large number of processors  ❖ Example: Titan is one of the fastest computers in the world Contains more than 300,000 processors Peak speed is 27,000 calculations per second Example of a Supercomputer What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? ❖ The Internet is the largest/most well-known computer network in the world Computer Networks and the Internet Individuals connect using an A computer network is a collection of Internet service provider (ISP) hardware and other devices that are connected ISPs connect to regional together networks, which connect to Users can share hardware, software, backbone networks, which and data connect to form the Internet Users can communicate with each other ❖ The World Wide Web (Web) is one Users can share an Internet connection resource (a vast collection of Web Most computers and mobile devices pages) available through the Internet today connect to a computer network Web pages typically contain Examples include small and large hyperlinks business networks, school networks, Web sites contain Web pages home networks, public wireless stored on Web servers networks, and mobile telephone Web pages are viewed using a networks Web browser (Edge, Internet Explorer (IE), Example of a Computer Network Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.) Web pages offer a wide variety of information and uses Examples of Common Web Activities Accessing a Network or the Internet ❖ Need a network adapter to connect ❖ Many networks require a username and password Internet connections can be: Direct (always-on) connections ❖ Dial-up connections Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) ❖ Internet addresses access resources A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) uniquely on the Internet identifies a Web Page ❖ The most common types of Internet It indicates: addresses: ❖ The protocol or standard being used, IP addresses and domain names such as: (to identify computers) http:// for Web pages Uniform Resource Locator (URL) https:// for secure Web pages identifies Web pages ftp:// for some file transfers E-mail addresses (username) ❖ The Web server hosting the page identifies person ❖ The names of the folders in which the Web page file is stored IP Addresses and Domain Names ❖ The Web page’s filename ❖ An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a numeric address that identifies Example of a Web Page URL computers (such as 134.170.185.46) ❖ A domain name is a name (such as microsoft.com) that corresponds to an IP address The top-level domain (TLD) is the far right part of the name and identifies the type of the E-Mail Addresses organization or its location An email address consists of: ❖ A username  An identifying name (unique ❖ A search site is a Web page that help within a domain name) you locate Web pages and other ❖ The @ symbol resources ❖ The domain name for the computer that Typically search using keywords will be handling the person’s email (mail ❖ Reference sites are designed to let you ❖ server) look up addresses, telephone numbers, Pronouncing Internet addresses ZIP codes, maps, and other reference information You can find reference sites using a search site How It Works E-Mail Cloud Computing ❖ Electronic mail (e-mail) is the process ❖ Resources stored on computers in a of exchanging electronic messages “cloud” of computers rather than on between individuals over a network users’ computers One of the most widely used ❖ Resources are available on demand, Internet applications accessible to any Web-enabled device Can be sent and received via an ❖ Cloud data is safe if the device is lost, installed email program, or a Web stolen, or damaged mail service or app Google Docs and Google Drive are shown here Can contain photos and other Surfing the Web attached files ❖ A Web browser is used to display Web Mobile email may be charged pages against data usage ❖ The browser’s starting page or home Other types of mobile page is the first page displayed when communications include text the browser is opened messages and multimedia Users can change their browser’s messages home page From the home page, other Web How E-Mail Works pages can be accessed ❖ To view a Web page: Type a URL in the Address bar Click a hyperlink (graphics or text linked to other Web pages) located on a Web Page Choose a Web page saved as a Favorite/bookmark or a Web page from the History List Searching the Web Technology and Society: Benefits faces), such as ☺ ❖ The vast improvements in technology over the past decade have had a distinct Technology and Society: Netiquette impact on daily life, at home, and at work ❖ Benefits of a technology-oriented society include: Design before construction leads to safer products Earlier medical diagnoses and more effective treatment Devices that allow physically and/or visually challenged individuals to perform job tasks Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments Download information, music, movies, and more on demand Technology and Society: Anonymity and Technology and Society: Risks Integrity Risks of a technology-oriented society include: ❖ The anonymity