NGN 110 Final Notes Fall Semester 2021 PDF

NGN 110 - FINAL Notes FALL SEMESTER 2021 SEARCH FOR IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Lecture 1: What is engineering What is Engineering People who combine knowledge of science and math to solve technical problems that confront society. ○ They convert scien...

NGN 110 - FINAL Notes FALL SEMESTER 2021 SEARCH FOR IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR PAST PAPER QUESTIONS Lecture 1: What is engineering What is Engineering People who combine knowledge of science and math to solve technical problems that confront society. ○ They convert scientific theory into useful applications. What's a Scientist? Prime objective is increased knowledge of nature and its laws. They use knowledge to acquire new knowledge Engineers apply this knowledge to develop things for society Engineering Functions - Research - Design - Development - Analysis - Sales - Management - Teaching - Consulting 1 Engineering fields Traditional fields other fields - Civil - aeronautical engineering - electrical/computer - nuclear - Chemical - petroleum - Mechanical - environment - Industrial - biomedical Engineering disciplines Chemical engineering ○ It takes raw materials and turns them into the products that we use every day. ○ This means that they are crucial to producing pharmaceuticals, soft drinks, and even makeup ○ Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and plastics. Civil engineering ○ Considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines. ○ They design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, tunnels, dams, airports, bridges, water supply and sewage systems. ○ They must consider many factors in the design process - Construction costs - Expected lifetime of a project - Government regulations - Potential environmental hazards like earthquakes 2  Electrical engineering ○ Covers anything related to electrical devices and the use of electricity ○ Electrical engineers work on power plants, wiring in buildings, lighting, motors, satellites, communication networks, and other electrical devices. Computer engineering ○ Deals with all aspects of computer systems including hardware and software ○ Some computer engineers specialize in areas like digital systems, microprocessors, operating systems, computer networks, cybersecurity, and databases. Computer science ○ Focuses on the software side of computers ○ It is concerned with techniques related to processing, transporting (networking), and storing (database systems) information ○ Particular interest is placed on making processes efficient, secure and intelligent. Industrial engineering ○ Deals with the design, installation, analysis, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, machines, and information to produce goods and deliver services with high quality and low cost ○ Goal is make make things work better by optimizing the quality and productivity ○ They work in both manufacturing firms and service industries 3  Mechanical engineering ○ Uses mechanics and energy principles to design machines like engines and motors ○ Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of air-conditioning and refrigeration, automotives, manufacturing, welding and robotics Why choose engineering or computer science 1. Job satisfaction 2. Varied career opportunities 3. Challenging work 4. Intellectual development 5. Benefit society 6. Financial security 7. Prestige 8. Professional environment 9. Understand how things work 10. Creative thinking 4 Lecture 2: Teamwork What is a team? “A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.” Together Everyone Achieves More Why Teams? Real engineers work in teams Team skills are valued by industry and academia Team Meetings In the US there are 19 million meetings/day New engineers spend 25% of time in meetings Senior engineers spend 50% of time in meetings Types of Teams 1. Pseudo teams: perform below the level of the average member 2. Potential teams: perform slightly above the level of the average member 3. Real teams: perform quite well 4. High-performing teams: perform to an extraordinary level 5 Team Structure 1. Sponsor: a. Translates the companies mission and vision into appropriate action 2. Team leader: a. responsible for content and process of accomplishment 3. Team Facilitator: a. Individual from outside of the team who leads the discussion, keeps focus, and moves the meeting along (neutral member). 4. Team Members: a. selected due to a particular area of responsibility. b. Member coordinator: i. Coordinates agenda, time, and place of meeting ii. Insures all resources are available iii. Keeper of the “Code of Cooperation” - guidelines for productivity iv. Monitors decision making c. Recorder: i. Responsible for writing notes ii. Keeps an action list to keep track of assigned actions iii. Makes sure that the team gets copies of their work d. Time keeper: i. Keeps track of time ii. Keeps team moving to finish on time e. Encourager: i. Gives encouragement to members 6  ii. Maintains participation of all members, even silent ones iii. Holds back verbose, dominate members f. Devil’s Advocate: i. Takes a position opposite to that held by the team to ensure that all sides of an issue are considered. Team Dynamics 1. Forming: a. Explore limits of group behavior b. Excitement and anticipation c. Suspicious, fear, and anxiety d. Discussion is tentative (hesitant) 3. Norming: e. No progress a. Members accept ground rules b. Establish roles and help each other 2. Storming: c. Constructive criticism a. Most difficult stage d. Work out differences b. Members are defensive and e. Progress is seen !! competitive c. Poor attendance is noted d. Members criticize each other 4. Performing e. No work accomplished a. Last stage b. Team resolved and established relationships c. Members accept their strengths and weaknesses d. Problem solving e. Work gets done 7 7 Methods for Decision Making 1. Decision by authority without discussion (leaders make decisions without discussion) 2. Decision by authority after discussion (Leader makes decision after discussion with group) 3. Expert member makes decision (expert members who are allowed to decide for the group) 4. Average of member opinions 5. Minority Control (2 or more member who are less than 50% of the group make decisions) 6. Majority Control (when 51% of members agree on action) 7. Consensus (when everyone agrees) Conflict: A situation, when an action of one person prevents, obstructs, or interferes with the actions of another person 5 Conflicting Strategies: 1. Withdrawal Neither goal nor relationship is important Withdraw from interaction 2. Forcing Goal is important but not relationship 8  Use all energy to get task done 3. Smoothing Relationship is more important than goal You want to be liked and accepted 4. Compromise Goal and relationship are important Gain and lose something 5. Confrontation Goal and relationship are important Resolve through negotiation Lecture 3: Design Process Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. Complexity of Thinking - Analysis: Break the problem to parts so that the overall structure is understood & Identify relationship between parts - Synthesis: Put parts together to form a new plan or idea Six Levels of Complexity of Thinking: Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation 9 Design Process 1. Identify the need 2. Define problem 3. Search: Look for several things when beginning to solve most problems. 