Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide

Questions and Answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Optic Nerve

Olfactory Nerve (correct)

Trigeminal Nerve

Which cranial nerve exits from the pre-olivary sulcus?

Vagus Nerve

Hypoglossal Nerve (correct)

Facial Nerve

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

What is the function of the Oculomotor Nerve?

General sensation for the face

Taste for the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

Balance and hearing

Innervate intrinsic eye muscles (correct)

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation for the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are associated with taste function?

Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves controls extraocular eye muscles?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The vestibulocochlear nerve is primarily associated with which functions?

Balance and hearing Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is associated with the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion?

Facial Nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves has a sensory function involving the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?

Facial Nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve exits from the jugular foramen?

Vagus Nerve Signup and view all the answers

What nucleus is associated with the parasympathetic function of the Vagus nerve?

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the movement of the tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What muscle does the Spinal Accessory nerve innervate?

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Signup and view all the answers

Which pathways are involved in the visual pathway?

Retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical presentation of Cavernous sinus syndrome?

Ophthalmoplegia Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the auditory pathway primarily involve?

Lateral lemniscus Signup and view all the answers

What potential causes might lead to Cavernous sinus syndrome?

Pituitary adenoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cranial nerves has a primarily somatic sensory function for posterior meninges?

Trigeminal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the dural venous sinuses?

To maintain circulation by returning deoxygenated blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the final destination for auditory signals in the brain?

Primary auditory cortex (B.A. 41-42) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual pathway?

It involves the calcarine sulcus Signup and view all the answers

Where does the superior sagittal sinus primarily collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Base in the falx cerebri Signup and view all the answers

Which sinus is responsible for draining blood from the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia?

Straight sinus Signup and view all the answers

What does the sigmoid sinus drain into?

Internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

What structure drains blood from the brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and inner ear into the transverse sinus?

Superior petrosal sinus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of veins cross the subdural space and drain into the superior sagittal vein?

Bridging veins Signup and view all the answers

What are diploic veins responsible for draining?

Blood between inner and outer skull layers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of emissary veins?

To allow communication between extra and intra cranial vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the confluence of sinuses?

The location where major sinuses drain into each other Signup and view all the answers

What does the cavernous sinus drain?

Blood from the anterior and posterior brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the choroid plexus in the brain?

Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Signup and view all the answers

Which ventricle is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Third ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the roof of the lateral ventricles?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of arachnoid villi in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics?

They facilitate the absorption of CSF into venous circulation Signup and view all the answers

Where does cerebrospinal fluid enter the subarachnoid space from the fourth ventricle?

Medial and lateral apertures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions does cerebrospinal fluid NOT perform?

Serving as a neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route of cerebrospinal fluid flow from the lateral ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

Lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the anterior floor of the third ventricle?

Lamina terminalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the fourth ventricle?

It has a tent-shaped roof formed by the cerebellar peduncles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

Protecting the brain and regulating cerebral blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Brain Ventricles

Lateral ventricles are paired C-shaped chambers, each with three horns: anterior (frontal) horn, posterior (occipital) horn, and inferior (temporal) horn.
Anterior horn roof formed by corpus callosum; floor includes superior thalamus and caudate nucleus.
Inferior horn floor is the hippocampus; atrium (trigone) allows communication between horns.
Interventricular Foramen of Monro connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
Third ventricle lies between the thalamus and hypothalamus, bordered by the fornix superiorly and the infundibulum attaching to the pituitary gland.
Fourth ventricle is found anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons and medulla, connecting to the central canal of the spinal cord via the obex.
The fourth ventricle has three foramen for communication with the subarachnoid space: foramen of Magendie (medial), and foramen of Luschka (lateral).

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Produced by the choroid plexus with a primary function of forming a blood-CSF barrier.
CSF cushions and protects the brain while facilitating the drainage of metabolites and regulation of cerebral blood flow.
CSF is found within the subarachnoid space, surrounding the spinal cord and inner ear, being replaced every 8 hours with about 500 mL formed daily.
Flow pattern: lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space and cisterna magna.
Cisterns are subarachnoid compartments where CSF pools, including perimesencephalic, prepontine, cisterna magna, and lumbar cistern.

Dural Venous Sinuses

Seven major dura venous sinuses include:
- Superior sagittal sinus: drains CSF, located along the falx cerebri.
- Inferior sagittal sinus: collects blood from deep brain structures.
- Straight sinus: drains cerebellum and thalamus into the confluence of sinuses.
- Transverse sinus: drains cerebellar veins into sigmoid sinus.
- Sigmoid sinus: drains into the internal jugular vein.
- Cavernous sinus: drains anterior and posterior brain structures.
- Superior petrosal sinus: routes blood to the transverse sinus from the brainstem and inner ear.
Major blood sources include cerebral veins (bridging veins), diploic veins in the skull, emissary veins for intra/extracranial blood communication, and meningeal veins that collect meninges blood.

Cranial Nerves

Each cranial nerve has specific locations, functions, and modalities:
- CN I (Olfactory): superior nasal cavity.
- CN II (Optic): posterior to eyeball.
- CN III (Oculomotor): midbrain, controls eye movements.
- CN IV (Trochlear): posterior brainstem, also eye movement.
- CN V (Trigeminal): lateral pons; sensation to the face and muscles of mastication.
- CN VI (Abducens): lateral pons, eye movement.
- CN VII (Facial): controls facial expression and taste from the anterior tongue.
- CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear): hearing and balance from the inner ear.
- CN IX (Glossopharyngeal): taste from posterior tongue and salivary gland function.
- CN X (Vagus): innervates thoracic/abdominal viscera, pharynx, and larynx.
- CN XI (Spinal Accessory): innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
- CN XII (Hypoglossal): controls tongue movements.

Cranial Nerves with Parasympathetic Function

Oculomotor: pupil constriction via ciliary ganglion.
Facial: salivary and tear glands via pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.
Glossopharyngeal: parotid gland stimulation via optic ganglion.
Vagus: thoracic and abdominal viscera innervation via dorsal motor nucleus.

Confluence of Sinuses

Located at the occipital pole, where superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, and transverse sinus converge.

Clinical Considerations

Cavernous sinus syndrome may lead to ophthalmoplegia, dilated pupils, and sensory loss in trigeminal distribution, potentially caused by conditions like pituitary adenoma.
Visual pathway through the retina to the calcarine sulcus involves cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.
Auditory pathway passes through various brainstem nuclei to the primary auditory cortex.

Miscellaneous

Arachnoid villi enable the return of CSF to venous circulation through the dural sinuses.

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Description

Prepare for your Neuroanatomy Lecture Exam 2 with this focused study guide. This guide covers key topics including brain ventricles and their functions, helping you narrow your study materials effectively. Get ready to tackle 40 questions that will challenge your understanding of neuroanatomy.