factor ❖ Stress and health concerns Online communications can be ❖ Security issues anonymous Computer viruses and malware Anonymity gives many individuals Identity theft and phishing a sense of freedom ❖ Privacy issues Online anonymity can also be Spam abused How collected data is used ❖ Information integrity How secure the collected data is Use common sense when evaluating online content Technology and Society: Online Check your sources—not all Communications information on the Internet is Differences in online communications accurate ❖ Less formal than traditional Double-check information before communications using it or passing it on to others ❖ Netiquette Summary Be polite and considerate of Technology in Your Life others What is a Computer and What Does It Refrain from offensive remarks Do? ❖ Abbreviations (acronyms) and Computers to Fit Every Need emoticons are often used Computer Networks and the Internet Acronyms, such as B T W (by the Technology and Society way) Emoticons (typically illustrations of LESSON 2: Introduction to the World of Computers The GPU Processors and the CPU ❖ The GPU (graphics processing unit) A processor consists of circuitry and takes care of the processing needed to components packaged display images (including still images, together and connected directly to the animations) on the screen motherboard Can be located on the The CPU (central processing unit) does the motherboard, on a video graphics vast majority of board, or in the CPU package processing for a computer Mobile processors often integrate ❖ Called a microprocessor when talking other capabilities into the about personal computers processor package ❖ Typically designed for a specific type of (system-on-a-chip (SoC)) computer Desktops, servers, and some Technology and You notebook PCs use Intel or Modular Phones Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Currently in development processors Individuals create custom phones Portable computers and mobile Start with basic modules devices often use Intel or AMD Give the user flexibility to add, upgrade, mobile processors or an ARM or replace modules whenever processor instead Google’s Project Ara CPU Cores Processing Speed ❖ Multi-core CPUs contain the Processing speed can be measured by the processing components (cores) of CPU’s clock speed multiple independent processors in a ❖ Rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz single CPU (GHz) ❖ Dual-core CPUs contain two cores ❖ Higher CPU clock speed = more ❖ Quad-core CPUs contains four cores instructions processed per second ❖ Multi-core processors allow computers ❖ Alternate measure of processing speed to work on more than one task at a time is the number of instructions a CPU can They also typically use slower process per second cores than single-core CPUS so Megaflops (millions), gigaflops have fewer heat problems (billions), teraflops (trillions) ❖ Benchmark tests can be used to Examples of CPUs evaluate overall processing speed FIGURE 2-9: CPU examples. Word Size and Cache Memory ❖ A computer word is the amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time In the past, CPUs used 32-bit words (referred to as 32-bit processors); today, most CPUs are 64-bit processors  ❖ Cache memory is a special group of Memory very fast circuitry usually built into the ❖ Memory refers to chip-based storage, CPU (internal cache memory) or locations that a computer uses to More cache memory typically ❖ store data on a temporary basis means faster processing Volatile memory (content is Cache memory level numbers erased when the device is shut indicate the order in which the off) various levels of cache are Non-volatile memory (content is accessed by the CPU retained when the device is shut Level 1 is fastest, then off) Level 2, then Level 3 ❖ Random access memory (RAM) is the computer’s main memory or system Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth memory ❖ A bus is an electronic path over which Stores essential parts of data can travel operating system, programs, and Found inside the CPU and on the data the computer is currently motherboard using Bus width is the number of wires Consists of electronic circuits in the bus over which data can etched onto chips travel Mobile devices typically A wider bus allows more use embedded memory data to be transferred at chips one time Servers and personal ❖ Bus width and bus speed together computers use circuit determine the bus’s bandwidth (the boards called memory amount of data that can be transferred modules plugged into the via the bus in a given time period) motherboard ❖ The amount of data actual transferred under real-life conditions is called Inserting RAM Memory Modules throughput Example of Bus Width FIGURE 2-11: Bus width. A wider bus can transfer more data at one time than a narrower bus Characteristics of RAM ❖ Volatile ❖ Measured in bytes (amount dependent on CPU and operating system) ❖ Most personal computers use SDRAM ❖ Double-Data Rate (DDR) RAM sends data twice as often as ordinary SDRAM or prior versions of RAM DDR2, DDR3, DDR4  ❖ Dual-channel memory architecture has Built into