Neuroscience Study Guide NEU-312, 2022-2023 PDF

Student study guide NEU-312 Faculty of Medicine Sohag University NEUROSCIENCE SYSTEM Phase III- M.B.B. Ch Block NEU213 2022 – 2023 Student study...

Student study guide NEU-312 Faculty of Medicine Sohag University NEUROSCIENCE SYSTEM Phase III- M.B.B. Ch Block NEU213 2022 – 2023 Student study guide NEU-312 Contact Information of Staff Responsible for Block NEU312 Heads of the Departments involved in teaching the block Department of Anatomy: ahmed talat galal, Professor of HumanAnatomy and Embryology; Email: [email protected] Department of Physiology: Prof. Huda Moustafa Ahmed, Assistant Professor of MedicalPhysiology; Email: [email protected] Department of Biochemisty: Prof. Ragaa HamdySalama, Professor of Medical Biochemistry; Email: [email protected] Department of Histology: Prof. Doha Saber Mohammed , Professor of Medical Histology; Email: [email protected] Department of Pathology: Prof. Afaf Taha Ibraheem El Nashar, Professor of Medical Pathology;Email: [email protected] Department of Pharmacology: Prof. Sanaa Abd Elaal Omran, Professor of Pharmacology; Email: [email protected] Department of Microbiology: Prof. Mona Fatooh, Professor of MedicalMicrobiolgy and Immunology; Email: [email protected] Department of Parasitology: Prof. Hanaa ahmed alhady, Professor of Medical Parasitology;Email: [email protected] Departments Coordinators Department of Anatomy: Prof. ahmed talat galal , Professor of Human Anatomy and Embryology; Email: [email protected] Department of Physiology: Dr. Ahmed Moustafa Mahmoud; Associate Professor of Medical Physiology; Email: [email protected] Dr. Amany Abdelrahman Abdelhamid ; AssociateProfessor of Medical Physiology; Email: [email protected] Department of Biochemistry: prof. Nagwa Sayed Ahmed; Professor of Medical Biochemistry; Email: [email protected] prof. Aida Abdeen Mahmoud; Professor of Medical Biochemistry; Email: [email protected] Student study guide NEU-312 Prof. Eman El-Sayed Abu-Dief; Department of Histology: Professor of Medical Histology;Email: [email protected] Dr. Ghada Mohammed Ahmed; Lecturer of Medical Histology; Email: [email protected] Department of Pathology: Prof. Fatma ELZahraa SalahEldeen Professor of Pathology; Email: [email protected] Dr. Rasha Mokhtar Abdelkareem; Lecturer of Pathology; Email: [email protected] Department of Pharmacology: Dr. Eman Mohammed Ali; Lecturer of Clinical Pharmacology; Email: [email protected] Department of Microbiology: Prof. Abeer Shneef ; Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology; Email: [email protected] Dr. Noha Saber, Lecturer of Medical Microbiology and immunology, Email: [email protected] Department of Parasitology: prof. Amal mostafa ahmed; Professor of Medical Parasitology; Email: [email protected] DR. Hisham Ibrahim Othman Ahmed; lecturer of Medical Parasitology; Email: [email protected] Student study guide NEU-312 Table of Contents 1. Basic Information about the Block.................................................. 1 2. Block Credit Points.......................................................................... 2 3. NARS Competencies Covered by the Block................................... 2 4. Block Specification.......................................................................... 4 A. Basic Information: 4 5. Neuroscience Block Map................................................................. 5 6. Structure of the Block...................................................................... 6 7. Participation of Different Departments in Neuroscience Module... 6 8. Professional Information................................................................. 8 Block Aims 8 I. Overall Aims................................................................................ 8 II. Intended Learning Outcomes of the Block................................. 8 A. Knowledge and Understanding.................................................. 8 B. Intellectual Skills...................................................................... 10 C. Practical/ Professional Skills.................................................... 11 D. General and Transferable Skills............................................... 11 9. Learning Methods.......................................................................... 12 10.Methods for Student Assessment.................................................. 12 1. Formative: 12 2. Summative 12 11.Formative Assessment................................................................... 13 12.Block Evaluation........................................................................... 13 1. Students' results. 13 2. Students' feedback. 13 3. Tutors' feedback. 13 13.Block Contents............................................................................... 14 Lecture Topics (12 hours/ week) 14 B. Practical Sessions (8 hours / week, 4 sections)........................ 18 C. Case- based Group Discussion (5 hours/ week)....................... 19 14.Study Resources.............................................................................22 Student study guide NEU-312 1. Lecture Notes 22 2. Books: 22 15.Details Block Timetable/ week......................................................24 A. Lecture topics and their intended learning outcomes..............24 B. Practical topics and their intended learning outcomes............45 C. Topics of Case -based Group Discussion and their intended learning outcomes 50 16.Time table of Course......................................................................62 17.Blueprint …………………………………..76 Student study guide NEU-312 Basic Information about the Block Block Specification A. Basic Information: Program on which the course is given: Bachelor of medicine and surgery (M.B., B.Ch.). Elements (Major or Minor) of the program: Undergraduate. Departments offering the course: all academic departments. Academic year/level: 3rd year, 1st semester. Date of specification approval: 2022 / 2023. Title: Neuroscience. Code: NEU213. Credit points: 12.5. Lecture: 84 hours. Practical: 56 hours. Student learning activities: 35 hours (Cases) and 7 hours (formativeassessment). Total: 175 hours. 1 Student study guide NEU-312 Block Credit Points Learning activities Block Points Weeks Contact Formative Assignments hours/points assessment/ Feedback 12.5 8 weeks 175 hours/ 0.5 point 5.5 points Neuroscience 6.5 points NARS Competencies Covered by the Block 1.6 Select the appropriate investigations and interpret their results taking into consideration cost/ effectiveness factors. 1.8 Apply knowledge of the clinical and biomedical sciences relevant to the clinical problem at hand. 1.9 Retrieve, analyse, and evaluate relevant and current data from literature, using information technologies and library resources, in order to help solve a clinical problem based on evidence (EBM). 1.10 Integrate the results of history, physical and laboratory test findings into a meaningful diagnostic formulation. 1.11 Perform diagnostic and intervention procedures in a skillful and safe manner, adapting to unanticipated findings or changing clinical circumstances. 1.16 Apply the appropriate pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to alleviate pain and provide palliative care for seriously ill people, aiming to relievetheir suffering and improve their quality of life. 2.4 Identify the major health risks in his/her community, including demographic, occupational and environmental risks; endemic diseases, and prevalent chronic diseases. 2.5 Describe the principles of disease prevention, and empower communities, specific groups or individuals by raising their awareness and building their capacity. 2.6 Recognize the epidemiology of common diseases within his/her community, and apply the systematic approaches useful in reducing the incidence and prevalence of those diseases. 3.1 Exhibit appropriate professional behaviors and relationships in all aspects of practice, demonstrating honesty, integrity, commitment, compassion, and respect. 3.8 Refer patients to appropriate health facility at the appropriate stage. 3.9 Identify and report any unprofessional and unethical behaviors or physical or mental conditions related to himself, colleagues or any other person that might jeopardize patients’ safety. 4.1 Describe the normal structure of the body and its major organ systems and explain their functions. 4.2 Explain the molecular, biochemical, and cellular mechanisms that are important in maintaining the body’s homeostasis. 4.3 Recognize and describe main developmental changes in humans and the effect ofgrowth, development and aging on the individuals and family. 2 Student study guide NEU-312 4.4 Explain normal human behavior and apply theoretical frameworks of psychology to interpret the varied responses of individuals, groups and societies to disease. 4.5 Identify various causes (genetic, developmental, metabolic, toxic, microbiologic, autoimmune, neoplastic, degenerative, and traumatic) of illness/disease and explain the ways in which they operate on the body (pathogenesis). 4.6 Describe altered structure and function of the body and its major organ systems that are observed in various diseases and conditions 4.7 Describe drug actions therapeutics and pharmacokinetics; side effects and interactions, including; multiple treatments, long term conditions and nonprescribed medication; and effects on the population. 4.8 Demonstrate basic sciences specific practical skills and procedures relevant to future practice, recognizing their scientific basis, and interpret common diagnostic modalities including: imaging, electrocardiograms, laboratory assays, pathologic studies and functional assessment tests. 5.2 Respect colleagues and other health care professionals and work cooperatively with them, negotiating overlapping and shared responsibilities and engaging in shared decision making for effective patient management. 