Infancy Growth and Development PDF

Growth and Development LESSON 1  Growth and Development GROWTH DEVELOPMENT Physical change Increase in complexity Increase in size in function Measured quantitatively Qualitative change Indicator:...

Growth and Development LESSON 1  Growth and Development GROWTH DEVELOPMENT Physical change Increase in complexity Increase in size in function Measured quantitatively Qualitative change Indicator: height, weight, Skill progression to dentition Varies in different stages maturity Rapid: prenatal period, Capacity and skill of a infancy, adolescent person to adapt to the Slows during childhood environment Minimal during adulthood Behavioral aspect of growth 20XX 2  Growth and Development Gross Fine Languag Sensory Social motor motor e Ex: Ex: senses Making Interact head holding sounds ion with control, a Learnin others sitting, spoon, g some Ability crawlin pick up words to play g, a cereal Underst walking anding commu nication 20XX ntation title 3  Principles of Growth and Development Growth and development are continuous processes from conception until death. Growth and development proceed in an orderly sequence. Different children pass through the predictable stages at different rates. All body systems do not develop at the same rate Developmental is cephalocaudal. Development proceeds from proximal to distal body parts. There is an optimum time for initiation of experiences or learning Development proceeds from gross to refined skills. Neonatal reflexes must be lost before development can proceed. A great deal of skill and presentation 20XX behavior title is learned by practice 4  Factors Influencing Growth and Development GENETICS GENDER HEALTH ENVIRONMENT NUTRITION INTELLIGENCE 20XX presentation title 5  THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL PIAGET’S COGNITIVE KOHLBERG’S MORAL FOWLER’S SPIRITUAL 20XX presentation title 6 20XX presentation title 7 20XX presentation title 8 20XX presentation title 9 20XX presentation title 10 20XX presentation title 11 20XX presentation title 12 20XX presentation title 13 20XX presentation title 14 20XX presentation title 15  Infancy EDWIN DEL ROSARIO, CCRN, ACNP, AGNP DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES LESSON 2  INFAN T Follows across midline Social smile at 2 months at 3 months First tooth erupts at 6 months Respiratory rate slows Heart rate slows down to 100-120 per minut down to at the end of 1st year 20-30 breaths/min by end of 1 year Liver remains immature Pincer grasp at 10 months Abdomen protuberant Grows in height by 50% (from 20 to 30 inches) Legs may appear short and bowed 20XX presentation title 18  ANTHROPOMETRICS Body Weight Length Head Proportion 1st 6 mos.: increase by Brain Chest < 2 lbs./mo. 50% reaches head by 2 during the 2/3 adult cm doubles: first year size at the protubera 4-6 mos. end of 1st nt 2nd 6 mos.: year abdomen 1 lb./mo. triples : 12 mos. 20XX presentation title 19  PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES INFANCY Cardiovascula Hematologic Respiratory GIT r HR slows Physiologic RR slows amylase down to 100- anemia @ down to 20- deficiency 120 2-3 mos. 30/min. until 3rd mo. BP 100/60 Risk for lipase respiratory deficiency infection until end of 1st year efficiently digest CHON 20XX presentation title 20  PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES INFANCY Thermoregula GUT Immunity tion Kidneys Functional Able to remain immune adjust to immature system by 2 cold by 6 diluted mos. mos. urine Able to Subcutaneo produce IgG us tissue and IgM by 1 increases, 20XX year presentation title Brown fats 21  6-12 mos. 20XX presentation title 22  Developmental milestones 20XX presentation title 23 MONTHS GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 0-1 Largely reflex Actions 2 Holds heads up when prone (head control) 3 Holds heads and chest up when prone 4 Turns back to front no loner has head lag; bears partial weight on feet 5 Should turn readily front to back and back to front 6 Beginning to show ability to sit; first tooth (central incisor) erupt 7 Reaches out to be picked up; Sits alone but only when hands are held forward for balance 8 Sits securely without support 9 Creeps or crawl (abdomen off floor); sit steadily that they can lean forward & reg their balance 10 Pulls self to standing 11 20XX Cruises (walks with support) presentation title 24  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 20XX presentation title 25  FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MONTH FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 0-1 Keeps hand fisted; able to follow object to midline with eyes 2 Hold object for few mins before dropping it 3 Follows object past midlines with eyes; reach for attractive objects in front of them 4 Bring their hands together and pull at their clothes. THUMB OPPOSITION 5 can reach & pick up toys without being offered & often play with their toes as objects 6 Can hold objects in both hands. PALMAR GRASP& TONIC NECK REFLEXES –completely faded 7 Transfer objects hand to hand 8 Advanced eye-hand coordination 9 20XX presentation title 26  Socialization and Language MONTH SOCIALIZATION AND LANGUANGE 0-1 2 Makes cooing sounds; differentiates cry, social smile 3 Laughs out loud 4 5 Say simple vowel sounds (”goo-goo”; ”gah-gah” 6 May say vowel sounds (oh-oh) 7 Shows beginning fear of strangers 8 Fears of strangers peaks 9 Says first word da da 10 Infant masters another word such as “ bye-bye” or “no” 11 12 Says 2 words plus ma ma and da da; used this words with 20XX meaning presentation title 27  Time Reflexes Fade MONTH TIME REFLEXES FADE 01-1 2 Grasp reflexes fading 3 Landau reflex is strong 4 Stepping, tonic neck extrusion reflexes are fading 5 Tonic neck reflex fading 6 Moro and Tonic neck reflex have completely faded 7 8 9 10 11 12 Landau reflexes fades 20XX presentation title 28  PLAY MONTH PLAY 0-1 Enjoy watching face of primary caregiver; needs play time in prone position 2 Enjoys bright colored mobiles 3 Spends time looking at hands (hand regard); “tummy time” important during the day 4 Needs space to practice turning 5 Handles rattle well 6 Enjoys bathtub toys, rubber ring for teething 7 Likes objects that are good size for transferring 8 Enjoys manipulation, rattles, and toys of different textures 9 Needs safe space for creeping 10 Plays games like patty-cake and peek-a-boo 11 Cruising can be main activity 20XX presentation title 29 12  MONTH MOTOR FINE MOTOR SOCIALIZATIO TIME REFLEX PLAY N FADES LANGUANGE 0-1 Large reflex Keeps hand Enjoys action fisted, able to watching follow object faces of to midline caregiver with eyes Needs playtime in prone position 2 Holds head Social smile Makes cooing Grasp reflex Enjoys bright up when sound, fading colored prone differentiates mobile cry 3 Hold head Follows Laughs out Landau reflex Spends time and chest up object past loud is strong looking at when prone midline with hand (hand eyes regard) “tummy time” 20XX 4 Turns back to presentation title Stepping, Needs space 30 MONTH MOTOR FINE MOTOR SOCIALIZATIO TIME REFLEX PLAY N FADES LANGUANGE 5 Turn readily Tonic neck Handles from front fading rattle well to back , then back to front 6 Begin to Use palmar May say Moro and Enjoys bath show ability grasp vowel tonic neck tub toys, to sit sounds (oh- have faded rubber ring First tooth oh) for teething (central incisor) erupts 7 Reaches out Transfer Show Likes to be picked object hand beginning objects that up. to hand fear of are good stranger size for transferring 20XX presentation title 31 8 MONTH MOTOR FINE MOTOR SOCIALIZATIO TIME REFLEX PLAY N FADES LANGUANGE 9 Creeps Say first Needs safe crawl word space for creeping 10 Pulls self to Use pincer Plays games standing grasp Peek-a-boo 11 Cruises Cruising can (walk with be main support) activity 12 Stand alone, Hold cup Say four Landau Likes toys some takes and spoon words reflex fades that fits first step Helps to inside each dress other (pots (pushes arm and to sleeves) pans)nurser y rhythms, 20XX presentation title likes pull32  DEVELOMENTAL MILESTONE: INFANCY Psychoana Psychosoci Cognitive Moral lytic al (Piaget) (Kohlberg) (Freud) (Erickson) Preconven tional Trust vs, Sensorimo Oral phase (punishment mistrust tor stage and obedience) 20XX presentation title 33  INFANCY Round, cylindrical objects Aspiration Grasp and suck automatically No peanut, carrots, hotdogs, grapes Fall able to turn @ 2 mos. backward-facing seat in the Car safety back seat Safety with Needs supervision @ all time With preschool – sibling rivalry siblings Bathing/ Never leave unattended swimming Childproofing Lock all cabinet 20XX presentation title 34  NUTRITION Birth to 6 6 mos. To 1 Complemen mos. yr. tary feeding 6 mos. : ideal Breastmilk Continue to introduce exclusively breast milk solid foods Chewing begins 7-9 Cow’s milk not Needs months, recommended supplement extrusion under 1 yr. old Iron reflex fades 4- 20XX presentation title 6 mos. 35 Health needs and Health Promotion Activities