NCM 111 PRELIMS.pdf

NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Research Paradigm is systematic inquiry that relies on disciplined A worldview a general perspective on the methods to answer questio...

NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Research Paradigm is systematic inquiry that relies on disciplined A worldview a general perspective on the methods to answer questions and solve world's complexities problems A worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject Ultimate goal of research general perspective "Believe on the reality" gain knowledge that can benefit many people The world is complex Systematic inquiry 2 Paradigms Series of steps Positivist and constructivist (naturalistic) the systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information to provide Positivist Paradigm explanations rational Scientific Knowledge sources for nursing reality can be rationalized practice reality can be scientific They tend to believe in one reality "Reality can be measured" Tradition and "experts" reality exists; real world driven by natural Clinical experience and trial and error causes Disciplined research: best method of acquiring researcher is independent from those reliable knowledge; evidence-based findings researched values and biases are to be held in check Tradition and experts They are strict sa guidelines - Untested traditions and "unit culture" * unit ( hospital ) Constructivist (naturalist) paradigm "Sacred cows" (Ineffective customs) Persist Reality is constructed by the individual Authority Experts such as nursing faculty, mentors, or textbooks authors is unavoidable Research methods we need should still acknowledged the the techniques used to structure a study and to tradition gather, analyze relevant information, and interpret information Clinical experience and trial and error How will you conduct the study functional source of knowledge, a component of the evidenced based pratice model (EBP) Assumptions Consider experience of nurses and doctor principle that is believed to be true without implementing new sciences verification consider experience prior implementing trying to make conclusion source experience may be narrow 2 assumptions in positivist and constructivist practical but haphazard and the idiosyncratic practical giving knowledge but dangerous (POSITIVIST PARADIGM) Disciplined research best method of acquiring reliable knowledge; evidence-based findings Assumptions you are guided on expert on the field on how to Nature is ordered and regular conduct the research Reality exist independent of human rules in research observation Reality is the same to all of us PAGE 1 ARA BELEN - BSN3C  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Faculty reality Limitation one factual reality that exist The problem of measurement, humans are complicated "failing to capture the full breadth Determinism of human experience" belief that phenomena are not coincidence and haphazard but rather have antecedent causes (CONSTRUCTIVIST PARADIGM) Aim of research Assumptions understanding the underlying causes of natural phenomena Reality is not fixed entity may cause yan hindi basta basta nangyayare Reality is a construction of the mind of the individual Reality exist within a context Methods Many construction are possible objectivity, use of orderly, disciplined procedures with tight controls Relativism measure ruler able to measure There is no process by which the ultimate truth orderly disciplined or falsity of the constructions can be a lot of guidelines to follow determined Reality is relative Distance between the inquirer and participants Postpositivist in the study is minimized recognize the impossibility of total objectivity Best access: Voices, interpretations, subjective Nobodys perfect there still imperfections interaction view objectivity as a goal and strive to be as Narrative and subjective unbiased in depth ung interview dine appreciate the barriers to knowing reality with nakabased sa kwento ng participants unlike sa certainty and therefore seek "probabilistic isa na fixed lang evidence" (learning what the true state of a phenomen probably is) (POSITIVIST PARADIGM) (SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH) Assumptions Nature is ordered and regular Reality exists independent of human Quan method observation systematic, methods designed to control by Factual reality minimizing bias and maximizing validity Reality is fixed no own ideas need at least 3 validations Determinism Quan data gathering belief that phenomena are not haphazard but Empirical evidence, objective reality rather have antecedent causes Positivist Researchers gather empirical evidence quantitative research methods, hypotheses, evidence that is rooted in objective reality, objective measurements using instruments, generalizability One reality Reality can be measured PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 2  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Constructivist POSITIVIST (QUAN) qualitative Deductive processes - Hypothesis testing f2f interview Theory Testing in depth question Reality is constructed by the individual CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Inductive process - Hypothesis generation Theory Generation (POSITIVIST PARADIGM) Specific to the general no hypothesis sa quali research because the hypothesis will make after na ng research mo Quantitative Is a reductionist POSITIVIST (QUAN) Reduces human experience to the few concepts Focus on the objective and quantifiable under investigation CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Reduces quality of life Focus on the subjective and non quantifiable Physical aspect Emotional aspect POSITIVIST (QUAN) Social aspect Emphasis on discrete, specific concepts minimeasure lang kaya nirereduce ung quality of life or human experience CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Emphasis on the entirety of a phenomenon; (CONSTRUCTIVE PARADIGM) holistic POSITIVIST (QUAN) Qual Outsider knowledge dynamic, holistic and individual aspects of researcher is external, separate human life Not biased sa question Use of inductive process (going from specifics to the general) CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) understand the individual in deeper sense Insider knowledge Researcher is a part of the process Qual: Instrument Value inside knowledge The researcher itself POSITIVIST (QUAN) minimum: 6 participants only Fixed Prespecified research design Qual: Issues bawal mag add ng questions Generalizability, few participants CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Flexible (POSITIVIST PARADIGM) emergent research design pwede mag set ng another interview kasi Quan: Instrument flexible Questionnaire POSITIVIST (QUAN) Ruler Controls over context Weighing scale Pain rating scale CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Participants: 20 or 30+ depende sa sample Context-bound size bawal mag isip ng masamang tao to for example PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 3  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Di pwede mag conduct pag ganto ung thinking (RESEARCH FOR VARYING LEVELS mo OF EXPLANATION) POSITIVIST (QUAN) Large representative samples Identification CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) - What is this phenomenon? Small, information rich samples - What is its name? (Qual) interview at least 30 minutes Description POSITIVIST (QUAN) - How prevalent is the phenomenon? (Quan) Measured (quantitative) information - What are the dimensions or characteristics of the phenomenon? (Qual) CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Narrative (unstructured) information Exploration POSITIVIST (QUAN) - What factors are related to the phenomenon? (Quan) Statistical Analysis - What is the full nature of the phenomenon? (Qual) - "What" CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) Qualitative Analysis ( Thematic analysis) Explanation POSITIVIST (QUAN) - What is the underlying cause of the phenomenon? Seeks generalizations (Quan) - What does the phenomenon mean? (Qual) CONSTRUCTIVIST (QUAL) - "Why" Seeks in depth understanding Prediction/Control Multiple Paradigms and nursing - If phenomenon X occurs, will phenomenon Y follow? research - Can the phenomenon be prevented? (Quan) paradigms are lenses that help to sharpen researchers focus on phenomena of interest Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) - a decision making ( or problem solving ) process - Ultimate goals * they are practices grounded to evidences ○ answer questions and solve problems * ginagawa kasi may ebidensya - External evidence or Empirical data Three factors of EBP gathering Best evidence, Nurses clinical expertise - Reliance on human cooperation patients values and preferences ○ They are clinical decision - Ethical constraints ○ Ethical clearance Sources of "Best" Research Evidence - Fallibility Primary studies ○ There still errors Systematic review ○ Limitations ○ The basis for most clinical practice ○ guidelines ○ Study of studies Meta-analysis (quantitative) Meta-synthesis (qualitative) PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 4  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER ○ titipunin and cocompare to strengthen Population or patients recommendation Meta-aggregation (qualitative) What are the characteristics of the patients or ○ for masters people? Mixed studies review (qualitative and quantitative) Intervention, influence or exposure What are the interventions or therapies of Level 1 Research interest? Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, What are the potentially beneficial, harmful randomized controlled trials influences/exposures of concern? highest level of evidence Comparison Level 2 Research What is the intervention or influence being randomized controlled trials or RCT compared? Level 3 Research Outcome Non-randomized trial (Quasi experiment) What is the outcome in which we are 1 group controlled trial (Before and After) interested? Level 4 Research NURSING RESEARCH Systematic review of nonexperimental systematic inquiry designed to develop (observations) studies evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients Level 5 Research CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH non experimental/observational study research designed to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of Level 6 Research nurses' clients; begins with questions systematic review/meta synthesis of stemming from practice problems qualitative studies level 7 Research NURSING NOW qualitative study/descriptive study adopt an evidence-based practice (EBP). using the best evidence in making patient care decisions Level 8 Research evidence from research+ Nonresearch source (e.g internal evidence, expert opinion) ○ lowest evidence EXPECTED RESULT positive client outcomes cost-effective Well worded clinical questions for evidence based practice ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH P - population I - Intervention C - Comparison Consumers of Nursing Research O - Outcome Using research ○ you are