5.3 Implement strategies to promote understanding, manage differences, and resolve conflicts in a manner that supports collaborative work. 5.4 Apply leadership skills to enhance team functioning, the learning environment, and/or the health care delivery system. 5.6 Evaluate his/her work and that of others using constructive feedback. 5.7 Recognize own personal and professional limits and seek help from colleagues and supervisors when necessary. 3  Student study guide NEU-312 Neuroscience Block Map Block Department Code Points days/week learning activities Involved contact formative assignments hours/ assessment and other points /feed back home and self- learning (portfolio based evidence) Neuroscience All NEU213 12.5 8 weeks 6.5 0.5 5.5 departments of points point Points basic sciences ** ‫عدد ساعات كل ورقه‬ ‫إجمالى‬ ‫أيام االسبوع‬ ‫االنقاط‬ ‫الكود‬ ‫األقسام المشاركه‬ Block * ‫الدرجات‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫عدد ساعات الت حريري‬ ‫الت عليميه‬ Mid exam 2 hours 187.5 8 weeks 12.5 NEU213 All departments of Neuroscience Final exam 3 hours basic sciences ** 4  Student study guide NEU-312 Structure of the Block Lectures Practical Cases Formative Total Items assessment Contact Hours 84 56 35 7 182 Credit points 3.12 2.08 1.30 0.5 7 Participation of Different Departments in Neuroscience Module Department Lectures Practical Cases Total Medical Physiology 28 10 9 47 Anatomy 22 24 9 55 Pharmacology 8 6 4 18 Histology 7 6 1 14 Pathology 6 4 6 16 Microbiology 5 4 2 11 Parasitology 5 2 2 9 Biochemistry 3 - 2 5 TOTAL 84 56 35 175 5 Student study guide NEU-312 Professional Information Block Aims I. Overall Aims This system based course integrates the basic sciences into a study of neuroscience and behavior in both health and disease states. The overall goal of the Neuroscience course is to provide basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, function of the nervous system, biochemical basis of human behavior, as well as the pathological basis of neurological and mental disorders. Fundamental principles of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, parasitology and human behavior will be applied to pathological situations to distinguish the clinical basis for central nervous system disorders. This goal will be achieved via selected lectures, relevant laboratory sessions, cases, and self-directed learning methods. The goal of this module is to provide all future physicians, regardless of specialization, the skills to recognize neurological and psychiatric problems, and understand treatment strategies; and to facilitate the professional development of students to become doctor responsive to such needs. II. Intended Learning Outcomes of the Block: A. Knowledge and Understanding Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: 1. List muscles, blood supply and lymph nodes groups of the head and neck. 2. Clarify the structure of the scalp. 3. Recognize the cranial nerves and cervical plexus and the main signs of their injury. 4. Describe the boundaries and contents of the orbit. 5. Clarify the formation, course and distribution of cerebral blood vessels. 6. Know the formation, differentiation and development of the head and neck structures. 7. Describe the anatomy of meninges. 8. Discuss the ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation, composition and functions. 9. Describe the structure and functions of the ear and sound transmission and characteristics. 10. Describe the metabolism of the brain and nervous tissue. 11. Describe neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, characters, synthesis, function and destruction. 12. Describe the anatomy of the brain stem, spinal cord, cranial nerves and main ascending and descending tracts. 13. Draw the development of the spinal nerves. 14. Explain how information is processed in the nervous system through sensory receptors and transduction. 15. List the different types of receptors and their functions. 16. Mention different types of somatic sensations. 17. Summarize the mechanism of pain and its control. 18. Describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of opioid analgesics and list their clinical uses. 19. List and describe the pharmacology of general anaesthetic agents. 6 Student study guide NEU-312 20. Summarize different parts of the cerebrum and location, characteristics, and functions of sensory and motor areas of the brain. 21. List different thalamic nuclei and their functions. 22. Describe components of reflex arc, functions of the afferents, interneurons and efferent neurons. 23. Describe the structure, types, and characteristics of the synapses. 24. Summarize stretch reflex: definition, receptors, types, properties, functions and supraspinal control. 25. List cerebellum structure, connections and functions. 26. Describe basal ganglia structure, connections and functions. 27. List structure, connections and functions of the vestibular apparatus. Explain the importance of the ear in the equilibrium process. 28. Summarize nuclei, connections and functions of hypothalamus. 29. Mention higher intellectual functions of the brain as sleep, speech, memory and learning and their mechanisms of action. 30. Define and describe the origin and development of different parts of the central nervous system. 31. List the different parts of the reticular formation and the limbic system and their functions. 32. List the major Hypnotics/ Anxiolytics. Explain their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic uses and side effects. 33. Summarize the most common causative organisms causing infectious diseases of the nervous system, organs of special sense and related pathological changes. 34. Mention the structure and functions of different parts of the eye. 35. List different refractory media of the eye and principles of optics. 36. Describe the mechanism of genesis of action potential on photoreceptors, components of the visual pathway, location and functions of visual cortex. 37. Explain the mechanisms of scotopic, photopic and colour vision. 38. Mention visual field, visual acuity and binocular vision. 39. Recognize the components of chemical sense and their functions. 40. Discuss the different nervous system neoplasms, their cell origin and classification. 41. Classify degenerative and demyelinating diseases of the CNS. 42. List the main bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitological pathogens that may affect the CNS and special sense. 7 Student study guide NEU-312 B. Intellectual Skills 1. Explore mechanism(s) of receptor adaptation and headache. 2. Differentiate primary and secondary hyperalgesia and fast and slow pain. 3. Interpret some clinical findings in relation to developmental basis. 4. Explain the manifestations of cranial nerves injury on the basis of anatomical facts. 5. Differentiate between the functions of pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. 6. Explore different symptoms and signs of thalamic syndrome. 7. Explore the effect of lesion of different somatosensory and motor areas. 8. Describe factors that contribute to the high somatic sensory acuity of the hands and face. 9. Differentiate between electrical and chemical synapses. 10. Differentiate between synaptic potential and action potential. 11. Differentiate between reflex and motor tetanus. 12. Explore how synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory. 13. Compare muscle tone and tendon jerk and stretch and inversed stretch reflexes. 14. Explain how spinocerebellum and neocerebellum control voluntary movements and how neocerebellum is important in planning and programming voluntary movement. 15. Understand the mechanism of detection of angular and linear acceleration of the head by the semicircular canals, utricle and sacculae. 16. Understand the functions and the balance between different neurotransmitters in basal ganglia. 17. Differentiate between main clinical syndromes produced by damage in basal ganglia. 18. Explore hypothalamic connections with different endocrine glands, reproduction and metabolism. 19. Distinguish between different central nervous system malformations. 20. Know different types of sleep disorders. 21. Differentiate between various types of aphasia. 22. Explore disorders of cranial nerves injury. 23. Correlate the knowledge gained from the multisystem discussed regarding normal and abnormal functions of the nervous system and special senses. 24. Explain the effect of injury and its clinical manifestations at various levels of the sensory and motor pathways on anatomical basis. 25. Compare normal and abnormal structure of nervous tissues. 26. Interpret the different results of clinical, laboratory and radiological examinations. 27. Explain the pathology of the CNS and understand the pharmacology of the drugs used in the treatment of these underlying diseases. 28. Understand the pathogenesis and explore the mode of transmission of the main bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitological infections of the CNS. 11 Student study guide NEU-312 C. Practical/ Professional Skills 1. Regularly attend the classes as possible. 2. Organize and distribute tasks. 3. Work in a team to conduct a specific project. 4. Work independently to conduct a specific project. 5. Recognize anatomical features of the skull, mandible and cervical vertebrae. 6. Display muscles, main blood vessels and nerves of the head and neck specimens. 7. Identify the gross morphology of the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem in fresh specimens 8. Identify the arrangement of various parts of the brain in palatinate sections. 9. Perform an examination of different types of sensation. 10. Acquire skills to examine cranial nerves, sensory, motor, vestibular system and cerebellum. 11. Acquire skills to examine visual fields, visual acuity and color vision. 