4. Constraints: Physical and practical limitations will reduce the number of solutions for any problem 5. Criteria: Desirable characteristics of the solution which are established from experience, research, market studies, and customer performance 6. Alternative Solution: Several techniques can assist in developing a list of possible solutions 7. Analysis: Analyze alternative solutions 8. Decision: Collect as much information as possible about each alternative 9. Specifications: Once decision is made, engineer must put it in writing 10. Communication: Sell your design (Written report or Oral presentation) Lecture 4: Documentation Types of communication in engineering: 1. Oral Communication a. Group presentation b. Individual presentation c. Formal presentation d. Informal presentation 2. Written Communication a. Design documents b. Memo emails c. Proposal d. Progress reports e. Research reports f. Lab reports g. Manuals 10  h. Feasibility reports i. Letters j. Thesis 3. Graphical Communication a. Sketching diagrams b. Computer aided drafting c. Data & graphs Progress Report Content 1. Introduction a. Purpose b. Background 2. Status a. Tasks completed i. What was the task ii. What was accomplished iii. How long did it take iv. What are the difficulties encountered b. Tasks remaining i. What is the task ii. What has yet to be accomplished iii. What are the strategies to do it iv. What are the risks involved 3. Conclusion a. Summary - What is your appraisal (opinion) of current status b. Evaluation - How would you evaluate the progress so far c. Forecast - what is your forecast for completion of the project d. Contact - who is the contact for this progress report 11 Standard Report Content 1. Cover/Title page 2. Abstract 3. Table of contents 4. List of figures 5. List of tables 6. Introduction 7. Body 8. Conclusions 9. Appendix Why references? 1. Meet legal requirements 2. Meet academic standards 3. Establish credibility Visuals Large amounts of information can be handled quickly and efficiently when sense of sight is used - Figures, diagrams, drawings - Illustrations, graphs, charts - Maps, photos, tables Guidelines - Reproducibility - Simplicity - Accuracy 12 Graphs 1. Line charts 2. bar/column charts 3. Pie charts Schematics Represent the: - System’s structure or - Procedures involved in a process Lecture 5: Oral Presentations 2. Developing/Designing - Prepare your conclusions Oral presentation is a one-shot - Define slides structure deal that is done quickly - Start with a hook Must be simple - Think of a story Summarize what is in the written - Good content report Preparing for a Good Presentation 3. Creating 1. Planning - Clear well-designed - Purpose of presentation attractive slides - Who is the audience? - Audience must understand - What are my constraints them (time and space 4. Delivering constraints) - Be natural - Don’t memorize 13  7. Body movement - don’t distract the audience Creating Good Slides 8. Talk to the audience, maintain eye contact 1. Make the text clear 9. Dress well 2. Keep the slides simple 10. Be natural, not perfect 3. Make the slides entertaining 11. Be confident 4. Don't read from the slides 12. Encourage question 5. Use colors for purpose 13. Seek feedback 6. Good opening and closing Lecture 6: Ethics Ethical Drivers When Making Decisions Etiquette ○ Rules of accepted behavior and courtesy ○ (proper dressing, seating arrangements) Laws ○ A system of rules and punishments clearly defined by authority ○ (legal driving age) Morals ○ Personal rules of right and wrong behavior ○ ( deriving from a person’s upbringing, parents, personal beliefs) Ethics ○ A code or system of rules defining moral behavior of a particular society Definition Engineering ethics are the set of professional behavioral standards that engineers are expected to follow in work. 14 Code of Ethics- something you live with The fundamental principles ○ Using knowledge and skills -enhance human welfare ○ Honest and impartial -serving the public ○ Striving to increases the prestige of the engineering profession The fundamental canons ○ Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public ○ Perform services only in the area of competence (only work in areas that you’re good at) ○ Continue professional development throughout career IEEE code of ethics of engineers 1. To accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public. 2. To treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors race, religion, gender, age, disability, or national origin 3. To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data 4. To reject bribery in all its forms 5. To seek, accept and offer honest criticism in technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors; and to credit properly the contributions of others ASME code of ethics of engineers 1. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare 2. Being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients 3. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession 15  4. Performing services only in the areas of their competence 5. Holding paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties ASCE code of ethic of engineers 1. Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public 2. Perform services only in their area of competence 3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner 4. Act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest 5. Continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision 7 step guide to ethical decision making 1. State problem 2. Check facts a. Many problems disappear upon examination of situation, while other change radically 3. Identify relevant factors 4. Develop list of options a. Be imaginative 5. Test options using such tests as the following: a. Harm test b. Publicity test c. Defensibility test d. Reversibility test e. Colleague test f. Professional test 6. Make a choice based on the previous steps 7. Review 16  Methods to Solve Ethical Conflicts: Internal appeal option ○ Immediate supervisor ○ Company wide External appeal option ○ Contact the client ○ Contact the officials ○ Contact the media Whistle-blowing It is an act of reporting on unethical conduct within an organization to an outside world in an effort to stop or discourage the organization from continuing the activity. It occurs when an individual believes that the decision made by a company or the government may be breaking the law, financially profitable but morally wrong, potentially dangerous. Contract It is a promise (or agreement) created between 2 parties. It is inferred by the legal system to do or not to do something. Breaching the contract: someone failing to keep their end of the agreement. Committing a tort: damage, inquiry or wrongful act done willfully, negligently, but not involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can be brought. 17  LECTURE 8: SKETCHING Technical drawing: - Graphical communication is an essential part of an engineer’s job Why learn technical drawing: Universal language: people understand graphics more than words Engineers from different fields can communicate easily Helps present complicated ideas Visualizes ideas in 3D Speeds up the communications between people who work in a project but live in different countries/regions Proportions - The designers use approximated values to create a balanced looking object - Relative proportion is more IMPORTANT than the actual physical size 18 Comparison of different projections Freehand drawing Usually referred to as sketching Only needs pencil paper and an eraser Helps develop their ideas by making several sketches before making their final result 19 Types of freehand drawing Single view: ○ Objects in 2D Pictorial: ○ Objects in 3D Multi-view: ○ a way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D views of the object. The most commonly used are top view, front view and side view (AKA orthographic view) View of objects and orthographic sketching - There are 3 principal dimensions: width + height + depth - orthogonal sketching shows at least 2 of the 3 principal dimensions - An object can be viewed from 6 mutually perpendicular directions: front, bottom, rear, right