some storage devices two paths that go to and from memory; (solid-state hard drives, USB flash tri-channel (three paths) and drives, etc.) quad-channel (four paths) memory architecture used for higher Fans, Heat Sinks, and Other Cooling performance Components ❖ Fans are used on most personal Memory Addressing computers to help cool the CPU and ❖ Each location in memory has an ❖ system unit address Heat is an ongoing problem for Usually stored in one or more CPU and computer consecutive addresses, manufacturers depending on its size Can damage components ❖ Computer system sets up and maintains Cooler chips run faster directory tables to facilitate retrieval of ❖ Heat sinks are small components the data typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat Registers and ROM ❖ Some portable computers and virtually ❖ Registers are high-speed memory all mobile devices don’t include a fan; locations built into the CPU instead thermal transfer materials are Used to store data and used to spread out the heat generated intermediary results during processing Other Types of Cooling Systems Fastest type of memory ❖ Liquid cooling systems ❖ ROM (read-only memory) consists of Cool the computer with nonvolatile chips located on the liquid-filled tubes motherboard into which data or ❖ Immersion cooling programs have been permanently Hardware is actually submerged stored into units filled with a liquid Retrieved by the computer when cooling solution needed ❖ Notebook cooling stand Being replaced with flash Cools the underside of a memory notebook computer ❖ Other cooling methods, such as ion Flash Memory pump cooling systems, are under Flash memory consists of nonvolatile memory development chips that can be used for storage Have begun to replace ROM for storing Examples of Computer Cooling Methods system information (BIOS).DESKTOP COMPUTERS - Can use fans, heat Stores firmware for personal computers sinks, and liquid cooling systems to cool the and other devices inside of the computer. Built into many types of devices (tablets, smartphones, and digital cameras) for SERVERS- Often use liquid cooling systems; user storage An immersion cooling system is shown here. NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS - Often have at Buses and expansion slots. Buses transport least one internal fan; notebook cooling stands data from one component to another. can be used to cool the underside of the computer. Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards ❖ An expansion slot is a location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted ❖ An expansion card is a circuit board inserted into an expansion slot Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device ❖ Smaller devices may integrate capabilities directly into the device ❖ USB adapters can be used with portable computers and some mobile devices PCI, PCIe, and USB ❖ The PCI bus used to be the most Examples of Expansion Cards and common type of expansion bus Adapters ❖ Today, PCI Express (PCIe) buses are more common PCIe ×16 is a 16-bit bus and is used to connect monitors to a computer PCIe ×1 is a 1-bit bus and is used to connect other peripherals PCIe buses are extremely fast ❖ A universal serial bus (USB) connects Buses USB devices to a Computer ❖ A bus is an electronic path within a 127 different devices can connect computer over which data travels via a single USB port Located within the CPU and Extremely versatile etched onto the motherboard ❖ An expansion bus connects the CPU to Ports and Connectors peripheral (typically input and output) A port is a connector on the exterior of a devices computer’s system unit to which a ❖ The memory bus connects the CPU device may be attached directly to RAM Typical desktop computer ports HDMI to ❖ The front side bus (FSB) connects the connect a monitor (VGA and Digital CPU to the chipset that connects the Video Interface (DVI) are older CPU to the rest of the bus architecture standards) Network ports connect a device to a Examples of Buses and Expansion Slots wired network  USB ports connect USB devices; can be ❖ Can charge and power portable USB-C computers Others include IrDA and Bluetooth ports, ❖ Many types of adapters and multiport flash memory card slots, audio ports, adapter cables available eSATA ports, and Thunderbolt ports (Apple) Ports and Connectors: Tablets and Most computers support the Plug and Smartphones Play standard ❖ Tablets have ports similar to desktop USB and Thunderbolt devices are computers, but often not as many hot-swappable Connecting a tablet to a tablet dock can provide additional Examples of Typical Ports and Connectors connectivity options ❖ Smartphones have more limited expansion capabilities Usually have a USB port Some have a flash memory card slot Some have a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) slot to hold a SIM card USB Hubs USB hubs connect multiple devices to a single Examples of Typical Ports for Tablets and USB port Tablet FIGURE 2-19: USB hubs. This USB hub is Docks used to connect multiple USB-A and USB-C devices to a single USB-C port.. How the CPU Works The CPU (central processing