Cellular Respiration Notes PDF

Know where ATP is created in the cell. Stage three oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP Occurs in the mitochondria Know the two forms of saved energy within the human body. Can occur both aerobically, uses oxygen, or anaerobically without oxygen During aerobic cellular, resp...

Know where ATP is created in the cell. Stage three oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP Occurs in the mitochondria Know the two forms of saved energy within the human body. Can occur both aerobically, uses oxygen, or anaerobically without oxygen During aerobic cellular, respiration glucose reacts with oxygen forming ATP that can be used by the cell carbon dioxide and water are created as by products Intestines, liver, and kidney can reverse reaction and release glucose. Carbohydrate metabolism Glucose entering cells gets phosphorylated two glucose – six – phosphate Most cells lack enzymes for reverse reactions, so glucose becomes trapped inside cell Only cells in intestines, kidneys, and liver can reverse reactions and release glucose Keep intracellular, glucose, concentration, low, which ensures continued glucose entry De ne Oxidative phosphorylation Know the organs that store glucose. Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which electrons are transferred from electron donors to electronic acceptor in redox reactions, this series of reactions releases energy, which is used to form ATP Oxidative phosphorylation creates the most ATP A diet high in carbohydrates can stimulate lipogenesis Fat build – up is determined by the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis/fatty acid oxidation, breakdown of fat. In the past few years, our understanding of the nutritional hormone in particularly lipogenesis has expanded greatly. These effects are partly mediated by hormones, which inhabit, growth, hormones, lectin, or stimulate, insulin, lipogenesis Anabolism requires energy and catabolism releases energy. Anabolism versus catabolism Anabolism synthesis of large molecules from small ones Amino acids → protein Require requires energy catabolism is hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones, example is breaking down of proteins into amino acids Protein → amino acids Releases energy Know the steps of rst step of cellular respiration Glycolysis which is the first step in all types of cellular respiration is anaerobic and does not require oxygen. If oxygen is present, the pathway will continue on the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, if oxygen is not present, some organisms can undergo fermentation to continually produce ATP De ne: Glycolysis: converts glucose to pyruvic acid Glycogenesis: polymerizes glucose to form glycogen Glycogenlysis: hydrolyses glycogen to glucose monomers Gluconeogenesis: forms glucose from noncarbohydrates precursors