side, left side and top - Sometimes an object can have the same top and front view, that's why a side view is needed to identity the object completely - Objects that are cylindrical or symmetrical may require only 2 views, the front and the top Types of lines visible Lines: ○ This is a solid bold line that represents visible edges Hidden lines: ○ This is a dashed line (- - - - - ) for invisible edges Centre line: 20  ○ This is a solid line with a dash in the middle (--- -- -----), this helps show symmetry of an object or used to aid in dimensioning an object - When different types of line coincide, some lines take priority over others: - 1. First priority - visible lines - 2. Second priority - hidden lines - 3. Third priority - center lines 21  Recitation 2: Time Management What is Time management It refers to the to the development of processes and tools that increase efficiency and productivity ○ it doesn’t just happen to anyone, it’s a skill that needs to be worked on, and most people find it to be a long long challenge. Planning puts you in control You need to plan each day, week, semester. Not planning sets you on the road to failure. You can always change your plan and set everything according. 1. Set goals and objectives Effective goals ○ SMART a) Specific b) Measurable c) Timed d) Realistic e) Achievable 2. Establish priorities among these goals and objectives based on their long-range importance and short-range urgency. Priorities ○ (check priority matrix) ○ The 80/20 Rule (pareto principle) 22  ( 20% of your effort produce 80% of the results) -You’re in your 80% if you’re: Working on tasks other people want you to do but they do not investment in them Frequently working on “urgent” tasks Spending a long time on tasks you're not good at Complaining a lot - You're in your 20% if you’re: Engaged in activities that advances your overall purpose of life Doing things you like or always wanted to do Working on tasks you don't like but knowing they are important to the bigger picture Smiling :) 3. Learn your personal energy cycle and stretch out an “ideal day” based on your best working times. ( find what time you work best or are the most efficient and when you’re at your lowest point, and plan your day accordingly). The Ideal Day ○ A little template for your daily plan Putting it all Together 1. Start with the long-range goals and objectives 2. Relate the days activities to those goals 3. Assign priorities to those tasks according to their contribution to your overall goals 4. Schedule tasks according to priority and to the degree of concentration required 5. Stay on track, using the plan to guide you through crises and interruptions 23  - Most important word-> no - You can say no politely - Procrastination is the thief of time - Worst word-> later or ba’dein How to avoid procrastination: Establish the importance of deadlines Set meaningful goals Don't believe in miracles/magic Make good choices Deal with the unpleasant ( basically deal with the stress and just go through with it instead of procrastinating) How to write a to-do list: Write a list of activities that you want or need to achieve by the end of the day Prioritise and list the most important tasks first Check to see if you can achieve 2 activities at the same time Write down how long you think it'll take to finish the tasks Write down the time when you will start your activities It's important to tick things off to feel a sense of accomplishment Try to put down a little more than you realistically think you can accomplish Break down large projects into smaller tasks that you can accomplish Important stuff to remember: Successful time management requires self-evaluation and the desire to improve 24  Recitation 3: Microsoft Project Project management intro: Projects are the means by which companies achieve their goals/objectives All organizations have projects which could be large or complex activity (e.g expo) The ability to better manage projects is a way to achieve the company's objectives and have an edge over the competition one example of managing projects is through “Gant Graphs” Gant graphs - introduction Gant was a mech engineer who developed a graph in 1910s The chart portrayed: ○ Parallel activities ○ Task dependencies ○ Project timelines Gant Graphs are usually generated in the planning phase of the a project Gant graphs - How To Draw It is made by placing the tasks that makes up the project into a horizontal line (column) Then we draw vertical lines (hollow bars) to represent the duration of tasks. The bars will represent the starting and the ending times of each task The x axis represents time either as absolute or as relative from the beginning of the project 25  Milestones can be represented as diamonds past the completion of the task Complex projects with many tasks may be represented by many graphs, each plotting the timeline of a certain group of tasks The manager may fill up the hallow bars to show progress Gant graph - Uses Making a realistic assessment of the duration of the project Sequencing the tasks , one after the other as well as parallel Determining task dependencies - which task depends on which other task Used to estimate the the progress Allocate resources ahead of time Explaining pictures This picture is an example of a Gnatt graph. The line between the two blue bars inside the circle shows task dependencies. So for example in this picture, we can not start with ordering components till we finish the design specification. The task can have the duration of 2 weeks but on gantt graphs, the duration is less. This is because it does not count holidays and only counts working days. 26  A QUESTION SIR SAID CAME IN LAST EXAMS: What is the red line? The red line is a critical part. Basically if the red line is being delayed, then the whole project will be delayed, so it shows the most important part of the project. If there was a delay that is not falling on the critical part, it means it can still compensate and the project can still finish on time. 27  Recitation 4: Problem solving Engineers are problem solvers: - They must solve a wide range of problems, some may be simple with a single solution - others can be complex and open - ended with likely require a team of engineers from several disciplines to solve the problem Arts vs science - Problem solving requires a combination of arts and sciences, the reason art is included because it is difficult to teach an approach that will always lead to a solution Types of Problems: - A problem is a situation faced for where there is no clear solution - Many types of problems exists - Research: - Requires a hypothesis to be proven correct or wrong. E.g a scientist heard that cellphone gives brain cancer 28  - knowledge : - When A person encounters a problem or a situation that they do not understand e.g a civil engineer noticed concrete produced in winter is weaker than in summer (this is because the cold causes cracking in the cure of the concrete so the concrete losses 50% of its strengh) - Troubleshooting - When an equipment behaves in an unexpected way e.g a comp engineer notices that the PC reboots whenever the dvd button is pressed - Resources - When there isn't enough time, money or resources to finish a task - Social - This is faced when the main goal is to improve a social situation e.g an industrial engineer develops a training program that improves the literary of factory workers - Design - This is the heart of engineering, it needs creativity, teamwork and board knowledge. An example of this is an engineer who wants to build a car but needs to know the size, type and budget before designing. Problem solving skills To become a good problem solver you need: - knowledge : gained from the job or school - Experience: wiseley apply knowledge 29  - Learning: skills to learn new knowledge - Motivation: to follow through on tough problems - Communication: to coordinate activities with your team - Leadership: to handle activities with your team Engineering Method 1. Recognise and understand the problem a. Most difficult part of this course b. Often done by a manager 2. Accumulate data and verify the facts a. Consider physical facts e.g temp, size etc. 3. Select the appropriate theory or principles a. Make sure it applies to the solution of the problem 4. Make necessary assumptions 5. Solve the problem 6. Verify and check the results PROBLEM PRESENTATION ( 6 steps to document the solution) 1. Problem statement a. Clearly state what is the problem and what is yet to be determined 2. Diagram a. Show and give info b. Illustrate the physical setup c. List the data that cant be placed in the diagram 3. Theory a. The theory used should be presented e.g equations or laws 4. Assumptions a. Explicitly list all assumptions b. Helps understand the problem 30  5. Solution steps a. Show all steps taken in solving the problem 6. Identity the results and verify the accuracy a. E.g double line the answer and make sure units are in there and verify the results NOTES FOR 80/20 (PARETO) RULE EXAMPLE IF U HAVE A TO DO LIST OF 10 TASKS, 1. FIGURE OUT WHAT THE 2 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS ARE THAT WILL GIVE U THE MAJORITY OF RESULTS 2. THEN SPEND 80% OF YOUR EFFORT ON THOSE 2 THINGS 3. SPEND THE REMAINING EFFORT ON THE OTHER 8 TASKS 4. EVEN IF YOU DON’T END UP COMPLETING MOST OF THE OTHER THINGS YOU NEEDED TO DO, YOU ATLEAST GOT THE 2 IMPORTANT THINGS OUT OF THE WAY THE POINT HERE IS TO FOCUS ON WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AND PUT 80% (MOST OF YOUR EFFORT) ON THOSE TASK Mech engineering lecture -The profession where math and natural sciences that are gained from experience and practice are used to benefit mankind economically through materials and forces of nature -A mechanical engineer comes up with an idea, develops it and turns it into a product Tools of a mechanical engineer: Computer CADesign CAManufacturing 31  CAEngineering Manufacturing Machines Lathe Milling CNC 3D Printers Power Generation Traditional Oil and Gas Coal Nuclear Emerging – Sustainable Solar Wind Geothermal New frontiers in mechanical engineering Micro-Electro Systems (MEMS) The integration of mechanical elements, sensors, and electronics in a silicon substrate through the utilization of microfabrication technology Why MEMS? - Mass production at reduced manufacturing costs and time - Small size: portable, easy, reliable, low power consumption 32  - Precision: improved performance - Easy maintenance They include sensors and actuators. Use piezoelectric, electrostatic, electromagnetic or thermal actuation technologies MECH ENG LAB Apparatus information Vernier caliper ○ This is a measuring device consisting of a fixed jaw main scale and a sliding jaw with an attached vernier ○ This helps record the initial measurements of the length and height of the steel based workpiece Digital height gauge ○ Precision measuring tool that can help determine the height of the workpiece ○ Or mark positions on items relative to a reference plane Nail and hammer ○ We all know what this is Pillar drill and clamp ○ Vertical drill that is driven by electricity and it drill holes of various diameters in a workplace ○ Clamp holds the workpiece so it doesn't slip and can drill accurately Tap wrench and tap bits ○ A hand tool that secures and hold tab bits in place ○ The tap bits are used to create a threaded hole manually 33 CNC Milling machine: This is a computer numerical control It's a machine that reads G-code to perform cutting operations accordingly The g-code is generated by CAD software Numerical control enables an operator to communicate with machine tools through numbers to symbols This has led to the need of individuals who can prepare the programs Software used - CAD SOFTWARE: - Used to design the parts. Output is 2d drawings to solid models - CAM SOFTWARE - Analyzes the CAD drawings, takes inputs two outputs into G-code for the machine controller - SLICER SOFTWARE - Think of this as CAM for 3D printers - Feed the g-code file into the CNC machine or 3D printer Cartesian coordinates: With this system any specific point can be described based on the 3 axis (X,Y,Z) plus axis of rotation On a plain vertical milling machine, ○ the x axis is the horizontal movement of the table (basically right or left) ○ The y axis is the table cross movements (backwards and forwards of the column) ○ The z axis is the vertical movements of the needle CNC machine rely heavily on the use of rectangular coordinates because the programmer can locate every point precisely 34  ○ When points are located, two straight intersecting lines cross each other perpendicular to each other, creating right angle lines and the intersection point that they cross is the origin or zero point Machine types Lathe ○ One of the most productive machine tools, has always been an efficient means of producing round parts ○ Most programmed on 2 axis The x axis controls the cross motion of the cutting tool The z axis controls the carriage travel towards or away from the headstock The milling machine ○ Most versatile machine tools in the industry ○ Does operations such as Milling Contouring Gear cutting Drilling Boring and reaming ○ Programmed on 3 axis X axis controls table movements left or right Y axis controls the table movements towards or away from the column Z axis controls the table movements up or down movement of the knee or spindle 35  COMP ENG LAB Areas of Computer Engineering: Hardware: - Digital systems - Embedded systems - VSLSI - PLCs Software: - C, c++, java programming - Database - Software eng - Internet programming - Android programming Networking - Data communication - Computer networks - Routing and switching - Network security Internet of things - This is connecting any device to the internet, allowing it to collect and exchange data, this is through embedded sensors, processors and different kinds of software - It's everywhere e.g smart watches, cars , appliances 36 Smart home: - Home that enables the owner to remotely control utilities remotely automate the homing system e.g lighting, cooling and security - The smart home is based on the spark fun photon redboard (the one we used in COE LAB) Example of a smart home 1. Input (sensors) ○ Switches, buttons, sensors ○ Sensors detect events or changes in the environment and convert them to electrical signals ○ The sensors used in the COE LAB were: Humidity and temperature sensors: Measure temperature and humidity within the smart home (can be found on the lower floor) Magnetic door switch set: Detects the state of the door weather it is closed or open (also found on lower floor) Photocell Its job is to detect light intensity (found on upper floor) 2. Microcontroller ○ Governs a specific operating system ○ Includes: processor, memory and I/O peripherals 37  3. Outputs ○ Can be lights, fans, heaters etc. Other wifi/ microcontroller names: - Arduino uno - Intel edison - Particle photon - raspberry pi - Udoo neo COMP ENG LECTURE What is Computer Engineering? 