unit) consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together ❖ The transistor is the key element of the How It Works microprocessor USB-C Made of semiconductor material ❖ Both ends of a USB-C cable are the that controls the flow of electrons same inside a chip Traditional USB cables have two Today’s CPU s contain hundreds different connectors: of millions of transistors; the USB-A and USB-B number doubles about every 18 ❖ Very fast months (Moore’s Law)  ❖ Electronic impulses move from one part Inside a CPU Core of the CPU to another to process data ❖ The architecture and components included in a CPU (referred to as microarchitecture) vary from processor to processor Inside the Industry Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per square inch on chips had doubled every two years and that trend would continue Moore’s Law is still relevant today for The System Clock processors as well as other computer The system clock is a timing mechanism components within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’s operations CPU Core Components Located on the motherboard The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Sends out a signal on a regular basis to performs arithmetic involving integers all computer components and logical operations Each signal is a cycle The floating point unit (FPU) performs Number of cycles per second is decimal arithmetic measured in hertz (Hz) The control unit coordinates and One megahertz = one million ticks of the controls activities within a CPU core system clock The prefetch unit attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are Clock Speed needed for processing in order to avoid Computers can run at a multiple or fraction of delays the system clock speed The decode unit translates instructions Many PC system clocks run at 200 from the prefetch unit so that they are MHz; all devices run at a fraction or understood by the control unit, ALU, and multiplier of the clock speed FPU A CPU clock speed of 2 GHz means the The registers and internal cache CPU clock “ticks” 10 times during each memory store data and instructions system clock tick needed by the CPU During each CPU clock tick, one or The bus interface unit allows the core more pieces of microcode are to communicate with other CPU processed components A CPU with a higher clock speed processes more instructions per second than the same CPU with a lower CPU clock speed The Machine Cycle Graphics cards can be upgraded ❖ A machine cycle occurs whenever the if needed CPU processes a single piece of Some notebooks switch to microcode integrated graphics when using It consists of four operations: battery power to extend battery Fetch life Decode Execute Strategies for Making Faster and Better Store Computers: Pipelining Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed at one time A new instruction begins as soon as the previous instruction completes a stage of the machine cycle FIGURE 2-25: Pipelining. Pipelining streamlines the machine cycle by executing different stages of multiple instructions at the same time Making Computers Faster and Better Now so that the different parts of the CPU are idle and in the Future less often. Improving the Performance of Your System Today ❖ Add more memory ❖ Perform system maintenance Uninstall programs properly Remove unnecessary programs from the Startup List Place unneeded large files on external storage Delete temporary files Error-check your hard drive Scan for viruses and spyware Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing Clean out the dust Using more than one processor or processor ❖ Buy a larger or second hard drive core is common today Can be internal or external Multiprocessing: Each processor or Move files from your primary core typically works on a different job to drive to make it faster process these jobs faster than with a ❖ Upgrade your Internet connection single processor Various types of connections and Parallel processing: Multiple speeds are available processors or cores work together to ❖ Upgrade your video graphics card process a single job as fast as possible PCs with integrated graphics can Multithreading: the ability of a CPU (or typically have a graphics card software) to execute multiple streams of added instructions (called threads) within a single program at the same time  3D Chips Improved Architecture and Materials 3D chips pack a number of components ❖ Improved architecture layered onto small chips Smaller components, faster Cuts down on the surface area required memory, faster bus speeds, Especially important with notebook increasing number of CPU computers and mobile devices cores, integrated GPUs, support Memory cells are stacked on top of one for virtualization, and increased another in layers 3D graphics processing For CPUs, the transistors are layered ❖ Improved materials Traditionally, CPUs used Nanotechnology aluminum circuitry on silicon Nanotechnology is the science of creating tiny chips computers and components less than 100 Alternate materials include nanometers in size copper chips, and high-k, ❖ Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are