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Questions and Answers
Where does the oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP primarily occur?
Where does the oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP primarily occur?
Which process occurs during the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose?
Which process occurs during the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose?
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following organs can reverse the reaction that releases glucose?
Which of the following organs can reverse the reaction that releases glucose?
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What distinguishes anabolism from catabolism?
What distinguishes anabolism from catabolism?
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What is the first step of cellular respiration called?
What is the first step of cellular respiration called?
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Which type of metabolism is characterized by the synthesis of large molecules from small components?
Which type of metabolism is characterized by the synthesis of large molecules from small components?
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How does a diet high in carbohydrates affect fat storage?
How does a diet high in carbohydrates affect fat storage?
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Study Notes
ATP Production
- ATP is created in the mitochondria during the oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP.
- This process can occur both aerobically (using oxygen) and anaerobically (without oxygen).
- During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to form ATP.
- Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts.
- The intestines, liver, and kidney can reverse this reaction and release glucose.
Glucose Metabolism
- Glucose entering cells gets phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate.
- Most cells lack enzymes for reversing this reaction, trapping glucose inside the cell.
- Only cells in the intestines, kidneys, and liver can reverse reactions and release glucose.
- Keeping intracellular glucose concentration low ensures continued glucose entry.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway where electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors in redox reactions.
- This series of reactions releases energy, which is used to form ATP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most ATP.
Glucose Storage
- The liver and other tissues can store glucose as glycogen.
Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
- A diet high in carbohydrates can stimulate lipogenesis (fat build-up).
- The balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis (fatty acid oxidation) determines fat build-up.
- Hormones play a role in regulating lipogenesis.
- Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, while growth hormone and leptin inhibit it.
Anabolism & Catabolism
-
Anabolism: Synthesis of large molecules from small ones.
- Requires energy.
- Example: Amino acids → Protein
-
Catabolism: Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones.
- Releases energy.
- Example: Protein → Amino acids
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis
- Glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration, is anaerobic and does not require oxygen.
- If oxygen is present, the pathway continues onto the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Description
Explore the processes of ATP production and glucose metabolism, including the roles of mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, and the unique actions of specific cells in managing glucose. Understand how aerobic and anaerobic respiration contributes to energy production in the body.