1. It is all about designing and building computers 2. Digitally transforming our world 3. Making things smart COVID-19 led the digital transformation, which will create a more sustainable world The Four Industrial Revolutions Industry 1.0 - Mechanization and the introduction of water power Industry 2.0 38  - Mass production assembly lines using electrical power Industry 3.0 - Automated production - Computers - IT systems & robotics Industry 4.0 - The Smart Factory - Autonomous systems - IoT - Machine learning How technology is used in the COVID-19 era 1. AI identify, trach and forecast outbreaks 2. AI help diagnose the virus 3. Drones deliver medical supplies 4. Robots sterilize and deliver food/medications 5. Robots develop drugs 6. AI identify infected individuals 7. Chatbots share information 8. Supercomputers work on identifying a coronavirus vaccine ** AI was founded in 1956 Chip Design (Computing Force) - Work in teams - Use advanced design tools - Small size, low power usage, but fast chips - Moore’s Law: The number of transistors in computer chips would double every 18 months 39 Transistors They are the building blocks of every computer - Scientists and engineers keep finding ways to make them smaller, so they can fit more of them on a single chip. - The more transistors they can fit on a chip, the faster the computer can run, practically. - Currently transistors are around 10-20 nanometers in scale, and are expected to shrink to around 5-7 nanometers in the next few years CPU vs GPU The CPU can be thought of as the taskmaster of the entire system, coordinating a wide range of general-purpose computing tasks, with the GPU performing a narrower range of more specialized tasks (usually mathematical). Using the power of parallelism, a GPU can complete more work in the same amount of time as compared to a CPU. High Performance Computing (HPC) The ability to process data and perform complex calculations at high speeds. To put it into perspective, a laptop or desktop with a 3 GHz processor can perform around 3 billion calculations per second. Applications: 1. Weather predictions 2. Oil and gas explorations 3. Cyber security 4. Space exploration 5. Media research 6. Nuclear energy research 7. Etc Networks 40 Computers communicate through networks which ensure fast, secure, and successful data transmission. Cloud Networks = Infinite storage Software design areas: 1. Operating systems 2. Programs 3. Internet 4. IT Cybersecurity: 1. Physical security: machine access 2. Network security: network access 3. Data security: access to read data COMP SCIENCE LAB Design tab: - Preview of application, - Blueprint of the project - Has components added to the project :buttons to labes - Blocks: 41  - Where commands to follow are given to the components/objects to accomplish the required tasks - E.g are location sensor is an invisible component Simple tab: - Adding simple and basic changes to the app - E.g like adding changes to the colour or font Advanced tab - Adding detailed changes like position or style Screen stack navigator: - is a way for the app/phone to transition between two screens smoothly and give this ios iphone feel List the screen the stack navigator controls: - Home - Find my car - Find path - Nearby parking Which component organise the layout of the screen - Row - Column What are variables: variables work like containers to hold numbers, phrases, the results of a calculation, a database call, or other important values app variable - It is a variable works across screens and is stored in the app itself 42  - You can convert an app variable into cloud variable cloud variable -Variable works across screen and is saved online stored variable - Variable works across screen and is stored to the mobile device itself How many variables are used in the cmp lab app? - 2 variables - One of them is stored - The other variable is : longitude, latitude What are the components that allows you to open up any website within the app to display?: - Webviewer Thunkable: - Mobile apps made with thunkable are compatible with not just IOS - Thunkable doesn't allow you to copy and remix private projects that other people developed - Project is not by default making your projects private when you create a new project - When you share a project with thunkable you can not share a “read only” version of it - You can view your project on your mobile device and on the web using URL - While developing on thinkable you do not need to download the thunkable live app to view the app on your mobile COMP SCIENCE LECTURE 43 THE AGE OF COMPUTING Great inventions ○ Wheel ○ Paper ○ Compass ○ Printing paper First industrial revolution (18-19th century) ○ Urbanisation ○ Iron and textile industries ○ Steam engines Second industrial revolution (1870-1914) ○ Steel and oil industries ○ Electricity ○ Mass production ○ Telephone ○ Lightbulb ○ Combustion engine third industrial revolution (1980-) ○ Computers ○ Electronics ○ Automation ○ Internet Fourth industrial revolution (present) ○ AI ○ Machine learning ○ Robotics ○ Nanotechnology ○ IoT ○ Biotechnology 44  ○ 3D printing ○ Smart vehicles Why computer science - The invention of cs is comparable to writing/printing press - CS studies the problem solving process itself (analysis, design, testing) - It teaches logical reasoning (if-then) - Develops mathematics (queues, caches, buffers) - Improves thinking (algorithms, abstractions, creativity) - Only a third of tech jobs are in the technology sector What is computer science The science of algorithms Algorithm ○ A set of steps defining how a problem can be solved or how a task is performed Program ○ A representation of an algorithm/ or a sequence of instructions in code Software ○ Integration of algorithms and data Hardware ○ Electronic device where programs and applications can operate History of algorithms - Earliest known algorithms were defined by greek mathematicians like Euclid’s method 45  - The word algorithms comes from the persian scholar mohammed ibn musa al kwarizmi, also the word algebra comes from one of his books Algorithms must - Be well defined - Be executable - Solve the problem - terminate ELECTRICAL ENG LAB: Drone dynamics: The drone is subject to 4 aerodynamics forces : ○ Lift This is the upward force that systains a drone in a flight The lift force is created by the drone’s propulsion system made of 4 forces/propellers ○ Weight Is the downward force due to the earth’s gravitational energy directly opposite to lift ○ Thrust 46  Is the force that pushes the drone in a particular direction ○ Drag Opposes the thrust and resists the drone movements caused by the air Drone will move up if lift is greater than weight Drone will go down if weight is greater than lift Drone will hang in air (hovering) if lift and weight are both equal Aerodynamic thrust - Thrusts moves the drone to either sides - When thrust force is greater than the drag force the drone will begin move in the direction of the thrust force - How is thrust force generated - Thrust is generated by tilting the drone - Tilt is done by spinning different propellers at different speeds - As one set of propellers spin faster than the other - The drone tilts higher in that direction - For example, as the drone tilts to the right, the propulsion system creates force components in the direction of motion (thrust force) and force components to counter the weight (lift force) 47 Drone motion The drone can move in three directions ○ Up-down Also known as the X coordinate system In order to move in the X or Y direction, it first has to tilt to create that needed thrust force Rotation around the X axis is the “roll” ○ Left-Right Also known as the Y coordinate system Rotation movements around the Y axis is called the “pitch” ○ Forward-Backwards Also known as the Z coordinate system AKA “the yaw” The drone has 3 translational motions and 3 rotational movements so 6 degrees of freedom Autonomous Vs Manual operated drones Normal drone ○ Operated by a pilot manually using a remote transmitter ○ The remote controls the motion of the drone and requires the pilot to continuously use it during the drone’s flight Autonomous drones ○ Uses a computing board to control the drone’s flight ○ The drone used in this experiment uses Intel® Aero compute board ○ The autonomous drone uses the compute board to control all flight maneuvers, which means it does not need to use a pilot