tiny, germanium and other III-V hollow tubes of graphene materials ❖ Great potential for many applications Graphene consists of flat sheets Used in TVs, solar cells, light are carbon one atom tall bulbs, consumer products like Lightest and strongest surfboards, and computing known material products like memory Graphene chips are faster Carbon nanotube fibers conduct than silicon chips and heat and electricity like a metal require less power wire ❖ Improved materials (continued) Nanofilters that can remove Flexible electronic components contaminants from water sources Can be bent without damaging Nanosensors that can detect circuitry cancer-causing toxins or cancer Thinner, lighter, generate less drugs inside single living cells heat, and consume less power than conventional processors Examples of Nanotechnology Needed for flexible devices, FIGURE 2-28: Wafer containing CNT wearable clothing, etc. transistors. Trend Smart Clothing ❖ Is the next trend in wearable technology ❖ Contains flexible circuitry and sensors, wireless connectivity, and a battery ❖ Can monitor your physical activity Transmits 3D information about Terascale/Exascale Computing your activities High-performance computing (HPC) Syncs data to your smartphone ❖ Terascale computing is the ability of a ❖ Smart fabric is under development computer to process one trillion floating point operations per second (teraflops)  Research is focusing on creating LESSON 3: Storage multi-core processors with tens to Overview hundreds of cores used in This chapter covers: conjunction with multithreaded The characteristics common among all hardware and software to storage systems achieve teraflop performance The primary storage for most personal ❖ The next development is expected to be computers—the hard drive exascale computing that can process How optical discs work and the various data at exaflop (1,000 petaflops) speeds types that are available today Flash memory storage systems Quantum Computing Network and cloud storage, smart cards, Quantum computing applies the and the storage systems used with large principles of quantum physics and computer systems quantum mechanics to computers Storage alternatives for a typical Utilizes atoms or nuclei working together personal computer as quantum bits (qubits) Qubits function simultaneously as the Storage System Characteristics computer’s processor and memory and A storage system consists of a storage can represent more than two states medium and a storage device Used for specialized applications, such ❖ The storage medium is the hardware as encryption and code breaking where data is stored DVD disc, flash memory card, Optical Computing and Silicon Photonics etc. ❖ Optical computers use light to perform ❖ The storage device is the hardware digital computations into which the storage medium is Can be smaller and faster than inserted electronic computers DVD drive, flash memory card Opto-electronic computers use reader, etc. both optical and electronic Can be internal, external, or components remote ❖ Silicon photonics uses light for data Storage devices are typically transfers within and among silicon chips identified by letter Expected to be used to transfer ❖ Some storage media is removable; very large quantities of data at some is not very high speeds between chips in servers, mainframes, and Examples of Storage Device Identifiers supercomputers FIGURE 3-1: Storage device identifiers. To Summary keep track of storage devices in an Data and Program Representation unambiguous way, the computer system Inside the System Unit assigns letters of the alphabet or names to How the CPU Works each of them. Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future  Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit in a particular folder on a particular drive ❖ Physical file representation Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location or locations ❖ Types of storage technology Magnetic (conventional hard drives) Optical (optical discs) Volatility and Random versus Sequential Electrons (flash memory media) Access ❖ Volatility Hard Drives Storage media are nonvolatile A hard drive stores most programs and data and, therefore, is used for data to for a personal computer be saved for later use Can be internal or external ❖ Random versus sequential access Available with built-in encryption that Random access (direct access) limits access to only authorized users allows data to be retrieved from any location on the storage Magnetic Hard Drives medium A magnetic hard drive or hard disk drive Virtually all storage (HDD) contains particles on the metal disks devices use random inside the drive that are magnetized to access represent the data’s 0s and 1s ❖ Sequential access means that retrieval One or more metal hard disks are permanently of data can occur only in the order in sealed inside the drive along with an access which it was physically stored on the mechanism and read/write heads storage medium; for example, a magnetic tape drive Hard Disk Organization Tracks are concentric paths on the disk Files, Filenames, and Folders where data is recorded A file is anything stored on a storage Sectors are small pieces of a track medium, such as a program, document, Clusters consist of one or more sectors digital image, or song ○ Smallest addressable area of a A filename is a name given to a file by disk the user Cylinders are a collection of tracks A folder is a named place on a storage located in the same location on a set of medium into which files can be stored hard disk surfaces Logical versus Physical Representation and Types of Storage Technologies Used Examples of Tracks, Sectors, Clusters, and ❖ Logical file representation Cylinders FIGURE 3-6: Magnetic hard disks are Recover data from damaged storage organized into tracks, sectors, clusters, and devices cylinders. Used when devices are physically damaged or just stop working It is important to back up data to prevent data loss Solid-State Drives (SSDs) A solid-state drive (SSD) uses flash memory technology to store data Uses less power and has no moving parts Much faster than magnetic hard drives, Magnetic Hard Drive Technologies but more expensive Traditional: Longitudinal magnetic The norm for netbooks, mobile devices, recording aligns magnetic particles on a and other portable devices hard disk horizontally, parallel to the hard disk’s surface Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs) Newer: Perpendicular magnetic A solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD) or hybrid recording (PMR) places bits upright and drive uses a combination of magnetic disks closer together to increase capacity and and flash reliability memory chips Newest: Shingled magnetic recording The data that is most directly associated (SMR) squeezes more data onto disks with performance is stored in the flash by overlapping the data tracks on them memory like the shingles on a roof Nearly as fast as solid-state drives Emerging: Heat-assisted magnetic (SSDs) recording (HAMR) uses lasers to Slightly more expensive than magnetic temporarily heat the surface of the hard hard disk drives (HDDs) disks when storing data in order to store more data Internal and External Hard Drives ❖ Internal hard drives are permanent How It Works storage devices located inside the More Storage for Your Tablet system unit ❖ Tablets often have between 16 GB and Removed only if a problem 128 GB of storage develops ❖ To extend storage, you can transfer ❖ External hard drives transport large content to and from desktops or amounts of data from one computer to notebooks another, for backup, and for additional ❖ Easier to use a wireless hard drive and storage Wi-Fi Full-sized external hard drives Download the appropriate app are often used for backup Portable external hard drives: Inside the Industry smaller and easier to transport Data Recovery Experts  Most connect with a USB Hard Drive Speed and Disk Caching connection, although some may ❖ Disk access time is the total time that it connect through wired or wireless takes for a hard drive to read or write networking connections data Consists of seek time, rotational Examples of External Hard Drives delay, and data movement time SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational delays ❖ Disk cache consists of memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to improve system performance Typically consists of RAM-based disk cache located inside the FULL-SIZED EXTERNAL HARD hard drive case DRIVES This drive is about the size of a 5 by Can speed up performance and 7-inch picture frame, but thicker, and holds 6 save battery life TB. Hard Drive Partitioning ❖ Partitioning divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into separate areas, called partitions Each partition functions as an independent hard drive Referred to as logical drives Increases efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters) ❖ Partitions are used to create: PORTABLE HARD DRIVES A recovery partition This drive is about the size of a 3 by 5-inch A new logical drive for data index card, but thicker, and holds 2 TB. A dual boot system Hard Drive File Systems and Interface Standards ❖ File system determines the partition size, cluster size, maximum drive size, and maximum file size ❖ FAT, FAT32, and NTFS (File Allocation Table) ❖ Interface standards determine how a WIRELESS HARD DRIVES drive connects to the computer This drive connects via Wi-Fi and holds 500 ❖ Common standards GB. Serial ATA (SATA): most common internal hard drive interface standard  ATA – Advanced How Recorded Optical Discs Work Technology Attachment. Serial attached SCSI (SAS) SCSI – Small Computer System Interface Fibre Channel Internet SCSI (iSCSI) Optical Discs Optical discs are thin circular plastic discs Are read from and written to using laser beams Are commonly used for software delivery Divided into sectors like magnetic discs but use a single spiral track (groove) Have a relatively large capacity and are Optical Drives durable Optical discs are read by optical drives Used for backup purposes and for ❖ The optical drive must support the type storing and transporting music, photos, of optical disc being used video, etc. ❖ Almost always