12. Acquire skills to do hearing tests by tuning fork and audiometer. 13. Acquire skills to examine normal and abnormal brain tissues. 14. Acquire skills to interpret CSF findings. 15. Identify tests for diagnosis of some bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitological infections of the CNS and special senses. D. General and Transferable Skills The skills of a general nature, which can be applied in any subject area, including: written and oral communication, the use of new technological tools, group working, problem solving, management …etc. 1. Use of information by all means, including electronics. 2. Present information clearly in written, electronic and oral forms, and communicates ideas and arguments effectively. 3. Organize time and resources effectively and set priorities. 4. Discuss their own work and that’s of others, using constructive feedback. 5. Communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, with colleagues, patients and family (if possible) and others with whom physicians must exchange information in carrying out their responsibilities. 6. Retrieve (from electronic databases and other resources), manage, and utilize biomedical information for solving problems and making decisions that are relevant to the care of individuals and populations. 7. Analyze and evaluate the source and validity of new basic science information that apply to human biology and the practice of medicine. 8. Translate current clinical and basic information into lay language for patients. 9. Assess online medical information and assist patients and their families with these tools. 10. Gather information not only about the disease but also about the patient's reliefs, concerns and expectations about the illness, while considering the influence of various factors such as the patient's age, gender, ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic background, and spiritual values on that illness. 11 Student study guide NEU-312 Learning Methods 1. Lectures for knowledge and intellectual skill outcomes. 2. Practical sessions to gain practical skills aided with the practical book. 3. Cases related to the topics studied in lectures; including libraries, E learning (practical photographs and questions of different topics available online for student's assessments) and consulting professors for gathering information. Methods for Student Assessment 1. Formative: This is used to monitor student’s learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. It’s given once weekly and the answers are presented and discussed immediately with you after the assessment. 2. Summative It is used to evaluate student’s achievements at the end of an instructional unit. The grades tell whether the student achieved the learning goal or not. The student’s performance will be assessed according to the following: Assessment Type of assessment Proportion of total task assessment % Marks End block 20% 37marks exam 50% MCQ (best answer) Portfolio 10% 18.5 marks Final exam 40% 75 marks 50% MCQ (best answer) Paractical Static and dynamic stations 30% 57 marks Total 100% 187.5 marks 12 Student study guide NEU-312 Formative Assessment No. Quiz Weeks Hours 1st 1 hr. 1. Anatomy+ Histology (topics of the 1st week). Anatomy+ Physiology + Biochemistry + 2nd 1hr 2. Histology + Pharmacology + Pathology (topics of the 2nd week). Anatomy+ Physiology + Pharmacology (topics of 3rd 1hr 3. the 3rd week). Histology + Physiology + Pathology + 4th 1hr 4. Microbiology+ Parasitology (topics of the 4th week). Pharmacology + Physiology + Microbiology+ 5th 1hr 5. Parasitology + Anatomy (topics of the 5th week). Pharmacology + Physiology + Pathology + 6th 1hr 6. Biochemistry + Anatomy + Histology + (topics of the 6th week). Physiology + Microbiology+ Parasitology + 7th 1hr 7. Anatomy + Histology (topics of the 7th week). Total 7 hrs. Block Evaluation 1. Students' results. 2. Students' feedback. 3. Tutors' feedback. 13 Student study guide NEU-312 Block Contents Lecture Topics (12 hours/ week) Lecture Week Lecture title Departments number 1 1st week Scalp, face and Muscles of the head. Anatomy 2 1st week Muscles of the neck. Anatomy 3 1st week Nerves of head and neck (cranial nerves & cervical Anatomy plexus). 4 1st week Nerves of head and neck (cranial nerves & cervical Anatomy plexus). 5 1st week Blood supply and lymphatic of the head and neck. Anatomy 6 1st week Contents of orbit. Anatomy 7 1st week Blood supply of the brain. Anatomy 8 1st week Development of the head and neck. Anatomy 9 1st week Meninges and ventricular system. Anatomy 10 1st week Meninges and ventricular system. Anatomy 11 1st week Histological structure of the neurons, synapses and Histology neuroglial cells. 12 1st week Histological structure of the meninges (pia and Histology arachnoid and dura matters), choroids plexus and different types of brain barriers. 1 2nd week Structure of the ear. Anatomy 2 2nd week Cerebral circulation and Physiology of Physiology cerebrospinal fluid. 3 2nd week Basic functions of the synapses and Physiology neurotransmitters. 4 2nd week Basic functions of the synapses and Physiology neurotransmitters 5 2nd week Basic functions of the synapses and Physiology neurotransmitters. 6 2nd week Neurotransmitters. Biochemistry 7 2nd week Neurotransmitters. Biochemistry 8 2nd week Somatosensory function. Physiology 9 2nd week Histological structure of the spinal cord (nuclei and Histology lamination). Differentiate between different levels 14 Student study guide NEU-312 of the spinal cord. 10 2nd week Antidepressants. Pharmacology 11 2nd week Basic Pathology of CNS. Pathology 12 2nd week Cerebrovascular Diseases. Pathology 1 3rd week Spinal cord. Anatomy 2 3rd week Spinal cord. Anatomy 3 3rd week Peripheral nervous system. Anatomy 4 3rd week Brain stem. Anatomy 5 3rd week Physiology of pain (I). Physiology 6 3rd week Physiology of pain (II). Physiology 7 3rd week Local anesthetics. Pharmacology 8 3rd week General anesthetics. Pharmacology 9 3rd week Opioids. Pharmacology 10 3rd week Stretch reflex (I) Physiology 11 3rd week Stretch reflex (II) Physiology 12 3rd week Cerebrum (I). Anatomy 1 4th week Cerebrum (II). Anatomy 2 4th week Myelination in PNS and CNS and Types of nerve Histology fibers and nerve endings. 3 4th week Histological structure of the cerebral and cerebellar Histology cortex. 4 4th week Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex (I). Physiology 5 4th week Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex (II). Physiology 6 4th week Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Physiology of Physiology speech. 7 4th week Infection of CNS. Pathology Meningitis. Encephalitis. 8 4th week Protozoa causing CNS diseases (I). Parasitology 9 4th week Protozoa causing CNS diseases (II). Parasitology 10 4th week Meningitis (I) Microbiology 15 Student study guide NEU-312 11 4th week Encephalitis (II) Microbiology 12 4th week Brain abscess, Poliomyelitis, Rabies. Microbiology 1 5th week Helminths causing CNS diseases (I). Parasitology 2 5th week Helminths causing CNS diseases (II) Parasitology 3 5th week Tetanus, Botulism, Prion disease. Microbiology 4 5th week Cerebellum. Anatomy 5 5th week Cerebellum (functions). Physiology 6 5th week Functions of vestibular apparatus. Physiology 7 5th week Development of the nervous system. Anatomy 8 5th week Physiology of basal ganglia. Physiology 9 5th week Antiparkinsonian. Pharmacology 10 5th week Limbic system. Physiology 11 5th week Learning and Memory. Physiology 12 5th week Hypothalamus. Physiology 1 6th week Reticular activating system and Wakefulness. Physiology 2 6th week Anticonvulsants. Pharmacology 3 6th week Physiology of sleep. Physiology 4 6th week Hypnotics / Anxiolytic. Pharmacology 5 6th week Degenerative and demyelinated diseases. Pathology 6 6th week Brain tumors (I). Pathology 7 6th week Brain tumors (II). Pathology 8 6th week Metabolism of brain. Biochemistry 9 6th week Antipsychotics. Pharmacology 10 6th week Visual pathway. Anatomy 11 6th week Histological structure of the eye and its accessory Histology structures. 12 6th week Functions of different parts of the eye. Physiology 1 7th week The optical system of the eye. Physiology 16 Student study guide NEU-312 2 7th week The visual process. Physiology 3 7th week Light- dark adaptation cycle and color vision. Physiology 4 7th week Parasitic infections of the eye. Parasitology 5 7th week Infections of the eye and the ear. Microbiology 6 7th week Auditory and vestibular pathways. Anatomy 7 7th week Gustatory and olfactory pathways. Anatomy 8 7th week Histological structure of sensory organs of hearing, Histology balance, taste and smell. 9 7th week Hearing mechanisms (I). Physiology 10 7th week Hearing mechanisms (II). Physiology 11 7th week Chemosensory functions (I). Physiology 12 7th week Chemosensory functions (II). Physiology Total 84 17 Student study guide NEU-312 B. Practical Sessions (8 hours / week, 4 sections) Experiment Week Laboratory name Departments number 1 1st week Skull. Anatomy 2 1st week Skull and cervical vertebrae. Anatomy 3 1st week Muscles of the head. Anatomy 4 1st week Neck. Anatomy Blood supply of the head and neck. 1 2nd week Orbit and ear. Anatomy 2 2nd week Meninges and brain ventricles. Anatomy 3 2nd week Blood supply of the brain Anatomy 4 2nd week Slide demonstration and examination of: Histology Nerve trunk (Hx&E Osmic acid), Spinal ganglion (Hx&E). Cervical spinal cord. 1 3rd week Brain stem, attachments of cranial nerves Anatomy and spinal cord. 2 3rd week Somatosensory function. Physiology 3 3rd week Local and general Anesthetics. Pharmacology 4 3rd week Drug dependence Pharmacology 1 4th week Cerebral hemisphere Anatomy 2 4th week Spinal reflexes Physiology 3 4th week Transverse sections of the brain Anatomy 4 4th week Coronal sections of the brain Anatomy 1 5th week Slide demonstration and examination of: Histology Cerebral cortex. Brain stems (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata). Cerebellum. 