Mader Biology 14e Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration PDF

Because learning changes everything.® Biology Sylvia S. Mader...

Because learning changes everything.® Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Lecture Outline See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Outline 8.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration 8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis 8.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation 8.4 Inside the Mitochondria 8.5 Metabolism © McGraw Hill LLC 2  8.1 Cellular Respiration © McGraw Hill LLC 3  Cellular Respiration Figure 8.1 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC (photo): Schlegelfotos/Shutterstock 4  The Breakdown of Glucose Figure 8.2 © McGraw Hill LLC 5  NAD+ and FAD © McGraw Hill LLC 6  Phases of Cellular Respiration 1 Cellular respiration includes four phases: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm. ATP is formed. It does not utilize oxygen (anaerobic). Preparatory (prep) reaction Both molecules of pyruvate are oxidized and enter the matrix of the mitochondria. Electron energy is stored in NADH. Two carbons are released as CO2 (one from each pyruvate). © McGraw Hill LLC 7  Phases of Cellular Respiration 2 © McGraw Hill LLC 8  The Four Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown 1 Figure 8.3 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 9  The Four Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown 2 Figure 8.3 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 10  The Four Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown 3 Figure 8.3 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 11  The Four Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown 4 Figure 8.3 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 12  8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis © McGraw Hill LLC 13  Inputs and Outputs of Glycolysis © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 14  Substrate-Level ATP Synthesis Figure 8.4 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 15  Glycolysis 1 Figure 8.5 © McGraw Hill LLC 16  Glycolysis 2 Figure 8.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 17  Glycolysis 3 Figure 8.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 18  Glycolysis 4 Figure 8.5 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 19  Glycolysis 5 Figure 8.5 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 20  Glycolysis 6 Figure 8.5 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 21  Glycolysis 7 Figure 8.5 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 22  Glycolysis 8 Figure 8.5 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 23  8.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation © McGraw Hill LLC 24  Fermentation Process pyruvate to either lactate or alcohol and CO2. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that reduces NADH transfers its electrons to pyruvate. Alcoholic fermentation, carried out by yeasts, produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. Used in the production of alcoholic spirits and breads. Lactic acid fermentation, carried out by certain bacteria and fungi, produces lactic acid (lactate). Used commercially in the production of cheese, yogurt, and sauerkraut. Other bacteria produce chemicals anaerobically, including isopropanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid. © McGraw Hill LLC 25  Fermentation Figure 8.6 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 26  Advantages and Disadvantages of Fermentation Advantages: Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity. When muscles are working vigorously for a short period of time, lactic acid fermentation provides ATP. Disadvantages: Lactate and alcohol are toxic to cells. Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue. Oxygen debt. Yeast die from the alcohol they produce by fermentation. Efficiency of Fermentation: Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is equivalent to 14.6 kilocalories. Complete oxidation of glucose can yield 686 kilocalories. Efficiency is 2.1% of total possible for glucose breakdown. Only 2 ATP per glucose are produced, compared to 36 or 38 ATP molecules per glucose produced by cellular respiration. © McGraw Hill LLC 27  Inputs and Outputs of Fermentation Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 28  8.4 Inside the Mitochondria © McGraw Hill LLC 29  Preparatory Reaction Figure 8.8 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 30  Mitochondrion Structure and Function Figure 8.7 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC (photo): Keith R. Porter/Science Source 31  Citric Acid Cycle Process © McGraw Hill LLC 32  Citric Acid Cycle 1 Figure 8.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 33  Citric Acid Cycle 2 Figure 8.9 © McGraw Hill LLC 34  Citric Acid Cycle 3 Figure 8.9 © McGraw Hill LLC 35  Citric Acid Cycle 4 Figure 8.9 © McGraw Hill LLC 36  Citric Acid Cycle 5 Figure 8.9 © McGraw Hill LLC 37  Citric Acid Cycle 6 Figure 8.9 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 38  Inputs and Outputs of Citric Acid Cycle © McGraw Hill LLC 39  Electron Transport Chain © McGraw Hill LLC 40  Cycling of Carriers 1 © McGraw Hill LLC 41  Cycling of Carriers 2 © McGraw Hill LLC 42  Organization and Function of the Electron Transport Chain Figure 8.10 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 43  Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism Net yield per glucose From glycolysis – 2 ATP. From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP. From electron transport chain – 32 or 34 ATP. Energy content Reactant (glucose) 686 kilocalories. Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kilocalories. Efficiency is 39%. Rest of energy from glucose is lost as heat. © McGraw Hill LLC 44  Accounting Energy Yield per Glucose Molecule Breakdown 1 Figure 8.11 © McGraw Hill LLC 45  Accounting Energy Yield per Glucose Molecule Breakdown 2 Figure 8.11 © McGraw Hill LLC 46  Accounting Energy Yield per Glucose Molecule Breakdown 3 Figure 8.11 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 47  Accounting Energy Yield per Glucose Molecule Breakdown 4 Figure 8.11 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 48  8.5 Metabolism Foods Sources of energy-rich molecules. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Degradative reactions (catabolism) break down molecules. Tend to be exergonic (release energy). Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules. Tend to be endergonic (consume energy). © McGraw Hill LLC 49  The Metabolic Pool Concept Figure 8.12 Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC (photo): C Squared Studios/Photodisc/Getty Images 50  Catabolism © McGraw Hill LLC 51  Anabolism All metabolic compounds are part of the metabolic pool. Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism. Anabolism (synthetic reactions of metabolism): Carbohydrates Start with acetyl-CoA. Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway). Fats G3P converted to glycerol. Acetyl groups are connected in pairs to form fatty acids. © McGraw Hill LLC 52  Anabolism: Proteins They are made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids. Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized by adult humans. However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans. Essential amino acids. Must be present in the diet. © McGraw Hill LLC 53  The Energy Organelles Revisited © McGraw Hill LLC 54  Flow of Energy Energy flows from the sun, through chloroplasts to carbohydrates, and then through mitochondria to ATP molecules. This flow of energy maintains biological organization at all levels, from molecules to organisms to the biosphere. Some energy is lost with each chemical transformation. Eventually all solar energy captured is lost. All life depends on solar energy input. Chemicals cycle within natural systems. Chloroplasts produce oxygen and carbohydrates, which are used by mitochondria to generate energy for life. Chloroplasts and mitochondria allow energy flow through organisms and permit chemical cycling. © McGraw Hill LLC 55  Photosynthesis Versus Cellular Respiration Figure 8.13 © McGraw Hill LLC Access the text alternative for slide images. 56  Because learning changes everything.® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.