reading research ○ and implementing research PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 5  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER ○ Doctors degrees Producers of Nursing Research NURSING RESEARCH PAST AND PRESENT make research 1960s: ○ contribute knowledge practice-oriented research OTHER ROLES IN RESEARCH NURSING RESEARCH PAST AND PRESENT 1970s: User utilization of research findings Data gatherer Participant Co researcher Idea contributor CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Gather information FOR NURSING RESEARCH Advise clients Continued focus on EBP Search for evidence Ongoing growth of research syntheses. Discuss implications Systematic reviews CO AUTHORSHIP ○ - Study about studies Major contribution ○ - Research about researcher Analyze the results Increased emphasis on patient centeredness. Patient centeredness GHOST WRITING Greater interest in the applicability of nag papagawa lang sa iba research applied to individual patients or subgroups of patients ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE limitation of the current EBP model: evidence Unethical typically is based on the average effects of health care interventions implemented under PRIMARY INVESTIGATOR ideal circumstances capable on conducting research on your own Expanded local research and quality ○ u can do a lot improvement efforts in health care settings. ○ - NDHS NURSING RESEARCH PAST AND ○ - NUHRA for research PRESENT Increased focus on health disparities FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1850s) Growing interest in defining and ascertaining The Lady With the Lamp" social reformer clinical significance statistician soldier mortality and morbidity during the Crimean War Key concepts in Quan First nurse researcher Person contributing information ○ Subject (separate sa researcher) NURSING RESEARCH PAST AND PRESENT remove bias 1900s: Experimental Research reappeared, focus: nursing education Participant ○ Descriptive surveys NURSING RESEARCH PAST AND PRESENT ○ Respondents 1950s: acceleration, advanced degrees ○ Masters degrees PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Key concepts in Qual ○ Data (Narrative Descriptions conversation with participants Person contributing information Transcripts entire interview for analysis ○ Participant ○ they considered Co researcher Informant Key concepts in QUAN ○ sila ung sasagot Connections between concepts Key Informant (KII interview) key informant ○ - Relationships (cause-and-effect, interview Associative) Key concepts in Quan Key concepts in QUAL Person undertaking the study Connections between concepts ○ Researcher ○ - Patterns of association ○ Investigator Study of experiences ○ P1: Malungkot... Story Key concepts in Qual ○ P2: Nakakapagod parang gusto na sumuko Person undertaking the study ○ Gagawa ng theme for association: ○ Researcher Tired? Despair? Discouraged? ○ Investigator Key concepts in QUAN Key concepts in Quan Logical reasoning processes That which is being investigated ○ - Deductive reasoning ○ Concepts General to specific ○ Constructs More complex concepts Key concepts in QUAL Variables Logical reasoning processes ○ Weight ○ - Inductive reasoning ○ Height Specific to general ○ Scores Concepts (QUAN) or Phenomena Key concepts in Qual (QUAL) That which is being investigated ○ - abstractions ○ - Phenomena Basic unit of the theory Experience working + Schooling They could be abstract idea Excited to hear experiences concepts want to study ○ - Concepts ○ e.g pain, knowledge Key concepts in QUAN Construct Information gathered invented/ more complex abstractions ○ - Data (Numerical Values) ○ e.g self care Weight knowledge Pain scale Theory Height explanation of some aspect of reality, related Can converted to number concepts ○ e.g Environmental theory ni Florence nightingale Key concepts in QUAL Information gathered QUAN PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 7  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Theory > Deductive > Predictions Operational definition Theory Testing specifies what the researchers must do to QUAL measure the concept and collect needed Data > Inductive > Theory information. Theory Generating ○ How it is applied in the study ○ Definition of term VARIABLE Data pieces of information gathered in a study Variable Varies QUAN: researchers seek to understand how or QUAN DATA why thing vary and learn how differences ○ Anything changes researchers identify and define their variables ○ e.g Weight, Score actual values ○ e.g score: 5,7,8,9 any quality of a person, group, or situation that ○ e.g level of toxicity: High, Average, varies or takes on different values Low QUAL DATA DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT narrative descriptions VARIABLES obtained by conversing, making notes, and obtaining narrative records (diaries) IV CAUSE IC (Intervention and comparison) ○ analyze: Diaries, documents DV EFFECT O (outcomes) DV - variable to understand, explain, or predict RELATIONSHIPS IV & DV - indicate direction, not necessarily Researchers usually study phenomena in causation relation to other phenomena—they examine Most outcomes have multiple causes or relationships. influences Variables are not inherently dependent or independent. QUAN RELATIONSHIP Cause and Effect (or Causal) Relationships INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (IV) - e.g Substance A and Blood Sugar kaya Presume cause tumataas ung blood sugar DEPENDENT VARIABLES (DV) Associative (or Functional) Relationships - di lang sya only cause Presume effects QUAL RELATIONSHIP Conceptual definition seek patterns of association as a way of illuminating the underlying meaning and theoretical meaning of a concept dimensionality of phenomena of interest ○ Dictionary/ Author/ Textbook ○ Definition of term Experimental research (Quan) QUAL: may be a major end product researchers actively introduce an intervention QUAN: definition can assist to decide how it will be or treatment measured ○ Clinical Trials ○ RCM PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 8  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER ○ Randomization ○ Titira para maka gather ng info ○ Control (positive and negative) ○ Manipulation (purposely changing the Major Steps in Quantitative Research environment) (CDEAD) Nonexperimental research (Quan) Quantitative research follows a structured process researchers are bystanders—they collect data known as CDEAD, consisting of five major phases: without introducing Conceptual, Design and Planning, Empirical, Analytic, ○ (observational studies) and Dissemination. Here’s a breakdown of each phase: ○ without treatment and intervention 1. Conceptual Phase Qualitative Descriptive Common use Formulating and Delimiting the ○ Describe lang ng experience ng Problem: Define a specific, focused research participants topic. Avoid broad issues; instead, narrow it down to what you want to explore. Assess the Grounded Theory substantive, theoretical, clinical, seeks to describe and understand key social methodological, and ethical issues to ensure psychological processes relevance and importance. aims to develop social experience (social and Reviewing Related Literature: Conduct a psychological processes) review of existing literature from the last five years. This helps identify gaps and informs the ○ Try to generate theory research context. ○ Maintindihan ung proseso nangyayare Framework Definition: Develop both sa society theoretical and conceptual frameworks that Major component: Core variable - central will guide the study. This includes defining in explaining what is going on in that social terms used in the research. scene Formulating Hypotheses: Create testable ○ Glasser and Strauss (1967) hypotheses—these can be null (no significant difference) or alternative (there is a significant Phenomenology (Qual) difference), predicting relationships between concerned with the lived experiences of variables. humans approach to thinking about what people's life 2. Design and Planning Phase experiences are like and what they mean ○ What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these Selecting a Research Design: Choose a people? structured quantitative design aimed at ○ What is the meaning of the minimizing bias and detailing data collection phenomenon to those who experience methods. it? Developing Intervention Protocols: If applicable, outline how interventions (like medications) will be administered and how Ethnography (Qual) questionnaires will be distributed. Consider the primary research tradition in anthropology employing double-blind studies to reduce bias. studying the patterns and lifeways of a defined Identifying the Population and cultural group in a holistic fashion Sampling Plan: Define the target population extensive fieldwork, often participating to the and develop a sampling plan, potentially using extent possible in the life of the culture under formulas like Slovin's or tools like Raosoft for study sample size calculations. ○ Pupunta sa baranggay Measurement Methods: Specify how research variables will be measured, including PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 9  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER the creation and testing of questionnaires for Conducting a Literature Review: Review reliability and validity. existing research to understand the context Safeguarding Subjects: Establish measures and background of your study. This helps to ensure the ethical treatment of participants identify gaps and informs your approach. throughout the study. Selecting Research Sites: Identify where the research will take place. Ensure accessibility and permission to conduct your 3. Empirical Phase study in these settings. Developing an Overall Approach: Adopt Data Collection: Collect data using chosen an emergent design that evolves as you gather methods (e.g., surveys via Google Forms). data. Be prepared to refine your questions Preparing Data for Analysis: Organize and based on initial findings, allowing flexibility in code the data, preparing it for statistical your approach. analysis. Addressing Ethical Issues: Consider ethical implications, ensuring informed 4. Analytic Phase consent and the protection of participants’ confidentiality. Analyzing Data: Utilize statistical software (e.g., SPSS) for data analysis. Employ 2. Developing Data Collection descriptive statistics to summarize the data Strategies and inferential statistics (like ANOVA) to test hypotheses. Deciding on Data Types: Determine Interpreting Results: Evaluate both what kinds of data you will gather (e.g., statistical significance (e.g., differences found) interviews, observations) and the methods for and clinical significance (practical implications collection. of the findings). Ensuring Trustworthiness and Rigor: Implement strategies to enhance the reliability 5. Dissemination Phase and credibility of your findings, such as maintaining a reflective journal to document Communicating Findings: Share research your thoughts and feelings during the research results through presentations at conferences or process. publications. Avoid hardbound submissions Instruments as Researchers: Recognize and focus on open discussions to engage with a that the researcher themselves is an wider audience. instrument in qualitative research, influencing data collection and interpretation. Major Steps in Qualitative Research 3. Gathering and Analyzing Data Qualitative research is a dynamic and iterative process rather than a linear sequence. It emphasizes depth of Collecting Data: Engage with participants through interviews or other methods, ensuring understanding and flexibility throughout the study. to gather rich, detailed information. Here are the major phases involved: Organizing and Analyzing Data: After collection, begin organizing the data for analysis. This involves transcribing interviews and identifying initial themes. 1. Planning the Study Evaluating Data: Assess the data collection strategies and determine if saturation has been Identifying a Research Problem: Start achieved—this occurs when no new themes or by recognizing a relevant issue or phenomenon insights emerge from additional data. to explore. Approach it without preconceptions Sampling: Aim for a minimum of six to allow genuine insights. participants, adjusting the maximum based on PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 10  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER when saturation is reached. Ensure diversity in - introduction of the study the sample to capture various perspectives. - “Why is there a need to conduct this study?” 4. Themes and Analysis - Who are the people involved in this study? - People Benefit from this study. Ongoing Analysis: Analysis is continuous; as data is collected, begin identifying patterns and themes. Use inductive reasoning to cluster related narrative information into coherent Design and Planning themes. Revisiting Data: Regularly reread transcripts and notes to deepen understanding - Focus sa research methods and ensure that emerging themes reflect the - Research design data accurately. - Population and sample - Instrument - Analysis Research institutions and universities - New practiced - ethical considerations 5. Disseminating Findings Empirical Communicating Findings: Share results - dealing with numbers through reports, presentations, or articles. Highlight key insights and their implications for practice and future research. Making Recommendations: Suggest how Analytic findings can be utilized in practice or further studies, encouraging application of insights gained from the research. - Employ softwares for analysis - Common use: Microsoft excel, Spreadsheet, SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) MAJOR STEPS IN QUAN STUDY - Interpretation of the study Phases of QUAN Research or CDEAD Conceptual PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 11  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Dissemination - Methodologic Issue - Share findings to others how can these questions to be answered to yield high quality evidence CONCEPTUAL there are methods ba to assess that? 1. Formulating and delimiting the problem - Specific ung topic - Ethical Issues - Limit the problem addressed ethical manner - Not broad - What are you want to explore 2. Reviewing the related literature - RRL - Substantive issue conducted context within previous knowledge. Is this important? Previous knowledge Agree and contradict Need to answer “ So what” sa problem 5 years 2018 to up Is it standard? - NUHRA or National Unified Research Agenda You can look here if there's a problem 3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork talaga Spend time in the relevant settings Researchable problems Gawa ni DOST or Department of Science Technology 4. Defining the framework/developing Under neto is PCHRD or Philippine conceptual definitions Council Health Research Theoretical framework Development - Theory, previous study - Theoretical issues Conceptual framework Pwedeng natin itest ung isang part ng theory - Your theory being applied in the study Is it still applicable in present time? - how you applied theory in your own study - Clinical Issues Definition of terms need related sa nursing research not other - defined specifically and you apply it in your field study. Deal issue related to nurses 5. Formulating hypothesis Hypothesis - Is educated guess PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 12  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER - expectation about the relationship between the variables - Hypothesis is tinetest ng statistic tool 5. Specify methods to measure research variables. Mode of measurement - Using Questionnaire Two kinds of hypothesis - Explain: Construct questionnaire, Pacheck sa - Null hypothesis: No significant difference experts, reliability testing, pilot testing - Alternative Hypothesis: There is a - Look for adopted Questionnaire (kopyahin) significant difference 6. Developing methods to safeguard DESIGN AND PLANNING subjects. ensure that merong professional naka guide 1. Selecting a research design. din. 7. Finalizing the research plan. Quantitative design Proofread - Is structured and the main focus is to minimize bias and indicate how many times EMPIRICAL the data will be collected and what types of information that needs to be collected. 1. Collecting the data. Data collection - Use Google forms 2. Developing intervention protocols. Pag may gamot na ibibigay pag wala answer question: How would you give the question to your participants 2. Preparing the data for analysis. If there are questionnaires who will administer Coding would come in your example how long will it be done, How would you SPSS compare it. ANALYTICAL Double blind studies 1. Analyzing the Data. statistical tools - Hindi alam of the person who administering using software the drug whether what drug component is SPSS administered. Analyze the results - Conducted to ensure the ability on data gathering Common Statistical tools Used in descriptive statistics 3. Identifying the population. - Measures central tendency 4. Designing the sampling plan. Slovin formulas have been used before. - Measures of Variability Raosoft calculator PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 13  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Inferential Statistics Not a linear sequence Gathering data: Is evolving - Anova Dig deeper - Gamma Allow ideas to flow PHASES OF QUAL RESEARCH 2. Interpreting the Results. Planning the study Developing data collection strategies Gathering and Analyzing data Statistical significance Disseminating findings - whether mag aral gabi or umaga there's no significance PLANNING (Conceptualizing and Planning) Identifying a research problem. Clinical significance - Not judge them ahead of time. - idea na pwede pala sa umaga or night class na baka pwede pala magkaroon ng night class Doing a Literature Review. Selecting and gaining entrée into the DISSEMINATION research sites. - lugar 1. Communicating the findings. Send to conferences - pwede ba kayo mag conduct dun? Opportunity to give or share your research. - Accessible ba ung mga tao No to hardbound. Developing an overall approach. 2. Utilizing the findings in practice. - Emergent Design MAJOR STEPS IN QUAL STUDY Develop design as we go along Questions mo and you can add more questions 45 mins ung interview Addressing Ethical issues PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 14  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER DEVELOPING DATA COLLECTION Collection STRATEGIES - Transcript the interview - Analyze and reread Deciding what type of data to gather and how to gather them. - Trustworthiness and Rigor - Reflective Journal Analysis need to write down ung feelings mo sa sinabi ng participant para hindi bias. - Ongoing analysis - Analyze each - Instrument is a researcher itself Themes - product of clusters of related narrative information into a coherent scheme Deciding from whom to collect the data. using inductive reasoning. Deciding how to enhance trustworthiness. GATHERING AND ANALYZING DATA Collecting data. Organizing and analyzing data. Evaluating data: making justifications to data collected strategies, if necessary. Evaluating data: determine if saturation has been achieved. Sampling - 6 participants Minimum. - repeated to become a theme. - Maximum dependent on data saturation Saturation Data saturation - No new emerging themes DISSEMINATING FINDINGS - Wala nang bagong balita or tsismis Communicating findings. - pag nashare na previous participant and Utilizing (or making recommendations parehas na lang suspect na ung data for utilizing) findings in practice and saturation and add isa pa tas same parin yun future research. na ung data saturation. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 15  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER RRL Best Practices Significance of the study Theoretical framework Conceptual Framework It is a research designed to guide nursing Statement of the problem Hypothesis Assumption of the study practice and to improve the health and quality Definition of terms Scope and Delimitation of the study of life of nurses’ clients.* CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Clinic Inquiry Methodology and Techniques Clinical Nursing Research Locale of the study Respondents of the study Instrument of the study Research in Nursing Data gathering procedure Data processing and statistical treatment Nursing Inquiry What is the main goal of adopting an evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing? This is the ultimate goal of research* * Get rich Pass the course Increasing the workload for nurses Gain knowledge Using personal experiences in patient care Challenge students Utilizing the best available evidence to make patient care decisions It is systematic inquiry designed to develop Relying solely on patient preferences evidence about issues of importance to nurses and their clients* Nurses can be consumers of research.* Research in General True Nursing Research False Client Research PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 16  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER Florence Nightingale is best known for her Reduction in systematic reviews contributions as Increased emphasis on patient-centered care Focus on healthcare providers’ opinions * What is a fundamental assumption of the Political leader and educator positivist paradigm? Statistician and researcher * Hospital administrator Nurse focused only on patient care Reality is constructed by human experiences What is a limitation of the current Reality exists independently of human observation evidence-based practice (EBP) model? Reality cannot be known or studied * Research is based on personal beliefs Focuses on the unique needs of each patient Which concept is associated with positivism regarding the nature of phenomena? Ignores healthcare interventions' effectiveness Overemphasizes patient-centered approaches * Applies interventions based on average effects Randomness What is a key ongoing trend in Determinism evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing? Subjectivism * