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At what age does the immune system begin to show significant functionality, producing IgG and IgM?
What physiological change occurs in the cardiovascular system by the end of the first year?
Which digestive enzyme shows a deficiency during the first year of life?
When does the breathing rate slow down to an average of 20-30 breaths per minute?
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Which of the following statements about kidney function in infants is accurate?
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Which factor does NOT influence growth and development?
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At what age does a child typically show a social smile?
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Which developmental milestone occurs around 10 months of age?
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How much does a child's weight typically increase in the first six months?
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Which theory of child development focuses on moral reasoning?
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By the end of the first year, what is the typical heart rate range for an infant?
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In terms of growth, what percentage does a child typically grow in height by the age of one?
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Which developmental theory is associated with psychosocial stages?
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At what age does an infant typically begin to show beginning fear of strangers?
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Which language ability is expected at around 10 months of age?
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What reflex is strong at 3 months of age according to the development milestones?
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At what age does 'tummy time' become particularly important for infants?
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Which of these actions is expected from an infant at 6 months?
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When do the Moro and tonic neck reflexes completely fade?
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What is an infant expected to do at around 9 months in terms of play?
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What significant milestone in language acquisition typically occurs around 3 months?
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By what age does an infant typically begin transferring objects from one hand to another?
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What fine motor skill develops around 5 months of age?
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At what age does fear of strangers peak?
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How many words is an infant expected to say by 12 months?
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Which of the following fine motor skills is expected at 4 months?
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At what age do infants typically begin to show the ability to sit without assistance?
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Which fine motor skill is first observed when a child brings their hands together and pulls at their clothes?
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What is a typical gross motor milestone achieved by a child at 10 months of age?
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At 5 months, what is a common ability observed in infants regarding their movements?
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Which of the following describes the gross motor development observed at 7 months of age?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of paroxysmal abdominal pain in infants under 3 months of age?
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What is a recommended intervention for managing teething in infants?
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Which health issue is directly related to putting an infant to bed with a bottle?
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What is a critical preventative measure against skin irritation in infants?
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What is a recommended action to reduce infant distress during feedings?
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Which of the following conditions is linked to poor hygiene in neonates?
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What aspect of baby bottle syndrome is most concerning?
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Which treatment is suggested for managing dyssomnia in infants?
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What intervention is advised for a child experiencing teething pain?
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Which statement regarding colic is inaccurate?
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What is the purpose of putting an infant on the right side after feeding?
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Which of the following is NOT a suggested prevention method for miliaria?
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What factors are considered when treating loose stools in neonates?
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Study Notes
Infancy
- Developmental milestones are learned by practice.
- Presentation skills and behaviors are influenced by genetics, gender, health, environment, nutrition, and intelligence.
Theories of Child Development
- Freud's Psychosexual stages
- Erikson's Psychosocial stages
- Piaget's Cognitive stages
- Kohlberg's Moral stages
- Fowler's Spiritual Stages
Developmental Milestones in Infancy
- Follows across midline at 3 months
- Social smile at 2 months
- First tooth erupts at 6 months
- Respiratory rate slows down to 20-30 breaths/min by the end of the 1st year
- Heart rate slows down to 100-120 per minute at the end of the 1st year
- Liver remains immature
- Pincer grasp at 10 months
- Abdomen protuberant
- Infant grows in height by 50% (from 20 to 30 inches)
- Legs may appear short and bowed
Anthroprometrics
- Weight:
- 1st 6 months: increase by 2 lbs/mo.
- Doubles: 4-6 months
- 2nd 6 months: 1 lb/mo.
- Triples: 12 mos.
- Length:
- 50% increase in the first year.
- Head:
- Brain reaches 2/3 of adult size at the end of the 1st year.
- Chest < head by 2 cm (protruberant abdomen)
Physiologic Changes during Infancy
- Cardiovascular:
- Heart rate slows to 100-120.
- Hematologic:
- Physiologic anemia @ 2-3 months.
- Respiratory:
- Respiratory rate slows to 20-30/min.
- Risk for respiratory infection until end of the 1st year.
- GIT:
- Amylase deficiency until 3rd month.
- Lipase deficiency until the end of the 1st year.
- Infancy is not able to efficiently digest protein.
Physiologic Changes during Infancy - Continued
- GUT:
- Kidneys remain immature.
- Diluted urine.
- Immunity:
- Functional immune system by 2 months.
- IgG and IgM production by 1 year.
- Thermoregulation:
- Able to adjust to cold by 6 months.
- Subcutaneous tissue increases.
- Brown fat increases.
Developmental Milestones
- Gross Motor:
- 0-1 months: Largely reflex actions.
- 2 months: Holds head up when prone.
- 3 months: Holds head and chest up when prone.
- 4 months: Turns back to front, bears partial weight on feet.
- 5 months: Turns readily front to back and back to front.
- 6 months: Starts to show ability to sit.
- 7 months: Reaches out to be picked up, sits alone with hand support.
- 8 months: Sits securely without support.
- 9 months: Creeps or crawls, sits steadily and leans forward.
