Growth and Development Measurement (Infancy Period) PDF

**Growth and Development Measurement** **(Infancy period)** **Objectives:** - Growth chart (growth monitoring) for infancy period. - Measurement techniques for infancy period. - Measurement of height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference. - Theoretic Foundations of perso...

**Growth and Development Measurement** **(Infancy period)** **Objectives:** - Growth chart (growth monitoring) for infancy period. - Measurement techniques for infancy period. - Measurement of height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference. - Theoretic Foundations of personality development Stage. Children usually pass through stages of growth and development in the same order. Each child is an individual and will develop at their own rate. As an early year's assistant, you need a good understanding of the usual patterns of development. You also need to be able to recognize when children are not meeting expected developmental milestones. For this unit, you will need to know and understand some basic explanations about how children grow and develop #### [Developmental Charts:] - **Areas of development:** **[The five areas of development are:]** 1. **Physical Development**: -- development of the body. There are two different types of physical skills, **which children will need to develop**: -- **Gross Motor Skills**, (large muscle movement). For example, the muscles in our legs and arms that we use for running or throwing **-- Fine Motor Skills,** or (small muscle movement). For example, those in hands that the children use to manipulate objects such as a bottle and spoon, or to hold a pencil for writing 2. **Cognitive Development:** -- development of the mind for thinking, using the memory and working things out. 3. **Language Development** -- development of speech and communication skills. 4. **Social Development** -- development of friendships and learning social skills, such as taking turns when playing with toys. 5. **Emotional Development** -- this involves the way in which children learn to express and deal with their feelings. - **Development of infancy period (0-12m0nths):** The following tables give a summary of the expected milestones in the five areas of development for babies from birth up to 12 months: +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Physical Development | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Age | Gross motor skills | Fine motor skills | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Newborn |  |  | | |  | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 month | | Can open their hands | | | | to grasp a finger | | | | | | | |  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 months | |  | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 6 months | | Can reach for a toy | | | | and move a toy from | | | | one hand to the other | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9 months |  | | | g) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 12 months |  | ) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Physical Development | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Age | **Gross motor | **Fine motor skills** | | | skills** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Newborn | Sucking, rooting, | No coordinated | | | startle, grasping, | movement but will | | | stepping reflexes | grasp things put into | | | | their hands as a | | | Movements are | reflex action | | | uncontrolled and | | | | uncoordinated | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 month | Can turn from their | Can open their hands | | | side to their back | to grasp a finger | | | and lift their head | | | | briefly | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 months | Can lift up head | Can watch their | | | and chest when on | hands and hold a | | | their stomach and | rattle for moment | | | bring hands together | | | | over body | | | | | | | | Can sit with their | | | | back straight when | | | | held | | | | | | | | Can wave, bringing | | | | hands together over | | | | body | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 6 months | Can roll over from | Can reach for a toy | | | back to front | and move a toy from | | | | one hand to the other | | | Can lift head and | | | | chest while | | | | supporting themselves | | | | on their arms | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9 months | Can sit unsupported | Can use a PINCER | | | | GRIP (index finger | | | Usually mobile by | and thumb) to grasp | | | **crawling** or | objects | | | rolling, may pull up | | | | to stand alone | Can deliberately | | | | release objects by | | | Can walk by | dropping them | | | **holding** on to | | | | furniture with | | | | supporting | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 12 months | Can pull **up to | Can use pincer | | | stand**, **stand | grasp to pick up | | | alone** | small objects | | | | | | | Can walk while | Can point using | | | holding on to | index finger | | | furniture alone | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **This Table shows the Cognitive Development milestones for the first 12 months.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Age | cognitive development | +===================================+===================================+ | Newborn | Will **turn** their head | | | towards **light** | | | | | | Will **gaze** at human faces | | | | | | Are **startled** by sudden | | | noises | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1 month | **Repeat movements** such as | | | sucking their thumb | | | | | | May 'freeze' for a moment if | | | they hear a particular sound, | | | noticing when it starts and | | | stops, for example a vacuum | | | cleaner or a telephone | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3 months | Can recognize familiar routines | | | | | | Alert and can **follow movement | | | with their eyes** if objects are | | | close | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6 months | Can **explore objects by | | | putting them in their mouth** | | | | | | **Recognize voices such | | | mother's voice.** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8--9 months | Can look for **dropped | | | objects** and objects that they | | | see being hidden, such as the | | | picture; | | | | | | Baby Play: Dropping and Posting - | | | The Imagination Tree  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12 months | Enjoy **throwing things** to | | | the ground and watching them drop | | | | | | Learn by **trying things out | | | and repeating** if successful. | | | This approach to learning is | | | called 'trial and error' | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Table shows the Language Development milestones for the first 12 months.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Age | Language development | +===================================+===================================+ | Newborn | **Respond to high-pitched** | | | tones by moving their limbs | | | | | | May be able to copy simple | | | actions, e.g. opening the mouth | | | wide or sticking out the tongue. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1 month | Can turn their head towards an | | | adult voice | | | | | | Begin to **coo at 6 weeks** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3 months | **Smile** when they **hear a | | | familiar voice** | | | | | | **Cry** loudly to **express** | | | their **needs** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6 months | Make short babbling sounds, | | | such as **'da'** and **'ba'** | | | | | | **Squeal with delight** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9 months | ** Understand 'No'** | | | | | | **Vocalize** in long strings of | | | babbling (using the voice | | | **without saying words**) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12 months | ** Know their own Name** | | | | | | **Understand** **simple | | | instructions** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Table shows the Emotional and Social Development milestones for the first 12 month:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Age | Emotional and social development | +===================================+===================================+ | Newborn |  | | | **Imitate facial expressions** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1month | Can focus with interest on | | | human faces | | | | | | At 6 weeks **babies can smile** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3 months |  **Enjoy | | | being held and are happy to | | | form** **Attachments** | | | | | | (a special, close relationship) | | | with different people | | | | | | Will smile at familiar people | | | as well as stranger | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6 months | Can **recognize and respond to | | | emotions** in others | | | | | | Will start to show wariness of | | | stranger | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7--8 months | ** ** Can **start to form | | | specific attachments with | | | familiar people** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | From 8 months | Will develop **Specific | | | Attachments** | | | | | | Will **imitate actions of | | | others, such as clapping** | | | | | |  Will | | | experience anxiety when separated | | | from their primary | | | career(**Stranger Anxiety**) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - **Measurement of height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference:** A. **Weight:** Normal Weight at birth = **2.700 -- 4 kg**. Normal newborn lose 5 % to 10 % of weight by 3-4 days after [birth as result of] : - Withdrawal of hormones from mother. - Loss of excessive extra cellular fluid. - Passage of meconium (feces) and urine. - Limited food intake. **In addition, the weight schedule for gain weight:** B. **Length:** Normal range **Length at birth** for both (boy & girl) **is: (47.5- 53.75 cm)** **In addition, the Length** **schedule for gain Length:** - Length increases about **3 cm** /**month** during the **first 3 months** of age. - Then it increases **2 cm** /**month** at age of **4-6 months**. - Then it increases **1 ½ /month** at **7 -- 12 months.** C. **Head circumference:** Normal range at birth for both (boy & girl) is: (**33-35 cm**) **In addition,** the Head circumference schedule for increasing**:** **The Skull has 2 fontanels** (anterior & posterior): a. Anterior fontanel: - Diamond in shape. - Located between two frontal and two parietal bones - **3-4** cm in **length** and **2-3** cm **width** - It **[closes]** at **12-18 [months]** of age b. Posterior fontanel: - Triangular - Located between occipital and two parietal bones - It **[closes] by the end of the first** to the **second** **[month]** of **age** D. **Chest circumference:** Normal range at birth for both (boy & girl) is (**30.5 to 33cm**) (Usually at birth is 2--3cm **less** than head circumference). **In addition,** the Head circumference schedule: By the end of the **first year**, it is **equal** to head circumference. c. **Dentition**: Eruption of teeth starts by 5--6 months of age. It is called \"Milky teeth\" or \"Deciduous teeth\" or \"Temporary teeth\". **Teeth calculation**: ***(child age in months - 6).*** **For example**: 10 month old infant has = (10-6) =4 (4teeth) **Common infant's needs**: 1. Love and security 2. Feeding (breast feeding) 3. Immunization 4. Sleep ,rest and quit environment 5. Safety measurement accident prevention 6. Playing 7. Bathing and clothing 8. Sucking pleasure 9. Fresh air and sunshine 10. Dental care **Common infant's accidents and injuries** 1. Aspiration (small things) 2. Burn 3. Falls 4. Drowning 5. Suffocation 6. Poisoning 7. Motor damage **Newborn and infant Care Giving Guidelines** - Establish a daily routine - Talk to infants - Hold infants close while giving care - Provide an interesting environment - Be relaxed and calm - When holding young infants, support their head and neck. - Make the environment safe for the child by removing harmful objects that are within their reach. - Choose toys that are safe; check the size and sturdiness. - Pay special attention to their safety when they are crawling. 1. Encourage parents to hold and stay with infant. 2. Provide opportunities for sucking. 3. Provide infant with toys that give comfort or stimulate interest **Theoretic Foundations of personality development stages:** Chronological Age Range Developmental Theory Stage or Phase Defining Characteristics Key Impact on Nursing Care ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Birth to 12months **Sigmund Freud** Personality Id, ego, superego Psychoanalytical Oral stage Pleasure centers on mouth Encourage self-feeding, avoid foreign object ingestion First year **Eric Erikson** Life-span stages Psychoanalytical Trust vs. mistrust Dependence on significant other for comfort and support to build trust Support bonding and maintenance of family relationships Birth to 2 years **Jean Piaget** cognitive Sensorimotor stage Coordinates sensory experiences with physical action Plan tactile experiences and colorful materials, to stimulate senses **Good luck** **References:** 1- Burnham, L., Forbes, S., Stapleton, K., & Tolhurst, D. (2018). *BTEC Level 2 Technical Diploma Children\'s Play, Learning and Development Early Years Assistant Learner Handbook with ActiveBook*. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. *2- Cameron, N. (2002).* Human Growth and Development *(2nd ed., pp. 200-240). An Elsevier Science* Company. 3- Johnson, J. (2010). *Pediatric nursing demystified*. McGraw Hill Medical.