so allows operations of drones in BIGGER SCALE ○ The person needs to only design the “flight mission” and the tasks required for it so he/she can operate on many drones with a “mission server” 48  ○ The control boards consists of : Communication system Transmits navigation commands received from the ground station to drone Power system A lithium battery powers the drone's power system, which provides electricity to all the drone's systems Propulsion system Concerned with the motion of the propellers and the synchronization of the propellers’s various directions and speeds Dynamic control system It commands the other systems within this system for the flight. sensors/electric system Needed to know crucial information about the flight example: altitude, location etc. Transmitter arm controller (Not used to control the drone, because it is autonomous). The transmitter is used for 3 commands that are connected to the mission server. ○ Switch ( take off/ land toggle switch) Command to take off or land wirelessly from transmitter to mission server to the drone ○ arm/disarm toggle Arming or disarming the propellers ○ Emergency stop push button Shut down the drone immediately if something wrong occurs 49 Limitations of manual drones - 1 pilot per drone, can not run multiple drones with one pilot - So not economical - Pilot has to see the drone at all times so visibility is a requirement - So limits flying lage which is very important in industry and commercial applications - Not possible to create a synchronization of pilot movements - cuz it requires pilot to work as a team which is not feasible - Manually is exhausting and short timed Description of steps of flight mission 1. Preparing the drones a. Use matlab Simulink for programing and program the intel aero board to learn to fly (the code will be sent to each drone) b. Transmitter is used to wirelessly connect the 3 commands to the mission server c. Stabiliser code is sent to stop the disarm of the propellers and the toggle switch is used to also arm the propellers 2. Executing the mission a. The mission will be communicated to the drone through the mission server and it now able to fly ELECTRICAL ENG LECTURE 50 What do they do - Use math and science to generate and transmit and receive electrical signals and information - They make all systems smart using a wide range of sensors and signal processing - IoT, AI, Smart grids, cyber physical systems Communications - This is the exchange of information from one location to another - Radio broadcasting - Satellite communications - cellular systems (mobile phones) - Computer networks - Vehicle to vehicle communication Electromagnetics - The study of interactions between light , magnetism and electric charges - This can be biomedical engineering - computer chip design and circuits - Security - Radar technology - MEMS Electronics - Concerned with the design of circuits with transistors and microchips - Microelectronic tech are used everywhere - E.g PS4 console - Apple watch - Ps4 CPU 51 Digital signaling process DPS is the process of converting analog electrical signals to digital signals and performing mathematical processes on them Applications include: ○ Audio and video devices ○ Mobile phones ○ Smart homes ○ IOT/Smart home DSP EXAMPLE: ○ Facial recognition There is gender recognition Age estimation Expression recognition Crowd velocity estimation Crowd density estimation (e.g how many people) Biomedical engineering This is the applications of the principles and techniques of engineering to biology and medicine to improve health care ○ This can be patient monitoring ECG, EMG, Blood pressure levels, glucose levels ○ Biomedical imaging systems X-rays, MRI ○ Therapeutic devices Infant incubators Ventilators Power and energy 52  Power system engineering deals with the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of electrical energy Power electronics use electronic components for power conversion e.g tesla charging Electric drives is a system integration of power electronics, electrical machines, control and computer Control engineering Applies automatic control theory to desirable behaviours ○ Robotics (dubai police robot) ○ Self driving cars ○ Automated defense systems Chemical engineering lecture What is chemical engineering Change raw materials into valuable products in an industrial scale They are concerned with PROCESSES and PRODUCTS Chemical engineers know how transformations occur at different length scales ○ E.g chemical reactions in molecular level - how molecules behave process level - how the transformations can be performed Plant level - how processes can be put together Global level - logistics, management, the environment They know about mature and new technologies Mature: 53  ○ Stirred tanks ○ Distillation columns ○ Heat exchanges ○ Filters New technology ○ Membrane separators and reactors ○ supercritical fluids ○ Biotech ○ Genetic manipulation of organisms What is a chemical process - Converts raw materials of low value into products of high value - The chemical process ads value by producing something useful from something unuseful - Crude oil ---> oil refinery ----> petrol/ diesel - Bauxite -----> electrolytic process ----> aluminium - Chemical engineers designs process to be safe, efficient and economically viable Unit operations Classifications of unit operations ○ Mass transfer operations Distillation Adsorption Gas absorption Leaching Gas stripping Crystallisation Liquid-liquid extraction 54  ○ Heat transfer operations Heat exchangers Evaporation Jacketed cooling / Condensation heating ○ Chemical reaction operations fixed -bed reactor Stirred tank reactor Fluidised bed reactor ○ Liquid flow operations Piping Valves Solids fluidisation Filtration ○ Mechanical operations Solids transportation Crushing Screening and sieving 55 What is a diagram They are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects’ sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not. They are extremely important in engineering and science to communicate and analyse complex information Flow diagrams Diagrammatic representation of a process Each block represents an step in the process 3 main types used by chemical engineers ○ Black flow diagram (BFD) Gives a clear overview of a production process Each block amy represent several unit operations or pieces of equipment Lines used to represent flow streams Useful at the conceptualisation stage Often used as the starting point of PFDS ○ Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) Much more detailed than PFDs Contains info on all piping and instrumentation for every piece of equipment ○ Process flow diagrams 56 Chemical engineers must consider Cost of production ○ Raw materials ○ Energy equipment ○ Maintenance ○ Labor Things to consider in any chemical process design Cost of production Value of the product Safety Environment CHE LAB Seawater desalination - The process of removing salts from water - Why do it? - The earth’s surface is 70% water - But only 2.5% are pure water - 750 million people has no access to clean water supply - Due to an increase of population there will be an increase in demand of pure water supply 57 Reverse osmosis Most cost effective efficient water treatment method It is the process of the purifying water from unwanted molecules and large molecules by adding a high pressure pump on the salt side of the RO This forces the water to flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane leaving behind brine ○ Brine is the leftover of the concentrated water with large particles and unwanted molecules The semipermeable membrane allows the movement of water but not unwanted molecules The pure water is called the permeate How are salts removed by RO ○ Feed water flows through the membrane ○ Salts are unable to flow