Exam #1 Study Guide (1).pdf

Study Guide for Exam #1 CHAPTER 1 What is the brain theory? What is a model system? Be able to describe the pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) What are the three general parts of the brain? What are the four lobes of the brain? What are gyri and sulci? Why is...

Study Guide for Exam #1 CHAPTER 1 What is the brain theory? What is a model system? Be able to describe the pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) What are the three general parts of the brain? What are the four lobes of the brain? What are gyri and sulci? Why is cortex folded? What is a connectome? What is the brain composed of? What are the two classes of brain cells? Be able to describe the function of dendrites and axons What are the components of the central nervous system? What are the components of the peripheral nervous system? What is the somatic nervous system? What is the autonomic nervous system? How does Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt define behavior? What are the two behavioral patterns were discussed in the lecture? Define mentalism, dualism, and materialism What are the philosophical theories of Aristotle, Rene Descartes, and Charles Darwin? Be able to relate the behavior of the Red Crossbill and Roof Rat to learned and fixed (inherited) behavioral patterns What are the general functions of the forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum? What is a cell assembly? CHAPTER 2 Know the layers of the meninges and the order they appear from the skull down to the brain. What are the two types of stroke? Be sure to understand that the brain is crossed, i.e., the left hemisphere controls movements on the right side of your body and vice versa. Where can you find cerebrospinal fluid in the brain? How many ventricles do you have in the brain? What is gray matter and white matter composed of? How many layers are there in the neocortex? How many are in the limbic system? Which layers of cortex are most associated with associating information and which layers serve as an output of the cortex? Which brain areas comprise the basal ganglia and what is the function of the basal ganglia? What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease and what brain areas are affected in this disease? Which brain areas comprise the limbic system and what is the function of the limbic system? What are the symptoms and brain area affected by Alzheimer’s disease? What is the function of the amygdala? What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome and what brain area is affected in this syndrome? The brainstem is made up of 3 regions – what are they? What are the three rooms of the diencephalon and what are there general functions? What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus? What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus? What is the function of the superior colliculus? What is the function of the inferior colliculus? What brain region is damaged in Parkinson’s disease? What is the function of the reticular formation? What afferent and efferent mean? What is a dermatome? What regions of the spinal cord are organized for sensory and motor processing (i.e., dorsal vs. ventral root)? What is the dorsal root ganglion? How does the stretch reflex work in terms of the spinal cord and muscles involved? CHAPTER 3 What are stem cells? What are the three brain regions of neurogenesis? Where do you find Purkinje cells? Where can you find Pyramidal cells? In what part of the nervous system can you find oligodendrocytes? In what part of the nervous system can you find Schwann cells? In what part of the nervous system can you find ependymal cells and what functions do they have? What is the function of microglia? What is the function of astroglia? What is multiple sclerosis? What brain cells are damaged in multiple sclerosis? What is the brain principle of plasticity and how does it relate to dendritic structure? What is the brain cell membrane made up of? What is a protein and what types of proteins have a role in information transfer between neurons? What are the steps in protein packaging and shipment? What is the two-step process in creating proteins? What is the brain principle of plasticity and how does it relate to dendritic structure? What is the brain cell membrane made up of? What is a protein and what types of proteins have a role in information transfer between neurons? What are the steps in protein packaging and shipment? What is the two-step process in creating proteins? CHAPTER 4 What were Galvani and Bernstein’s contributions to the study of the nervous system? What is a cation and an anion? What are the three factors that influence the movement of ions in and out of the cell? What proteins allow ions to pass through the cell membrane? At resting potential, where are anion proteins, K+, and Na+ ions most concentrated? What is the threshold potential defined by? What triggers an action potential? Be able to draw an action potential and label the following: Na+ influx, K+ efflux, threshold, resting potential, -90, -70, depolarization, hyperpolarization. What is saltatory conduction? What is a node of Ranvier? What is an EPSP? What is an IPSP? What is temporal and spatial summation? What is EEG and what does it measure? Be able to identify the following brain structures on the anatomy slides shown during lecture: - Forebrain (cerebrum) - Brainstem - Cerebellum - Longitudinal fissure - Cerebral cortex - Frontal lobe - Temporal lobe - Parietal lobe - Occipital lobe - Central sulcus - Lateral sulcus - Corpus callosum - Anterior cerebral artery - Middle cerebral artery - Posterior cerebral artery - Diencephalon - Midbrain - Hindbrain - Superior colliculus - Inferior colliculus - Tegmentum