backward-compatible ❖ Recording data onto a optical disc is Representing Data on an Optical Disc called burning; requires burning ❖ Pits and lands are used to represent 1s software and 0s ❖ Optical drives can be internal or external ❖ The transition between a pit and a land External drives typically connect represents a 1; no transition represents via USB port a0 External drives can be used with ❖ Read-only optical disc netbooks and other devices Surface of disc is molded or without an optical drive stamped to represent data ❖ Recordable or rewritable disc Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities The reflectivity of the disc is Standard size is 120-mm (about 4.7 inches) changed using a laser beam to Mini discs are smaller (about 3 inches) represent the data Theoretically can be made into various shapes, Different types of optical discs but patent battle has resulted in custom use different types of laser beams shapes not being available Clear background is sometimes used to make a disc look custom shaped Advantage of Optical Discs Major advantage: Large capacity Recordable Optical Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, ❖ CD discs are normally single layer and DVD+R, and BD-R Discs hold 700 MB CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R discs can ❖ DVD discs hold 4.7 GB (single-layer) or be written to, but cannot be 8.5 GB (dual-layer) erased and reused ❖ BD discs hold 25 GB (single-layer) or 50 ❖ Pits are created in the disc when the GB (dual-layer) disc is recorded ❖ BDXL standard uses even more layers ❖ Most discs have a recording layer to boost capacity up to 128 GB containing organic light-sensitive dye ❖ Newest BD discs are Ultra HD Blu-ray between disc’s plastic and reflective discs that hold up to 100 GB and are layers designed to deliver Ultra HD (4K) BD-R discs use inorganic movies material instead ❖ Discs can also be double-sided ❖ DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL are Read on one side at a time; must dual-layer discs be turned over to access the ❖ BD-R DL discs are dual-layer discs; second side BD-R XL use 3 or 4 layers ❖ Used for backing up files, sending large Summary of Optical Discs files to others, and storing multimedia files Rewritable Optical Discs: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE discs can be written to, erased, Read-Only Optical Discs: CD-ROM, and overwritten just like magnetic hard disks DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs ❖ Uses phase change technology CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM discs can Heating and cooling process is be written to, but not erased and reused used to change the reflectivity of ❖ Pits are permanent the disc ❖ CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs come ❖ The capacities are the same as their prerecorded with software, music, read-only and recordable counterparts movies, etc. ❖ Appropriate for transferring large files ❖ BD-ROM discs come prerecorded with from one computer to another or movies otherwise temporarily storing data (disc Ultra HD Blu-ray discs can be can be reused) used for 4K movies ❖ Additional proprietary read-only discs Trend Gaming systems like Wii, Xbox, Ultra HD (4K) PlayStation, etc. Is the next big step in high-definition (HD) TVs and content Four times the resolution of ordinary HD Requires four times as much data as regular HD video  Many Internet connections are not fast Secure Digital (SD) is one of the enough to support the large amounts of most widely used types of flash data required for 4K quality memory media Available for those individuals who have Most common type of storage the speed and bandwidth to support it; media for digital cameras, also available on Ultra HD discs An smartphones, and other portable example of a 4K movie. devices ❖ Many devices today have a built-in flash Flash Memory Storage Systems memory card reader; an external reader ❖ Flash memory is a chip-based storage via USB port is also used medium that represents data using ❖ Adapters allow the use of smaller flash electrons memory cards in a larger slot of the Used in a variety of storage same type (microSD to SD, etc.) systems ❖ Embedded flash memory refers to Examples of Flash Memory Cards, Readers, flash memory chips embedded into and Adapters products Smartphones, tablets, smart watches, and even sunglasses and wristwatches Usually the primary storage for mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones Examples of Embedded Flash Memory Flash Memory Cards ❖ General-purpose flash memory card Appropriate for most applications ❖ Specialized flash memory cards Professional flash memory cards Gaming flash memory cards Encrypted flash memory cards Project Vault is a computer Flash Memory Cards and Readers on a flash memory card ❖ A flash memory card is a small card containing one or more flash memory USB Flash Drives chips, a controller chip, and metal USB flash drives (USB drives or flash drives) contacts to connect the card to the consist of flash memory media integrated into a device or reader being used self-contained unit that plugs into and is Available in a variety of formats; powered by a USB port these formats are not ❖ Designed to be very small and very interchangeable portable ❖ Available in a host of formats  Low-profile drives, custom Network attached storage shapes, micro drives, etc. (NAS) devices are high ❖ Can be built into a consumer product performance storage systems ❖ Additional related hardware becoming connected individually to a available network USB duplicator systems A storage area network (SAN) consist of separate network of Examples of USB Flash Drives hard drives or other storage devices that are attached to the main network Examples of Network Storage Technology and You Tiny PCs LOCAL NETWORKS Network devices appear The size of a USB flash drive and are accessed in a manner similar to local Typically connect to a TV via an HDMI resources. port May also have built-in storage and a microSD Capabilities vary; smart TVs can display and stream Internet content The newest tiny PCs are fully functioning “computers-on-a-stick” Source: Intel Corporation Intel Compute Stick NETWORK ATTACHED STORAGE (NAS) Other Types of Storage Systems DEVICES This NAS device holds up to 12 TB ❖ Remote storage refers to using a of data on two magnetic hard drives. storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer Cloud Storage ❖ Network storage: Using a storage Cloud storage (online storage) is accessed device via a local network via the Internet Works in much the same way as Cloud applications (Flickr, Facebook, using local storage Google Docs, etc.)  Online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, OneDrive, etc.) Growing in importance because more and more applications are Web-based Increasingly used for backup purposes Files can be sync between PC and cloud storage Many online storage sites offer some free storage Business cloud storage is available; businesses can also create private clouds Example of Cloud Storage Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems ❖ Business storage needs are growing exponentially Digital data produced is expected to double every two years through 2020 ❖ A storage server contains multiple high-speed hard drives Larger than typical NASs Usually contain drawers of hard drives Smart Cards Typically use fast Fibre Channel A smart card is a credit card-sized piece of or iSCSI connections plastic that contains some computer circuitry Scalable so that more hard drives (processor, memory, and storage) can be added as needed Stores a small amount of data (about 64 Can use magnetic and/or SSD KB or less) drives Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or personal Example of a Large Storage Systems information FIGURE 3-22: Large storage systems. Large Smart card readers are built into or storage systems are usually scalable so attached to a computer, door lock, additional hard drives can be added as vending machine, or other device needed. Some smart cards store biometric data Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend Examples of Uses for Smart Cards  Newer RAID Systems New storage systems are easier to set up and maintain so dedicated RAID personnel are not needed ❖ For example, the Drobo system: Connects to a computer or a network via a USB cable Contains drive bays into which RAID hard drives can be inserted RAID (redundant arrays of independent Has capacity and status discs) is a method of storing data on two or indicators – drives can be more hard drives that work together to record inserted and removed as needed redundant copies ❖ Used to protect critical data on large Archival Storage Systems storage systems - Data archiving is the process of identifying ❖ Helps to increase fault tolerance and moving data that is no longer actively ❖ Different levels of RAID: being used from regular storage systems to a RAID 0 = disk striping (spread separate long-term archival storage system files over two or more hard - Options for data archival systems: drives) ❖ Large hard drives, such as a helium RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate hard drive (10 TB) copy) ❖ Magnetic tape Other levels use a combination or Typically cartridge tapes; can be striping and mirror tape libraries ❖ Higher capacity, archival Blu-ray Discs Two Primary RAID Techniques that are becoming available; so are RAID. Two primary RAID techniques are optical jukeboxes striping and mirroring. ❖ Cloud storage Examples of Data Archiving Options Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives ❖ Product characteristics to consider: Speed, compatibility, storage capacity, convenience, and portability ❖ Each storage alternative normally involves trade-offs ❖ Research which devices and media are most appropriate to your personal devices ❖ All computers need at least one convenient USB port ❖ Mobile device users Fewer options for storage alternatives Require appropriate wireless connectivity Summary Storage Systems Characteristics Hard drives Optical Discs And Drives Flash Memory Storage Systems Other Types of Storage Systems Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives GOODLUCK SA PRELIMS BSCS - 1B!!! -Alyson ⸂⸂⸜(രᴗര๑)⸝⸃⸃