2 5th week Cerebellum. Anatomy 3 5th week Cerebellum and vestibular apparatus Physiology examinations. 4 5th week Lumbar puncture & Lab diagnosis of Microbiology microbial infections of the CNS. 1 6th week Lab diagnosis of microbial infections of the Microbiology CNS. 18 Student study guide NEU-312 2 6th week Slide demonstration of: Pathology - Schwannoma. - Meningioma. 3 6th week Gross demonstration of specimens of Pathology intracranial hemorrhage and examples of brain tumors. 4 6th week Antiepileptics, antidepressant Pharmacology antipsychotics and antiparkinsonial drugs (samples, prescriptions). 1 7th week Slide demonstration and examination of: Histology Eye: Cornea, iris, retina, eye lid & lacrimal gland. Organ of Corti. Taste buds. 2 7th week Visual system examination. Physiology 3 7th week Hearing tests. Physiology 4 7th week Parasitic infections of the brain and eye. Parasitology C. Case- based Group Discussion (5 hours/ week) Cases Week Section name Departments 1 1st week Fracture of the skull base. Anatomy (60 min) Cephalohematoma. Epidural hematoma. 2 1st week Trigeminal nerve injury (trigeminal Anatomy (60 min) neuralgia). 3 1st week Injury of facial nerve Anatomy (60 min) 4 1st week Hypoglossal nerve and oculomotor nerve Anatomy (60 min) Injuries 5 1st week Branchial arches development (Cleft lip)- Anatomy (60 min) Torticollis. 1 2nd week Schizophrenia (glutamate hypothesis of Biochemistry (60 min) schizophrenia) 2 2nd week Depression. Biochemistry (60 min) 3 2nd week Depression. Pharmacology (60 min) 4 2nd week Stroke & Hydrocephalus. Pathology(60 min) 5 2nd week Cerebral arteries-stroke Anatomy (60 min) 1 3rd week Headache. Physiology (30 min) Migraine. Pharmacology (30 min) 2 3rd week Thalamic syndrome. Physiology (30 min) 19 Student study guide NEU-312 Upper and lower motor neuron lesions. Physiology (30 min) 3 3rd week Chronic pain. Physiology (60 min) 4 3rd week Drug dependence. Pharmacology (60 min) 5 3rd week Lesions of different motor and sensory of Physiology (60 min) areas of the cerebral cortex. 1 4th week Meningitis. Pathology (30 min) Cerebral abscess. Pathology (30 min) 2 4th week Transection of the spinal cord (complete, Physiology (60 min) hemi-, quandiant transections). 3 4th week Syringomyelia Anatomy (60 min) 4 4th week Parasitic infections cause space occupying Parasitology (60 min) lesions of the brain/ Parasitic infections of the eye. 5 4th week Parasitic infections cause brain diseases Parasitology (60 min) (Encephalitis, Meningoencephalitis, Cerebrovascular diseases). 1 5th week Neural tube defect. - Cerebellum Anatomy (60 min) Development 2 5th week Aphasia and dysarthria Physiology (30 min) Demyelinated diseases. Physiology (30 min) 3 5th week Ataxia. Physiology (30 min) Vertigo. Physiology (30 min) 4 5th week Parkinsonism, athetosis, hemiballismus, Physiology (60 min) chorea. 5 5th week Tetanus, botulism, Rabies, Poliomyelitis Microbiology (60 min) and prion diseases. 1 6th week Alzheimer disease & Parkinson diseases. Pathology (60 min) 2 6th week Multiple Sclerosis. Pathology (60 min) 3 6th week Epilepsy Pharmacology (30 min) Alzheimer disease. Pharmacology (30 min) 4 6th week CNS tumors. Pathology (60 min) 5 6th week CNS tumors. Pathology (60 min) 1 7th week Corneal abrasion, clinical cases about Histology (60 min) abnormalities in neurons, glial cells and synapses. 21 Student study guide NEU-312 2 7th week Visual field defects. Anatomy (60 min) 3 7th week Meningoencephalitis Microbiology (30 min) Otitis media and conjunctivitis Microbiology (30 min) 4 7th week Errors of refraction, and Night blindness. Physiology (30 min) Color blindness and glaucoma Physiology (30 min) 5 7th week Deafness. Physiology (60 min) 21 Student study guide NEU-312 Study Resources 1. Lecture Notes 2. Books:  Physiology department: 1. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Hall, John E. (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8. see Table of Contents link Archived 2011- 07-01 at the Wayback Machine 2. Human Physiology from Cells to Systems. By Lauralee Sherwood 3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty Sixth Edition 26th Edition Neuroscience Physiology. by Kim Barrett (Author), Susan Barman (Author), Jason Yuan (Author), Heddwen Brooks 4. Neuroscience Physiology 5. Case files Physiology.  Anatomy department: 1. Oxford handbook of medical sciences. Wilkins, R., Cross, S., Megson, I., and Meredith, D. (2011). Oxford handbook of medical sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. Integrated anatomy and embryology (scalp). Bogart, B. I., & Ort, V. H. (2007). Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. 3. First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems). Le, T., Hwang, W. L., Muralidhar, V., White, J. A., & Moore, M. S. (2017). First aid for the basic sciences.organ systems. 3rd Ed. New York: McGrawHill Education, 4. First Aid USMLE. Le, T., Bhushan, V., Sochat, M., Kallianos, K., Chavda, Y., Kalani, M., Abrams, J. and Vaidyanathan, V. (2019). First aid for the USMLE step 1 2019. New York: McGrawHill Education. 5. Kaplan Medical USMLE Step 1 Lecture Notes 2008. 6. Case Files Anatomy Toy, E. C. (2008). Case files Anatomy. New York: McGrawHill Medical. 7. Lecture note &department book. 8. First Aid Q&A USMLE step 1. 9-Le, T., Bechis, S. K., & Adler, K. A. (2009). First aid Q&A for the USMLE Step 1. NewYork [etc.: McGraw Hill Medical.  Pharmacology department: 1. FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition. 2. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition, McGraw Hill. 3. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition. 4. Department book.  Histology department: 1. Integrated systems. 2. The nervous system.  Pathology department: 1. Elsevier's integrated pathology. 2. Escourolle & Poirier Manual of Basic Neuropathology. 3. Tao Le et al. (2017). 4. Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). 5. Case File pathology, 2nd edition. 6. First AID Cases for the USMLE Step1 3rd edition. 22 Student study guide NEU-312 7. Robbins & Cotran Review of Pathology 4th edition.  Microbiology department: 1. YALE-G First Aid: CRUSH USMLE, Step2CK and Step 3. 2. Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology. 3. Pretest Microbiology 4. Lecture note and department book. 4. First Aid Q&A.  Parasitology department: 1. department book 2. First aid for USMLE step 1. student to student guide 2019. 3. Oxford handbook of Medical Sciences 2011. 4. Garcia, Lynne Shore, and David A Bruckner. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. New York: Elsevier, 2016.  Biochemistry 5. Cases in Human Parasitology Judith S. Heelan Washington, DC press, 2004. department: 1. First aid for USMLE step 1 (2019). 2. Lippincott illustrated reviews integrated systems. 3. The nervous system, basic science and clinical conditions, second edition. 4. Textbook of medical biochemistry 8th edition. 23 Student study guide NEU-312 Details Block Timetable/ week A. Lecture topics and their intended learning outcomes Lecture (1): Scalp, face and Muscles of the head (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.4 Recognize the layers of the scalp. A.4 List the muscles of the facial expressions and their nerve supply. A.4 List the muscles of mastication, tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx and define their nerve supply. A.4 Describe the articulation of temporomandibular joint (type, bones. ligaments and movements). B.4 Elucidate the clinical presentation of scalp injuries (lacerations and hemorrhage based on the anatomical facts. B.4 Explain the manifestation of facial nerve injury on the basis of anatomical facts. NARS: 4.1, 4.5 Reference books: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 696. Integrated anatomy and embryology (scalp), pp209. Department book pp4 Lectures (2): Muscles of the neck (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 List the muscles of the neck and describe the sternocleidomastoid muscle as an important landmark. A.3 Describe the boundaries and enumerates contents of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. A.3 Identify structures in the midline of the neck. B.3 Correlate anatomical facts with the manifestations of some congenital anomalies of the head and neck (torticollis, branchial fistula), complete injury of brachial plexus and spinal accessory nerve injury in the neck. NARS: (4.1, 4.5) Reference book: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 696. Department book pp20 Lecture (3): Nerves of head and neck (cranial nerves & cervical plexus) (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 List the cranial nerves and identify briefly; component fibers, peripheral distribution, function of each nerve. The main signs of injury. B.5 Explain the signs of cranial nerves injury based on anatomical facts.. NARS: (4.1, 4.5) Reference book: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 702-705. Department book p25 Lecture (4): Nerves of head and neck (cranial nerves & cervical plexus) (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 List the cranial nerves and identify briefly; component fibers, peripheral distribution, function of each nerve. The main signs of injury. A.5 Describe the formation and branches of the cervical plexus. 