- 10 months: pulls self to standing.
- 11 months: Cruises (walks with support).
Motor Development
- Fine Motor:
- 0-1 months: Keeps hand fisted.
- 2 months: Holds an object for a few minutes.
- 3 months: Follows object past midline with eyes.
- 4 months: Brings hands together and pulls at clothes (thumb opposition).
- 5 months: Reaches and picks up toys.
- 6 months: Holds objects in both hands (palmar grasp).
- 7 months: Transfers objects hand to hand.
- 8 months: Advanced eye-hand coordination.
Socialization and Language
- 0-1 month:
- Makes cooing sounds.
- Differentiates cry.
- Social smile.
- 2 months:
- Makes cooing sounds.
- Differentiates cry.
- Social smile.
- 3 months:
- Laughs out loud.
- 4 months:
- Says vowel sounds "goo-goo", "gah-gah".
- 5 months:
- Says vowel sounds "oh-oh".
- 6 months:
- May start to show fear of strangers.
- 7 months:
- Shows beginning fear of strangers.
- 8 months:
- Fear of strangers peaks.
- Says first work "da da".
- 9 months:
- Says first word "da da".
- 10 months:
- Infant masters another word like "bye-bye", "no".
- 11 months:
- Says 2 words + "ma ma", "da da" with meaning.
Time Reflexes Fade
- 0-1 month: Grasp reflexes fading.
- 2 months: Grasp reflexes fading.
- 3 months: Landau reflex is strong.
- 4 months: Stepping reflex fading.
- 5 months: Tonic neck reflex fading.
- 6 months: Moro and Tonic neck reflex fading.
- 12 months: Landau reflex fades.
Play
- 0-1 months:
- Enjoys watching primary caregiver's face.
- Needs playtime in the prone position.
- 2 months: Enjoys bright colored mobiles.
- 3 months:
- Spends time looking at hands (hand regard).
- "Tummy time" during the day is important.
- 4 months:
- Needs space to practice turning.
- 5 months:
- Handles rattle well.
- 6 months:
- Enjoys bathtub toys, rubber ring for teething.
- 7 months:
- Likes objects that are good size for transferring.
- 8 months:
- Enjoys manipulation, rattles, and toys of different textures.
- 9 months:
- Needs safe space for creeping.
- 10 months:
- Plays games like patty-cake and peek-a-boo.
- 11 months:
- Cruising can be the main activity.
Contraindications for Immunization
- Convulsions or shock within 3 days of the previous dose.
- Child with clinical AIDS.
Common Health Problems of Infants
- Teething:
- Signs: sore, tender gums before tooth eruption, resistant to chewing, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, earache, fussing.
- Intervention: Teething rings placed in the refrigerator.
Neonatal Common Health Problems
- Constipation:
- More common in bottle-fed infants.
- Add more fluids or carbohydrates/sugar.
- Add foods with bulk (fruits and vegetables).
- If anal sphincter is tight, dilate 2-3 times daily with a gloved little finger.
- Loose stools:
- Treat the cause.
- Oral rehydration.
Neonatal Common Health Problems - Continued
- Colic:
- Paroxysmal abdominal pain occurring in infants under 3 months of age.
- Face becomes red and flushed, fists clenched, abdomen becomes tense.
- Causes: overfeeding, gas distention, too much carbohydrates (mother), poorly developed sphincter.
- Prevention: Feed by self demand, burp twice during feeding, feed in an upright position, change milk formula if needed, reduce sugar content.
- Spitting up:
- Feed in upright position.
- Position on the right side after feeding.
- Burp more frequently.
Neonatal Common Health Problems:
- Skin Irritation:
- Causes: Poor hygiene, irritation from urine, feces, detergents.
- Prevention: Expose skin to air, careful washing, starch bath.
Neonatal Common Health Problems
- Seborrheic Dermatitis:
- Causes: Poor hygiene.
- Prevention: Mineral oil, shampoo bath in the morning.
Neonatal Common Health Problems
- Miliaria:
- Cluster of pinpoint rashes during hot weather.
- Neck, nose, around the ears.
- Prevention: Bathe 2x/day, baking soda, reduce amount of clothing.
Neonatal Common Health Problems
- Baby-Bottle Syndrome:
- Definition: Putting an infant to bed with a bottle.
- Health Concerns: Aspiration, tooth decay, ear infection.
- Intervention: Never put to bed with a bottle, use a nipple with a smaller hole, use diluted milk formula.
Neonatal Common Health Problems
- Sleep Problems:
- Dyssomnia: Trouble falling or staying asleep at night, difficulty staying awake during the day.
- Parasomnia: Confusional arousal, sleepwalking, nightmaress.
- Intervention: Parental presence at bedtime, establish bedtime rituals, placing infant awake in his own crib, do not use crib as playpen.
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Description
Explore the fascinating stages of child development from infancy through various psychological perspectives. This quiz covers important developmental milestones, theories from Freud to Fowler, and key anthropometric data. Test your knowledge and understand the complexities of growth during this critical period.