through the membrane so they deflect to another outlet (brine) ○ However can not remove 100% of salts Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation Not used often due to high cost and energy consumption It works by using high heat and pressure into different chambers which is much more uneconomical TESTING WATER PH test: 58  ○ Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions present in the sample Turbidity ○ The measure of cloudiness and haziness of a solution ○ This is an indication of TSS (total suspended solids) Conductivity ○ Able to conduct electricity Total dissolved solids (TDS) ○ Number of dissolved solids in water mg/L Total suspended solids (TSS) ○ Number of suspended solids in water mg/l Procedure of measuring efficiency of RO 1. Add the salty water into the sedimentation tank a. This will cause heavy suspended particles to settle 2. Measure the TDS of the feed 3. Switch on the pump to transfer water into the sand filters a. This causes the suspended particles to filter out and the water will go through the first rotameter in order to remove the dissolved particles 4. Water is then pumped through the RO membrane a. All brine and unwanted molecules are removed from the water b. Permeate water is produced 5. Collect the permeate water and measure the TDS 6. Finally, water goes through the second rotameter and flow of water is measured again a. The final product water will end up in the collection tank and switch the operator off. 59 Civil Engineering lecture Lecture What is Civil Engineering? - It is the oldest of all engineering disciplines - A broad engineering discipline that incorporates different aspects of engineering. Civil engineers design, construct, manage, and maintain: 1. Buildings 2. Transportation systems 3. Towers 4. Harbors 5. Power structures 6. Airports 7. Stadium CVE Sub-disciplines 1. Structural engineering a. Design buildings, transmission towers, bridges, etc. b. Formulate plans that meet criteria based on quality, cost, and safety. c. Evaluate safety concerns on existing structures d. Modify structures to raise safety levels 2. Geotechnical engineering a. Foundation designer: design deep or shallow foundations to support load-bearing structures. Also examine soil and rock. b. Landfill manager: runs waste management facilities to meet community needs. Employs safe-management practices to avoid contamination. c. Engineering Geologist: Identifies existing types of soil and rock. Tests strengths of ground to support loads, etc. 60  3. Construction management a. Project Manager/Engineer: Oversees the entire construction project and organizes sub-contractors to meet the critical path deadlines. b. Estimator: formulates the expense of a project c. Scheduler: designs the critical path of a project without sacrificing quality or safety. 4. Transportation Engineering a. Planner: plans transportation systems to move goods efficiently a. Operations Manager: oversees traffic flows and alters roadway systems to meet the cyclic flow of traffic patterns. b. Intelligent Transportation System Planner: improves transportation systems through quality control and efficiency measures c. Highway Geometric Designer: designs roadway and intersection systems 2. Water resources engineering a. Hydraulic engineers and hydrologists: analyze rainfall data, river/groundwater flow, water pollution, etc. 3. Environmental Engineering a. Designer/Manager: plans and designs municipal water facilities. b. Hazardous Waste Manager: Assesses sites to ensure that specifications meet the standards imposed by various governmental agencies. 4. Public works engineering a. City Manager: Oversees city engineers, works closely with other political units, manages the upkeep of the city. b. City engineer: specializes in civil engineering sub-discipline to meet city needs. c. Federal Employee: works for federal organizations that build and maintain highways and infrastructure. 5. Research and education a. Government Researcher: works with the Ministries of Energy, Transportation, or Environmental Protection in government labs. 61  b. Corporate Researcher: studies pipelines, offshore structures, efficient construction techniques. c. Educational Researcher: focuses on better material and methods for civil infrastructure at the university level and publishes the result for public/private use. 6. Construction material In conclusion, the opportunity to make significant contributions to the betterment of society is limitless for civil engineers!! Solving the housing cost problem Steel: Advantages: very strong (tension/compression) Disadvantages: costly, unsustainable, intensive carbon footprint. Enemy: rust Concrete: Advantages: Inexpensive & very strong + sustainable Disadvantages: cement is energy intensive and has a large carbon footprint. Cement alternatives: by-products of iron & steel-making, or coal burning. Water Scarcity Solutions 1. Conserve a. Education b. Dual flush 2. Preserve a. Stop leaks b. Drip irrigation 3. Policy 62  a. Meter b. Charge 4. Treat a. Desalinate b. Reuse CVE Lab Recitation Compressive Strength of Hardened Concrete: - The maximum compressive stress a material can sustain under crushing loading. - For materials that do not shatter in compression, the compressive strength is defined as the stress required to distort the material an arbitrary amount. SI Unit: Pascal (Pa) = Newton per square or MPa (megaPascal) Formula: Concrete - A composite material made of aggregates (crushed stones), sand, cement, and water. - Cement becomes harder when it's hydrated, which is what makes concrete strong. - The strength of concrete depends on the quality of ingredients, their proportion, curing conditions, and quality control. - The most important behavior of concrete is its compressive strength. Destructive Testing 63 measures the amount of compressive load a specimen can withstand before it crushes under said compressive load. Disadvantages - Specimen do not actually represent actual structures - Costly - Time consuming Testing Procedures 1. Use a vernier to measure the dimensions of concrete samples. 2. Take readings of the average width and height 3. Weigh the cube 4. Place it in compression machine and apply the compressive load till failure 5. Record the maximum load carried by the specimen 6. Calculate compressive strength using the formula Non Destructive Testing Enable to test the strength of structures on site in their actual condition without impairing their appearance and performance. Advantages - Time saving - Testing can be repeated on the same structure - Enable continuous monitoring of the performance of the structure Disadvantages - Strength properties are not measured directly, thus needing calibration. Testing Procedures 1. Pressing the Schmidt Hammer perpendicular against a concrete surface 2. Record the number of rebounds 3. Convert the number of rebounds to compressive strength by using the calibration chart. 64  INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING What are Industrial Engineers concerned with? Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment, and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skills in the mathematical, physical, social and information sciences together. System Prospective 1. Information 2. Equipment 3. Material 4. Process 5. People 6. Suppliers Recruiters of Industrial Engineers 1. Logistics 2. Supply chain 3. Process improvement 4. Service 5. Oil and gas Types of Maintenance 1. Corrective maintenance 2. Preventive maintenance 3. Condition based maintenance 4. Predictive maintenance Improvement Engineering Industrial engineers engineer process and systems in order to: 1. Save money 2. Save time 3. Improve productivity 4. Improve customer satisfaction 5. Eliminate waste 6. Improve working conditions 7. Improve quality 65 Past paper questions with no answers yet! 66  1. Problem solving includes a combination of arts and science 2. What is the right sequence for the development of an engineering product IDEA, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND VALIDATION 3. The track in mechanical engineering dealing with the analysis of the motion of solid bodies is? dynamics and vibrations 4. The code that governs engineering profession is code of ethics 5. In reverse osmosis, brine represents the waste of the process 6. Non destructive testing method is more practical to apply in monitoring the compressive strength of concrete on an existing building TRUE 7. The MOORE LAW indicates that the number of devices per chip increases as follows IT DOUBLES EVERY 2 YEARS 8. Which of the following is not among the focus area of industrial engineering electromagnetics 9. Mechanical engineering is the branch of engineering dealing with ( the design construction and operations of machinery) 10. In orthographic drawing, medium dashed line are used to represent the ( hidden invisible edges 11. Which of the following is not correct about destructive testing procedure for determination of compressive strength of concrete ( apply the schmidt hammer perpendicular to the concrete surface (this is because this is for non-destructive testing) 12. CNC manufacturing are used for MANUFACTURING 13. NUCLEAR POWER, GEOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES AND WINDMILLS ARE SOLUTIONS TO WHAT TYPE OF PROBLEMS (RESOURCES) 67  14. A HIGH VALUE OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS INDICATES PRESENCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF SALT WATER 15. RESEARCH PROBLEMS REQUIRES THAT A HYPOTHESIS BE PROVEN OR DISPROVEN 16. CNC SYSTEMS RELY HEAVILY ON CARTERSIAN COORDINATES SO THE PROGRAMMER CAN LOCATE EVERY POINT ON A JOB PRECISELY 17. THE CONCEPT OF HAVING A MASS PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM BENCH SCALE IS CALLED SCALE UP 18. FOR AN AUTONOMOUS DRONE, WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SUBSYSTEM THAT CONTROLS THE DRONES PROPULSION SYSTEM TO FLY THE DRONE , DYNAMIC CONTROL SYSTEM 19. FOR A DRONE SYSTEM, WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE PROPULSION SYSTEM CREATING LIFT AND THRUST FORCES 20. THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE CONSIDERATIONS TAKEN INTO BUILDING A CHEMICAL PLANT ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY, COST OF PRODUCTION, VALUE OF PRODUCT 21. WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF YOU BREAK ETHICS AS AN ENGINEER BE HELD PERSONALLY AND LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE 22. ACCORDING TO THE FAMOUS SAYING, INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS MAKE THINGS BETTER 23. DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC, THERE WAS AN ESSENTIAL NEED FOR VENTILATORS, THESE VENTILATORS ARE CLASSIFIED AS THERAPEUTIC DEVICES 24. REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE MAINLY ALLOW WATER TO PASS THROUGH, 25. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF ANY SYSTEM (TRAINING, PRODUCT DESIGN, PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE, MONEY, NONE) 26. WHAT IS NOT TRUE ABOUT NUCLEAR POWER IT IS RENEWABLE 68  27. WHO DEVISED CENTURIES AGO THE METHOD WE STILL USE TODAY FOR COMPUTING THE SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER EUCLID 28. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROVIDES THE BEST PERFORMANCE AS MORE DATA IS PROVIDED deep neural networks, 29. IN ORDER TO DELIVER AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION TO AN AUDIENCE THE PRESENTER NEED TO (REHEARSE, NONE, MAKE SLIDES SIMPLE, MAKE EYE CONTACT, ENCOURAGE QUESTIONS) 30. DOCUMENTATION OF A DESIGN MAY BE DONE THROUGH THE USE OF DESIGN REPORTS) 31. IF YOU ARE A PROJECT MANAGER AT A COMPANY, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD YOU NOT WORRY FOR THE PROJECT( NONE, PROJECT TIMELINES, ALLOCATED BUDGET, TASK REQUIRED, RESOURCE REQUIRED) 32. COMPUTER SCIENCE IS ESSENTIALLY THE SCIENCE OF ALGORITHMS, WHICH CAN BE DEFINED AS AN ALGORITHM A FORMAL SET OF STEPS THAT DEFINES A TASK THAT IS BEING PERFORMED 33. MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS THAT A MATERIAL CAN SUSTAIN UNDER COMPRESSION IS KNOWN AS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 34. CHEMICAL ENGINEERS COMMUNICATE THEIR PROCESS THROUGH BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAMS 35. IMPROVING THE DELIVERY OF CANCER DRUGS SO THEY WILL HAVE NO SIDE EFFECT IS WHAT TYPE OF PROBLEM SOCIAL 36. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS A SUB DISCIPLINE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT DEALS WITH DESIGNS OF BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES IN WHICH THE SAFETY AND STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ARE GOOD 37. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT CONSIDERED A DIGITAL SYSTEM OUTPUT (LED, MOTOR, FANS, PHOTOCELL, NONE) 69  38. ENGINEERS CAN WORK IN RESEARCH, DESIGN, SALES, DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING 39. PETROLEUM ENGINEERING IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT ENGINEERING PROGRAM AT AUS 40. A CIVIL ENGINEER DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTS BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, DAMS, AND ROADS 41. EASY WORK IS NOT A BENEFIT OF BECOMING AN ENGINEER 42. A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS NEEDS BACKGROUND IN MATH, SCIENCE, PROBLEM SOLVING, AND VISUALIZATION TO BECOME AN ENGINEER 43. MICROSOFT EXCEL CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE THE SUM, DRAW CHARTS FROM DATA, CALCULATE THE AVERAGE, AND FIND THE MAXIMUM 44. A GOOD TEAM MEMBER DOES RESOLVES CONFLICT WITH OTHER TEAM MEMBERS 45. THE CODE OF COOPERATION FOR A TEAM MAY INCLUDE A SET OF RULES THAT GOVERN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TEAM MEMBERS 46. MEMBERS CRITICIZE EACH OTHER IN THE STORMING STAGE 47. MEMBERS SOLVE THE PROBLEM IN THE PERFORMING STAGE 48. THE ENCOURAGER ENCOURAGES SILENT MEMBERS TO SPEAK OUT IN A MEETING 49. THE DEVIL’S ADVOCATE TAKES AN OPPOSITE POSITION TO THAT HELD BY THE TEAM 50. THE MEETING COORDINATOR PLANS THE MEETINGS 51. CONSENSUS IS BASED ON THE AGREEMENT OF EVERYBODY 52. THE ABSTRACT IS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE REPORT 53. TROUBLESHOOTING PROBLEMS OCCURS WHEN AN EQUIPMENT BEHAVES IN AN IMPROPER WAY 54. IDENTIFICATION OF A NEED IS THE FIRST STEP IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 55. COMMUNICATION IS THE LAST STEP OF THE DESIGN PROCESS 56. DESIGN PROCESS IS A SEQUENCE OF STEPS LEADING TOWARD A RESULT 70  57. DESIGN PROCESS STEPS: IDENTIFY NEED, DEFINE PROBLEM, SEARCH, CONSTRAINT, CRITERIA, ALTERNATIVE, ANALYSIS, DECISION, SPECIFICATIONS, COMMUNICATION. 58. THE NATURE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN IS A PROCESS THAT REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE, USE OF INFORMATION, AND LOGICAL THINKING 59. DESIGN CRITERIA: COST, RELIABILITY, WEIGHT, APPEARANCE, EASE OF OPERATION, COMPATIBILITY, SAFETY FEATURES, NOISE LEVEL. 60. ANALYSIS STEP IS EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLUTION 61. TO HAVE AN ERROR FREE SOLUTION: HAVE CLEAR DIAGRAMS, PROPER USE OF SYMBOLS, ASSUMPTION STATED CLEARLY, AND UNCROWDED WORK. 62. DOCUMENTATION IS NEEDED TO REVIEW ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR A DESIGN, DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METHODS, AND JUSTIFY THE BASIS BEHIND CHOOSING THE DESIGN. 63. DOCUMENTATION MAY BE DONE THROUGH DESIGN PORTFOLIO AND DESIGN REPORTS 64. DESIGN REPORT CONSISTS OF: PROCEDURE, RESULTS, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECS. 65. TITLE PAGE OF A DESIGN REPORT: TITLE, ORGANIZATION, DATE, NAMES 71