LESSON 3  HEALTH PROMOTIONS Diaper Dental Feeding Bathing Sleep care care 0-3 mos. : Age and Change No need a 14 hrs. development frequently Toothbrushi bath sleep, 2-3 ally every 2-4 ng appropriate everyday hrs. at a hrs. choking time hazards: Rubbing soft initially hotdog, Seborrhea washcloth candy, nuts, dermatitis Diaper rash over gums 3-12 mos.: seeds, (cradle cap) before teeth carrot, erupts 13 hrs. grapes sleep Introduce Soft toothbrush one food at 2x/d : once a time tooth erupts 20XX presentation title 37  EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL NEEDS MONT EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS H 1 can differentiate between faces and other objects by studying a face or a picture of a face longer than other objects 4 when a person who has been playing with and entertaining the infant leaves, an infant is likely to cry to show he or she enjoyed the interaction, recognize the primary caregiver 5 May show displeasure when object is taken away 6 increasingly aware of the difference of people who regularly care for them and strangers, begin to draw back from unfamiliar people 7 Fear of stranger 8 fear of strangers at its height (eight-month anxiety) 9 aware of changes in tone of voice, cry when scolded not 20XX presentation title 38 Immunization LESSON 4 20XX presentation title 40 20XX presentation title 41  GENERAL PRINCIPLE FOR CHILD IMMUNIZATION safe and immunologically effective. Measles vaccine should be given as soon as the child is 9th mo. The vaccination schedule should not be restarted interval by months or years. Moderate fever, malnutrition, and respiratory infection, cough, diarrhea and vomiting. are not contraindications 20XX presentation title 42  CONTRAINDICATION ON IMMUNIZATION had convulsions or shock D within 3 days of the previous P dose T B child with clinical AIDS C G 20XX presentation title 43  Common Health Problems of Infant LESSON 5  Health concerns Thumb Use of Head Teething sucking pacifier banging Reassure Signs parent: Can cause sore, tender gums prior to tooth infant tooth Sign of eruption satisfies malocclusi autism resistant to chewing sucking on Fever, vomiting, pleasure diarrhea, earache, fussiness Intervention Ignore Teething rings placed in refrigerator 20XX presentation title 45  Neonatal Common Health Problems -more common bottle- -add more fluids or carbohydrates/sugar Con -adding foods with bulk, such as fruits and vegetables stip -if anal sphincter is tight, dilate 2-3 x daily with gloved atio little finger - fed infants, fluid deficit n -Oralrehydration Loos Treat the cause e stoo ls : 20XX presentation title 46  Neonatal Common a paroxysmal - Health abdominal Problems pain occurring in infants under 3 months of age -face becomes red and flushed, fists clenched, abdomen becomes tense - causes - overfeeding - gas distention - too much carbohydrates tense and unsure Coli mother - due to poorly developed sphincter c/ - Prevention -feed by self demand Spitt -burp the baby twice during a feeding - feed in upright position -change milk formula, ing if needed -reduce sugar content up -feed in upright position -position on right side after feeding - burp more frequently 20XX presentation title 47 20XX presentation title 48  Neonatal Common Health Problems causes may be due to poor hygiene irritation from urine, feces, detergents Skin Prevention expose to air Irrit careful washing starch bath (Miliaria) atio n 20XX presentation title 49  Neonatal Common Health Problems Causes Seb poor hygiene orrh Prevention eic mineral oil shampoo bath in the morning der mati tis 20XX presentation title 50  Neonatal Common Health Problems Cluster of pinpoint rashes during hot weather Neck, nose, around the ears Mil Prevention Bathe 2x/d iari Baking soda Reduce amount of clothing a 20XX presentation title 51  Neonatal Common Health Problems Definition putting an infant to bed with a Baby- bottle Health concerns bottle aspiration tooth decay – CHO content (milk) Syndro Ear infection Intervention me Never put to bed with a bottle Use nipple with smaller hole Use diluted milk formula 20XX presentation title 52  Neonatal Common Health Problems Dyssomnia Sleep Trouble falling or staying asleep at night Difficulty staying awake during the day Parasomnia proble confusional arousal, sleepwalking, nightmares Intervention Parental presence at bedtime ms establish bedtime rituals Placing infant awake in his own crib Do not use crib as playpen 20XX presentation title 53 THANK YOU KEEP BELIEVIN’