Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

Curstin Giffin Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam 2: Study Guide *This is not intended to be 100% inclusive, however, it is intended to help you narrow your focus*...

Curstin Giffin Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam 2: Study Guide *This is not intended to be 100% inclusive, however, it is intended to help you narrow your focus* 40 Questions: 50 points (1.25 points each question) Approximately 10 questions of the following: -Differentiate the functions and parts of each brain ventricle  Lateral ventricles- paired C-shaped chambers in each hemisphere o 3 horns:  Anterior (frontal) horn; separated medially by the septum pellucidum  Roof: corpus callosum  Floor: superior thalamus and caudate nucleus (basal ganglia)  Posterior (occipital) horn  Inferior (temporal) horn  Floor: hippocampus  Atrium (trigone): triangular cavity where the body, posterior and inferior horns communicate  Interventricular Foramen of Monro o Communication between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle  Third ventricle o Middle space between the diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)  Inter-thalamic adhesion o Borders:  Superior: fornix  Anteriorly: the 3rd ventricle is limited by the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure  Floor: formed partially by the infundibulum, which attaches to the pituitary gland and optic chiasm  Posterior wall: pineal gland  Laterally: medial nuclei of thalami  th 4 ventricle o Location:  Anterior to cerebellum  Posterior to pons and medulla  Superiorly is a continuation of the cerebral aqueduct  Inferior portion of the cavity is called the obex, which connects to the central canal of the spinal cord o Communicates with the subarachnoid spaces via 3 foramen  Medial foramen of Magendie (1)  Lateral foramen of Luschka (2) o Anterior/ventral floor with a diamond shape  Rhomboid fossa  o Posterior/dorsal tent-shaped roof  Cerebellar peduncles and superior and inferior medullary velum o Lateral walls: cerebellar peduncle -Describe cerebrospinal fluid production, significance, absorption, flow patterns and subarachnoid cisterns  Choroid plexus purpose: o Produce CSF o Serves as a barrier in the brain separating the blood from the CSF, known as the blood- CSF barrier  CSF o Multifunctional  Provides a cushion to protect the brain/buoyancy  Involved in drainage of cerebral metabolites  Helps regulate the cerebral blood flow o Location  Subarachnoid space  Surrounding the spinal cord  Inner ear o Components  Replaced every 8 hours  About 500 mL is formed each day o CSF flow:  Once the CSF travels from the lateral ventricles  interventricular foramen v 3rd ventricle  cerebral aqueduct  4th ventricle  Enters the subarachnoid space through one of the 3 apertures and into the cisterna magna  Cisterns o Compartments within the subarachnoid space where the pia mater and arachnoid membrane are not in close approximation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) forms pools or cisterns o Perimesencephalic cisterns  Ambient cistern- lateral to midbrain  Quadrigeminal cistern  Interpeduncular cistern (fossa filled with fluid) o Prepontine cisterns (before pons) o Cistern magna (AKA cerebellomedullary cistern) o Lumbar cistern (spinal tap)  Arachnoid villi o CSF flows superior in the subarachnoid space and eventually passes into the dural venous sinuses for reabsorption through the arachnoid villi o Outpouchings of arachnoid mater  Extend into dura mater o Function:   Return CSF to venous circulation through the dural venous sinus  First stop: superior sagittal sinus -Boundaries of the ventricles (For example, the corpus callosum is the roof of the lateral ventricles) -Trigone: Atrium (trigone): triangular cavity where the body, posterior and inferior horns communicate  In LV, atrium, allows communication between all 3 -Function of CSF  CSF o Multifunctional  Provides a cushion to protect the brain/buoyancy  Involved in drainage of cerebral metabolites  Helps regulate the cerebral blood flow o Cushion to protect brain, involved in drainage, helps regulate cerebral blood flow -CSF flow pattern (Ventricular flow and subarachnoid space/cistern flow) o CSF flow:  Once the CSF travels from the lateral ventricles  interventricular foramen v 3rd ventricle  cerebral aqueduct  4th ventricle  Enters the subarachnoid space through one of the 3 apertures and into the cisterna magna o LV  IVFM  3RD ventricle  CA 4TH ventricle  then enters subarachnoid space and cisterna magna Anatomically describe where each subarachnoid cistern is  Cistern magna o Cerebellomedullary cistern  Lumbar cistern o Extra accumulation Where does CSF drain into? Dural venous sinus Approximately 10 questions: -7 Major Dural venous sinuses (as discussed in class), what they drain and what they drain into  Function is maintain circulation by returning deoxygenated blood from cranial vault   Superior sagittal sinus o Base in falx