24 Student study guide NEU-312 B.5 Explain the signs of cranial nerves injury based on anatomical facts. B.5 Distinguish the difference in clinical manifestations between upper and lower lesion of the facial nerve. NARS: (4.1, 4.5) Reference book: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 702-705. Department book30 Lectures (5): Blood supply and lymphatic of the head and neck (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.8 List and describe briefly the course of the main arteries, veins, and major lymph nodes in the head and neck. A.8 Describe the Dural venous sinuses and know the anatomy of the cavernous sinus. B.8 Correlate and Interpret the knowledge of the distribution of the veins in understanding the signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis. B.8 Demonstrate the dangerous area of the face. NARS: (4.1, 4.5) Reference books: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 694-695. First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6 (dural venous sinuses), pp. 424- 425. Department book 49 Lectures (6): Contents of orbit (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.6 List the contents of the orbit. A.6 List the muscles of the eye (intraocular and extraocular muscles). A.6 Discern the gross structure and layers of the eye in coronal section and define its nerve and blood supply. A.6 Describe on a diagram the anatomy of the eyelids and lacrimal apparatus. B.6 Correlate anatomical facts with the manifestations of various nerve injuries of the orbit. B.6 Interpret anatomical facts with its major clinical applications: e.g., ocular manifestations of increased intracranial pressure. NARS: (4.1, 4.5) Reference book: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 699 & 706. Department book 65 Lectures (7): Blood supply of the brain (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.9 Identify the blood supply of the brain. A.9 Describe the circle of Willis. A.9 List the main arterial supply for different parts of the brain (cerebral cortex, internal capsule, basal ganglia, diencephalon. B.9 Correlate and Interpret knowledge of the distribution of the arterial supply of the brain for understanding stroke, cerebral aneurysms and intracranial hemorrhages. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6, pp. 422-423. Department book p123 Lectures (8): Development of the head and neck (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: 25 Student study guide NEU-312 A.1 Describe in a table form the development of the pharyngeal arches (derivatives, nerve supply and related syndromes). A.1 Enumerate the derivatives of pharyngeal clefts. A.1 Enumerate the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches. A.1 Enumerate the congenital anomalies of face and neck. A.1 Define the embryological origin of the skull, cervical vertebrae and head and neck. B.1 Interpret some clinical findings in relation to developmental basis (ex. cervical sinus and cleft lip). B.1 Correlates knowledge of the fates of pharyngeal arches with manifestations of related syndromes (e.g. Treacher Collins syndrome). NARS: (4.1, 4.3) Reference book: First Aid USMLE pp. 605-607.department book 177 Lectures (9): Meninges and ventricular system (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Describe the normal anatomy of meninges. A.2 List various dural folds. A.2 List and describe the structures involved in the production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences, organ systems: chapter 6, pp. 419-421. Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 690-691. Department book 83-128 Lectures (10): Meninges and ventricular system (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 List and describe the structures involved in the production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid. A.2 Describe brain ventricles. A.2 Describe briefly the circulation of CSF. B.2 Understand some clinical situations such as hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure in tumors of the ventricles. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences, organ systems: chapter 6, pp. 419-421. Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 690-691. Department book 83-128 Lecture (11): Histological structure of the neurons, synapses and neuroglial cells (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 Mention the different types of neurons and nerve fibers in the body. A.1 Describe the structure of neurons and nerves. B.1 Identify.different types, structure and function of neuroglia. NARS: (4.1, 4.2). Reference books: Integrated systems (pp. 55 &56), The nervous system (pp. 32-36), Basic Histology (pp. 161-170). 26 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (12): Histological structure of meninges (pia arachnoid and dura matters) choroids plexus and different types of brain barriers (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3. Define the meninges A.3 Mention the different types of meninges and their structure. B.3 Explain the structure and importance of choroid plexus. B.3 Describe the different brain barriers. NARS: (4.1, 4.2). Reference books: Integrated systems (pp.51), The nervous system (pp.24) & Basic Histology (pp. 176-183) Lecture (13): Structure of the ear (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.7 Describe the anatomy of the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane. A.7 Identify the boundaries and contents of the middle ear. A.7 Know the parts of the inner ear. B.7 Correlates anatomical facts concerning the relation of the middle ear to the middle cranial fossa in cases of fracture of base of the skull and infections of middle ear. B.7 Explain the relation between chorda tympani nerve and tympanic membrane. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 708-709. Department book pp.76 Lectures (14): Cerebral circulation and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: B.1 Recognize mechanism of regulation and auto regulation of cerebral blood flow. B.1 Explain the effect of brain activity on cerebral blood flow. A.1 Identify formation, flow and absorption of cerebral fluid. A.1 List functions of CSF. B.1 Recognize the blood brain barrier. B.1 Describe mechanism of transport of substances across blood brain barrier. B.1 Recognize factors influencing the intracranial pressure. B.1 Explain mechanisms of brain edema. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.9-13 Gyton. Pp.743-749 Lecture (15): Basic functions of the synapses and neurotransmitters (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 Identify the basic functional unit of the CNS. A.3 Recognized functions of afferent, interneuron and efferent neurons. A.3 Compare chemical and electrical synapses and Summarize the mechanism of their actions. 27 Student study guide NEU-312 A.3 Explore steps of chemical synaptic transmission. NARS: (4.1; 4.2; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.15-27 Gyton. Pp.543-557 Lectures (16): Basic functions of the synapses and neurotransmitters (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 Recognize different types of pre- and post-synaptic potentials. B.3 Explain the mechanisms of pre- and post-synaptic potentials. A.3 Differentiate between synaptic potential and action potential. B.3 Design the mechanism and types of synaptic inhibitions. A.3 Recognize the types of summation of postsynaptic potentials. A.3 Know factors affecting synaptic transmissions. A.3 Summarize functions of commonest neurotransmitters in the CNS. NARS: (4.1; 4.2; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.15-27 Gyton. Pp.543-557 Lecture (17): Basic functions of the synapses and neurotransmitters (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: B.3 List different properties of chemical synaptic transmission. B.3 Recognize the differences between motor and reflex tetanus. B.3 Paraphrase the mechanism by which synaptic plasticity occurs. NARS: (4.1; 4.2; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.15-27 Gyton. Pp.543-557. Lecture (18): Neurotransmitters (Biochemistry) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 Define neurotransmitters. A.1 Describe classification of neurotransmitters. A.1 Describe properties of neurotransmitters A.1 List types of neurotransmitter receptors. NARS: (4.2; 4.6; 4.8) Reference books: The nervous system, basic science and clinical conditions, second edition, pp. 4146. Lecture (19): Neurotransmitters (Biochemistry) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 List types of neurotransmitter receptors. A.1 Describe acetylcholine synthesis, release, binding to the postsynaptic receptors, and removal from synaptic cleft. A.1 Describe catecholamine (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) synthesis and degradation. A.1 Describe serotonin synthesis and breakdown. NARS: (4.2; 4.6; 4.8) Reference books: 28 Student study guide NEU-312 The nervous system, basic science and clinical conditions, second edition, pp. 4146. Lecture (20): Somatosensory functions (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.4 Identify the basic principles of sensory physiology (receptors, transduction of sensory stimuli into nerve impulses and receptor potential). A.4 Describe briefly submodalities of tactile sensation and associated receptors. A.4 Define adequate stimulus, sensory threshold, receptive field and adaptation of receptors. A.4. Identify the inverse relationship between sensitivity and threshold. B.4 Explain transduction mechanisms for mechanical and thermal stimuli. B.4 Distinguish mechanisms of adaptation and classifications of the receptors according to adaptation (dynamic and static). B.4 Compare crude and fine tactile sensation. B.2 Explain information encoding by the CNS; stimulus strength, duration and location. B.4 Differentiate topographic representation vs population encoding. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp 30- 43 Gyton. Pp.571-581 Lecture (21): Histological structure of the spinal cord (nuclei and lamination). Differentiate between different levels of the spinal cord (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.4 Define some structural terms used in CNS in general. A.4 Describe the spinal cord gray and white matters structure. A.4 Recognize the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns of the spinal cord. B.4 Compare between different levels of the spinal cord. NARS: (4.1, 4.2). Reference books: Integrated systems (pp.51& 52), Integrated medical sciences (pp. 187), Textbook of Clinical Neuroanatomy, 2 ed. (250-255), Ross & Pawlina Histology (pp.384) and Basic Histology (pp.174& 175) Lecture (22): Antidepressants (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.6 Identify classification of antidepressants. A.6 List the uses and adverse effects of antidepressants. B.6 Explain the mechanism of action of antidepressants. B.6 Predict drug interaction of antidepressants. NARS: (4.7, 4.8). Ref. books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 531-535. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 475-487. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 135-143. Department book p 47 Lecture (23): Basic pathology of CNS (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 Summarize basic cellular lesions of the CNS. A.1 Mention definition, causes, types & effects of hydrocephalus. A.1 Outline types & causes of cerebral edema. 29 Student study guide NEU-312 B.1 Summarize causes, effects & complications of ↑ICP (brain herniation). NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 5.3). Reference books: Tao Le et al. (2017) (pp. 488, 469-473, 503). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp. 337-338, 340). Escourolle & Poirier Manual of Basic Neuropathology (2004) (pp. 120). Lecture (24): Cerebrovascular Diseases (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Classify intracranial hemorrhage & mention the causes. B.2 Compare between epidural & subdural Hemorrhage. A.2 List types of cerebral aneurysms. Describe cause, shape & site of each type. B.2 Identify complications of cerebral aneurysms. A.2 Enumerate causes and effects of cerebral ischemia. A.2 Know the causes of infarction. A.2 Summarize gross & microscopic features of cerebral infarction. NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 5.3). Reference books: Tao Le et al. (2017) (pp. 473-478). Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). (pp. 852-856). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp.340-341). Lecture (25): Spinal cord (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.10 Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord. B.10 Interpret anatomical facts with the clinical manifestations of some vascular lesions (anterior spinal artery infarction and cauda equina and conus medullaris syndromes. B.10 Correlate the anatomy of the spinal cord with the lumbar puncture procedure (level and structures that the needles pass through). B.10 Correlate anatomical facts with the injury of spinal cord and vertebral column. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): Chapter 6, pp. 446 - 447. Nervous System Basic science and clinical condition pp. 60-62. Department book pp.146 Lecture (26): Spinal cord (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.10 Describe the normal anatomy of the main ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts. B.10 Interpret anatomical facts with the clinical manifestations of some vascular lesions (anterior spinal artery infarction and cauda equina and conus medullaris syndromes. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): Chapter 6, pp. 446-447. Nervous System Basic science and clinical condition pp. 60-62. Department book pp.146 Lecture (27): Peripheral nervous system (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.15 Describe the anatomy of the spinal nerves. 31 Student study guide NEU-312 A. 15 List the body plexuses and their formation. B.1 Organizes the landmark dermatomes on a diagram of the human body. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First Aid USMLE pp. 495 & 498. Lecture (28): Brain stem (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.11 Describe the structure of the mesencephalon. A.11 Describe the structure of the rhombencephalon. B.11 Recognize the cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6, pp. 441-442&444-445. Oxford handbook of medical sciences, pp. 412. Department book pp.112 Lecture (29): Physiology of pain (I) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 Define pain. A.5 Identify nociceptors (location, categorization and adequate stimulus). B.5 Explain mechanisms of pain sensory transduction. A.5 Define hyperalgesia and List the differences between primary and secondary hyperalgesia. B.5 Compare fast and slow pain. B.5 Know classification of pain. B.5 Differentiate allodynia from hyperalgesia. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.44-58 Gyton. Pp.583- 592 Lecture (30): Physiology of pain (II) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: B.5 Distinguish mechanism of referred pain. B.5 Explain mechanisms of peripheral and central pain inhibition. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.44-58 Gyton. Pp.583- 592 Lecture (31): Local anesthetics (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 Define local anesthetics. A.1 Recognize techniques of local anesthesia. A.1 Classify local anesthetics. A.1 Recognize adverse effects of local anesthetics. 31 Student study guide NEU-312 B.1 Explain the mechanism of action of local anesthetics. NARS: (1.8; 4.8). References books: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition. pp. 139-140. Department book p15 Lecture (32): General anesthetics (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Define general anesthetics. A.2 Classify general anesthetics. A.2 Recognize adverse effects of general anesthetics. A.2 Enumerate preanesthetic medications and anesthetic adjuvants. B.2 Explain the mechanism of action of general anesthetics. NARS: (1.8; 4.8). References books: First Aid for the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems, Tao Le et al., 3rd edition pp. 545-547. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition. Chapter 11. pp. 127-140. Department book p 3 Lecture (33): Opioids (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 Identify opioid receptors. A.3 Recognize the uses, adverse effects and contraindications of morphine. A.3 Describe the manifestation and the management of morphine toxicity. A.3 Know classification of opioids. B.3 Distinguish the mechanism of action of opioids. NARS: (4.7, 4.8) References books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 530-531. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 489-507. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 191-202. Department book p 82 Lecture (34): Stretch reflex (I) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.6 Describe the muscle spindle and its innervation; Understand mechanism of its stimulation. A.6 List the functions and types of stretch reflex. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.62-72 Gyton. Pp.655-665 Lecture (35): Stretch reflex (II) (Physiology) A.6 Enumerate supraspinal control of stretch reflex. A.6 Explain the functions and importance of Golgi tendon organs. B.6 Differentiate between muscle tone and tendon jerk. B.6 Explore role of gamma efferent discharge. B.6 Compare stretch and inversed stretch reflex. B.6 Construct causes of abnormal muscle tone. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.62-72 Gyton. Pp.655-665 32 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (36): Cerebrum (I) (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.12 List the sulci and gyri of the lobes of the cerebrum. A.12 Define the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. A.12 List the main cortical areas on the cerebral cortex. A.12 Describe the components of the cerebrum, B.12 Interpret anatomical facts with its major clinical applications (vascular injuries of the cerebral cortex). NARS :( 4.1, 4.5). Reference book: department book pp.91 First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6, pp.:425-463. Lecture (37): Cerebrum (II) (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: , A.12 Name the parts of the diencephalon. A.12 Describe the anatomy of the thalamus and hypothalamus. A.12 Enumerate the components of the basal ganglia. A.12 Enumerate the components of the limbic system. A.12 List types of white matter fibers, including the internal capsule and corpus callosum (parts and its blood supply). B.12 Interpret anatomical facts with its major clinical applications (vascular injuries of basal ganglia and internal capsule). NARS: ( 4.1, 4.5). Reference book: department book pp.91 First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6, pp.:425-463. Lecture (38): Myelination in PNS and CNS and Types of nerve fibers and nerve ending (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Identify the mechanisms of myelination in peripheral and CNS. A.2 Compare between myelination in peripheral and CNS. A.2 Mention the characters of different types of sensory and motor nerve endings. NARS: (4.1, 4.2) Reference books: Integrated systems (p.5255), The nervous system (pp. 22, 23, 34 &35) & Basic Histology (pp.174-185). Lecture (39): Histological structure of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 Describe the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum. B.5 Explain the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex. NARS: (4.1, 4.2). Reference books: Integrated systems (pp.55-90) Basic histology (pp. 174-179). Lectures (40): Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex (I) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: 33 Student study guide NEU-312 A.7 Describe briefly functional areas of cerebral cortex (motor, sensory) concerning location, connection, body representation and functions. B.7 Explain neurological manifestation and correlate them to the defective areas of the cerebral cortex. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8) References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.76-94 Gyton. Pp.667-678 Lectures (41): Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex (II) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.7 Describe briefly high order association cortical areas concerning location, connection, body representation and functions. B.7 Explain neurological manifestation and correlate them to the defective areas of the cerebral cortex. B.7 Identified functions of different ascending and descending tracts. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8) References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.76-94 Gyton. Pp.667-678 Lecture (42): Intellectual Functions of the Brain; Physiology of speech (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.12 Define speech. A.12 List types of speech (spoken and written). B.12 Describe mechanism of speech. B.12 Mention types and mechanisms of speech disorders (aphasia & dysarthria). NARS: (1.8; 1.10). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.96-98 Gyton. Pp.703 Lecture (43): Infections of CNS (meningitis and encephalitis) (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 Define meningitis & encephalitis. A.3 List routes of CNS infection. A.3 Outline different types of meningitis. A.3 Identify morphological changes of suppurative meningitis. B.3 Explore complication of meningitis. B.3 Compare between pyogenic & Aseptic meningitis. A.3 Describe types, morphology & complications of brain abscess. NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 5.3). Reference books: Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). (pp. 862-865). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp.343-344). Lecture (44): Protozoa causing CNS diseases (I) (Parasitology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 List the most common protozoa causing CNS diseases. 34 Student study guide NEU-312 A.1 Recall and differentiate the infective and diagnostic stages of each parasite. A.1 Identify mode of infection of each parasite. B.1 Demonstrate the pathological lesions in the brain caused by each parasite. B.1 Explain host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis and main clinical presentations of each parasite). B.1 Describe laboratory diagnosis, imaging and pathological studies of lesions caused by these parasites and Recall treatment and prevention of them. NARS: (1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: Lecture notes. First aid for USMLE step 1. Student to student guide 2019. Pages: 79, 156, 157, 177, 180, 182, 198, 200, 309, 414, 416, 417, 679, 683, 684. Oxford handbook of Medical Sciences 2011. Pages: 138, 818, 819, 820, 863, 922. Garcia, Lynne Shore, and David A Bruckner. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. New York: Elsevier, 2016. Lecture (45): Protozoa causing CNS diseases (II) (Parasitology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 List the most common protozoa causing CNS diseases. A.1 Recall and differentiate the infective and diagnostic stages of each parasite. A.1 Identify mode of infection of each parasite. B.1 Demonstrate the pathological lesions in the brain caused by each parasite. B.1 Explain host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis and main clinical presentations of each parasite). B.1 Describe laboratory diagnosis, imaging and pathological studies of lesions caused by these parasites and Recall treatment and prevention of them. NARS: (1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: Lecture notes. First aid for USMLE step 1. Student to student guide 2019. Pages: 79, 156, 157, 177, 180, 182, 198, 200, 309, 414, 416, 417, 679, 683, 684. Oxford handbook of Medical Sciences 2011. Pages: 138, 818, 819, 820, 863, 922. Garcia, Lynne Shore, and David A Bruckner. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. New York: Elsevier, 2016. Lecture (46): Meningitis (I) (Microbiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.1 Define meningitis. A.1 List infectious causes of meningitis. A.1 Differentiate the morphological characteristics and Identify the mode of infection of some pathogens. B.1 Demonstrate host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis) and Explain the main clinical presentations of these pathogens. B.1 Describe prevention of these pathogens. NARS: (1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: YALE-G First Aid: Crush USMLE, Step2CK and Step 3 (page 52, 53). Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology (page 107,108,110, 114,117,118,132,133,134,145). Lecture note and department book pages( 4-13) 35 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (47): Encephalitis (Microbiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: B.1 Describe laboratory diagnosis of a case of meningitis A.1 Define encephalitis. A.1 List infectious causes of encephalitis. A.1 Differentiate the morphological characteristics and Identify the mode of infection of some pathogens. B.1 Demonstrate host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis) and Explain the main clinical presentations of these pathogens. B.1 Describe laboratory diagnosis and prevention of these pathogens. NARS: (1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: YALE-G First Aid: Crush USMLE, Step2CK and Step 3 (page 52, 54). Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology (page 120,131,132,134,135). Lecture note and department book pages ( 14-19) Lecture (48): Brain abscess, Poliomyelitis, Rabies (Microbiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Define each disease. A.2 Memorize the causative agent of each disease and its morphological characteristics. A.2 Identify the mode of infection for each pathogen. B.2 Demonstrate host parasite relationships (pathogenesis) of each disease. B.2 Explain the main clinical presentations of each disease. B.2 Describe laboratory diagnosis and prevention of each disease. NARS: (1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: YALE-G First Aid: Crush USMLE, Step 2CK and Step 3 (page 55,98). Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology (page 105,106,107, 132,134,145). Lecture note and department book pages (20-27) Lecture (49): Helminths causing CNS diseases (I) (Parasitology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 List the most common helminths causing CNS diseases. A.2 Recall and differentiate the infective and diagnostic stages of each parasite. A.2 Identify mode of infection of each parasite. B.2 Demonstrate the pathological lesions in the brain caused by each parasite. B.2 Explain host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis and main clinical presentations of each parasite). B.2 Describe laboratory diagnosis, imaging and pathological studies of lesions caused by these parasites and Recall treatment and prevention of them NARS: )1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: Lecture notes First aid for USMLE step 1. Student to student guide 2019. Pages: 158, 159, 160, 161, 226, 383, 588, 665 Oxford handbook of Medical Sciences 2011. Pages: 810, 819 Garcia, Lynne Shore, and David A Bruckner. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. New York: Elsevier, 2016. 36 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (50): Helminths causing CNS diseases (II) (Parasitology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 List the most common helminths causing CNS diseases. A.2 Recall and differentiate the infective and diagnostic stages of each parasite. A.2 Identify mode of infection of each parasite. B.2 Demonstrate the pathological lesions in the brain caused by each parasite. B.2 Explain host-parasite relationships (pathogenesis and main clinical presentations of each parasite). B.2 Describe laboratory diagnosis, imaging and pathological studies of lesions caused by these parasites and Recall treatment and prevention of them NARS: )1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: Lecture notes First aid for USMLE step 1. Student to student guide 2019. Pages: 158, 159, 160, 161, 226, 383, 588, 665 Oxford handbook of Medical Sciences 2011. Pages: 810, 819 Garcia, Lynne Shore, and David A Bruckner. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. New York: Elsevier, 2016. Lecture (51): Tetanus, Botulism, Prion disease (Microbiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.3 Define each disease. A.3 Memorize the causative agent of each disease and its morphological characteristics. A.3 Identify the mode of infection for each pathogen. B.3 Demonstrate host parasite relationships (pathogenesis) of each disease. B.3 Explain the main clinical presentations of each disease. B.3 Describe laboratory diagnosis and prevention of each disease. NARS: (1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8). Reference books: YALE-G First Aid: Crush USMLE, Step 2CK and Step 3 (page 93,557). Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology (page 111,117,136). Lecture note and department book pages( 28- 37) Lecture (52): Cerebellum (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.13 Describe the anatomy of the cerebellum (position, parts, nuclei, blood supply) B.13 Interpret anatomical facts with its major clinical applications (cerebellar vascular lesions and ataxia. NARS: (4.1,4.5). Reference book: department book pp.140 First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): Chapter # 6, pp. 437-438. Lecture (53): Cerebellum (functions) (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.8 List the motor functions of different parts of the cerebellum. A.8 Identify the functional importance of cerebellum neural circuit. A.8 Explain the mechanism of action of different parts of cerebellum. A.8 Describe the relation between cerebellum and stretch reflex (alpha gamma coactivation) and control of equilibrium. B.8 Summarize role of cerebellum in voluntary movement control. 37 Student study guide NEU-312 B.8 Define tremor; distinguish its types B.8 Define nystagmus; distinguish its causes, types and mechanism. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.99-106 Gyton. Pp.681-688 Lecture (54): Functions of vestibular apparatus (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.9 Identify the functional components and neural connections of the vestibular apparatus. A.9 Describe the receptors in vestibular system (name, location, adequate stimulation, adaptation). B.9 Explain the effects of stimulation of macula and crista. B.9 Explore the mechanism of detection of angular and linear acceleration. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.107-113 Gyton. Pp.674-678 Lecture (55): Development of the nervous system (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.14 Enumerate the congenital anomalies of face and neck. A.14 Define and know the origin and development of the parts of the central nervous system. B.14 Distinguish between different central nervous system malformations (spina bifida, meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele, , encephalocele, hydrocephalus, anencephaly). NARS: (4.1,4.3,4.5). Reference book: department book pp.185 First aid for the basic sciences(organ systems):chapter 6, pp.:412-418. Lecture (56): Physiology of basal ganglia (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.10 Describe direct and indirect circuitry of basal ganglia that control of motor function. A.10 List neurotransmitters secreted by nuclei of BG. A. 26 List functions of BG. B.10 Explain the changes in muscle tone, involuntary movement, and motor dysfunction associated with lesions of different nuclei of BG. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.114-119 Gyton. Pp.689-693 Lecture (57): Antiparkinsonism (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.7 Describe uses and adverse effects of drugs used in treatment of Parkinsonism. B.7 Explore the mechanism of action of drugs used in treatment of Parkinsonism. NARS: (4.7; 4.8). Ref. books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 543545. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 442-451. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 109-115. Department book p 68 38 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (58): Limbic system (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.11. Identify functional components of limbic system mainly hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. A.11 Describe functions of hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. B.11 Diagram James Papez circuit and its functions. B.11 Distinguish thalamic syndrome. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.120-121 Gyton. Pp.711-718 Lecture (59): Learning and Memory (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: B.11 Differentiate between different types of memory and Explain their mechanism. B.11 Explain encoding and consolidation of memory. B.11 List types of amnesia. B.11 Identify the main ways of learning. B.11 List main types of learning. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.122-130 Gyton. Pp.705-710 Lecture (60): Hypothalamus (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.11. Identify functional components of hypothalamus. A.11 Describe functions of hypothalamus. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.131-139 Gyton. Pp.715-718 Lecture (61): Reticular activating system and Wakefulness (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.11. Describe functions of reticular activating system. A.11. Describe pathophysiology of coma. A.11 Describe electroencephalography. NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.140-147 Gyton. Pp.721-728 Lecture (62): Anticonvulsant (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.8 Classify Anticonvulsants. A.8 Describe the uses, adverse effect and contraindication of anticonvulsants. B.8 Explain the mechanism of actions of anticonvulsants. B.8 Predict drug interaction of antiepileptics. 39 Student study guide NEU-312 NARS: (4.7; 4.8). Ref. books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 537-541 Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G. Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 374-393. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 157-167. Department book p 56 Lecture (63): Physiology of sleep (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.13 Define sleep and know its importance. A.13 Identified physiological changes during sleep. A.13 List and compare different types of sleep. B.13 Describe distribution of sleep stages (sleep cycles). B.13 Explain the sleep/wakefulness cycle. B.13 List the mechanisms (theories) of sleep. B.13 Describe EEG changes during sleep and wakefulness. B.13 Explain the different reasons for common sleep disturbances. NARS: (1.8; 1.10). References books: Neuroscience Physiology, pp.140-147 Gyton. Pp.721-728 Lecture (64): Hypnotics/ Anxiolytics (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.4 Define Hypnotics and Anxiolytics. A.4 Enumerate the pharmacological action, uses and adverse effects of benzodiazepines. A.4 Know Classification of hypnotics and anxiolytics. B.4 Explain the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. B.4 Distinguish between hypnotics and anxiolytics. NARS: (4.7, 4.8). Ref. books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 528-530. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 347-360. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 121-133. Department book p 23 Lecture (65): Neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.4 Mention common Pathologic features & classification of neurodegenerative Ds. A.4 Summarize pathogenesis of Alzheimer Ds. A.4 Describe macroscopic & microscopic features of Alzheimer Ds. A.4 Summarize pathogenesis of Parkinson Ds A.4 Mention morphologic changes of Parkinson Ds. A.4 Define & Classify demyelinating diseases. A.4 Identify pathogenesis & morphology of multiple sclerosis. NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 5.3). Reference books: Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). (pp. 870-879). Tao Le et al. (2017) (ppt. 480-487). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp.345 348, 344). 41 Student study guide NEU-312 Lecture (66): Tumors of Nervous System (I) (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 Classify intracranial and spinal cord tumor. B.5 Describe brain metastases. B.5 Describe WHO grading of brain tumors. A.5 Know pathology of gliomas. NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6,5.3). Reference books: Tao Le et al. (2017) (ppt. 490). Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). (pp.881-886). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp.349-353). Escourolle & Poirier - Manual of Basic Neuropathology (2004) (21-28/42-45). Lecture (67): Tumors of Nervous System (II) (Pathology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 Know pathology of gliomas and medulloblastoma (definition, sites & age). A.5 Identify origin, sites, gross and microscopic features of meningioma. B.5 Compare between schwannoma & neurofibroma. NARS: (4.3, 4.5, 4.6,5.3). Reference books: Tao Le et al. (2017) (ppt. 490). Robbins Basic Pathology10th edition (2018). (pp.881-886). Elsevier's integrated pathology (2007) (pp.349-353). Escourolle & Poirier - Manual of Basic Neuropathology (2004) (21-28/42-45). Lecture (68): Metabolism of the brain (Biochemistry) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.2 Identify substrates used for energy production in the brain. A.2 Describe briefly how carbohydrate is metabolized in cerebral tissue. A.2 Describe the significance of oxygen supply to brain energy metabolism. A.2 Know the amino acid content in cerebral tissue. A.2 Know the role of lipids in the brain. B.2 Explain why brain needs energy. B.2 Explain the effect of hypoxia on the brain metabolism. NARS: (4.1; 4.2; 4.5; 4.6). Reference books: First aid for USMLE step 1 (2019) p.72-79; 90 – 91. Lippincott illustrated reviews integrated systems p 44; 4647. Textbook of medical biochemistry 8th edition, pp322-430. Lecture (69): Antipsychotics (Pharmacology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.5 Describe the uses and adverse effects of antipsychotics. B.5 Explain mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. B.5 Explore the classification of antipsychotics. NARS: (4.7, 4.8). Ref. books: FIRST AID for the Basic Science, Organ Systems Third Edition, pp. 535-537. Basic and clinical pharmacology; B.G.Katzung 10th edition McGraw Hill, pp. 457-473. 41 Student study guide NEU-312 Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, Sixth Edition, pp. 147-153. Department book p 40 Lecture (70): Visual pathway (Anatomy) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.16 Recognize the components of the visual pathway. B.16 Explain the effect of injury and the clinical manifestations of it at various levels of the visual pathway on anatomical basis. NARS: (4.1, 4.5). Reference book: department book pp166 First aid for the basic sciences (organ systems): chapter 6, pp. 459. Lecture (71): Histological structure of the eye and its accessory structures (Histology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.6 Explain the histological structure of the eyeball. A.6 Describe the ultrastructure of the retinal photoreceptors rods, cones and pigmented epithelium. B.6 Describe the histological structure of accessory organs of the eye. NARS: (4.1, 4.2) Reference books: Integrated systems (pp. 83 & 84), Basic Histology (pp.479-495) and Ross Pawlina Histology (pp. 988). Lecture (72): Functions of different parts of the eye (Physiology) By the end of the lecture the student will be able to: A.14 Describe functions of different components of the eye (cornea, conjunctiva, ciliary body, etc). A.14 Explain the physiological significance of the papillary reflexes (corneal, light and near). B.14 Distinguish synthesis, flow and drainage, functions of aqueous humor and, factors affecting intraocular pressure (IOP). NARS: (4.1; 4.6; 4.8). Reference books: Neuroscience Phys