cerebri o Main location for CSF  Inferior sagittal sinus o Inferior of falx cerebri o Collect blood o Drain into sinus  Straight sinus o End cerebri and middle of cerebelli o Drains cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and terminates in confluence of sinuses  Transverse sinus o Left and right o Drains blood from veins of cerebellum via confluence of sinus o Receive blood from superior petrosal sinus o Delivered to sigmoid sinus  Sigmoid sinus o Continued with transverse sinus o Drains into internal jugular  Cavernous sinus o Drains anterior and posterior brain o On sella turcia, sphenoid bone o From apex orbit to temple  Superior petrosal o Petrous part of temporal bone o Drains venous blood from brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, middle and inner ear, into transverse sinus -Know the 5 blood supply/lymphatic tributaries that drain venous blood into the dural venous sinuses and where they are: Cerebral and cerebellar veins (for example: bridging veins) Cross the subdural space into superior sagittal vein Diploic veins (intraosseous venous vessels) Intraosseous vessels drain blood between inner and outer skull, spongy cancellous bone separates inner and outer layer of cortical bone, skull is called diploe Emissary veins Venous structures that allow communication between intra and extra cranial vessels Meningeal veins Collect blood from meninges  Arachnoid granulations For CSF returning to venous circulation -What is the Confluence of Sinuses what is it and where is it? Located at occipital pole: Superior sagittal sinus  straight sinus  occipital sinus  transverse sinus Approximately 20 questions Cranial Nerves: 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigmenal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Spinal accessory 12. Hypoglossal -Know location of each cranial nerve (example: CN XII exits from pre-olivary sulcus; CN V exits from lateral Pons) 1. Above pons, roof of nasal cavity 2. Posterior to eyeball 3. Midbrain: interpeduncular fossa 4. Posterior brainstem 5. Lateral pons 6. Abducens nucleus of pons 7. Pons 8. In brainstem between pons and medulla 9. Rostral medulla 10. Rostral medulla 11. Jugular foramen 12. Pre-olivary sulcus -Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic function? What are those functions? Associated ganglion? For example: Facial N: pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion  Oculomotor  o Innervate intrinsic eye muscles o Propagate oculomotor nucleus in midbrain to ciliary ganglion o Edinger-Westphal nucleus  Innervate eye muscles and ciliary muscles  Facial o Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion o Parasympathetic  Salivary glands and tears o Glossopharyngeal  Stimulate the parotid gland  Optic ganglion  Vagus o Innervation for thoracic and abdominal viscera, s.m., glands for pharynx and larynx o Dorsal motor nucleus ganglion Cranial nerve functions cranial nerve modalities: Focus specifically on the following:  Olfactory N o SSA: smell  Optic N o SSA: sight  Oculomotor N o GSE: eye mvmt, pupil constriction  Trochlear o GSE: eye mvmt  Trigeminal (Specifically for sensation to the face and for motor of muscles of mastication) o SVE  Abducens (Hint: For extraocular muscles, CN 3,4,6 modalities are all the same) o GSE: extraocular muscles  Facial: o Taste  SVA: anterior 2/3rd of tongue o Muscles of Facial Expression  GVE: salvation and tears  Vestibulocochlear: o SSA:  Vestibular: balance  Cochlear: hearing  Glossopharyngeal (slide 31 on 6b PowerPoint will be helpful) o Taste to the posterior 1/3  SVA: bitter taste o General sensation to the posterior 1/3   GSA o Parasympathetic function (saliva production)  Hint… all parasympathetic CN have the same modality.  GVE: parotid gland  Vagus o Parasympathetic function (same as above ^^)  GVE  Which nucleus is associated with the parasympathetic function of Vagus n?  Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus o Somatic Sensory  GSA: posterior meninges  Spinal Accessory: Know what this CN supplies. Will not ask you to differentiate modalities (since disagreement between origin exists) o Innervates traps, and SCM  Hypoglossal: Tongue movements = GSE o Speech and swallowing These may be helpful links in addition to your PowerPoints. Cranial nerves: Anatomy, names, functions and mnemonics | Kenhub Brainstem Nuclei (neuroanatomy.ca) -Contents of Cavernous Sinus; Clinically what would these patients potentially present with (Think of the function carried out by each component that passes through there) -Visual Pathway* 3,4,6: Retina  optic n., chiasm, tract  synapse of lateral geniculate nucleus  loop of Meyer through internal capsule  calcarine sulcus -Auditory Pathway* Lateral leminsis  inferior colliculus  medial geniculate nucleus  primary auditory cortex (B.A. 41- 42) Clinically: artery travels through venus structure with neural tissue Cavernous sinus syndrome: ophthalmoplegia, dilated pupil, trigeminal sensory loss Potential causes: pituitary adenoma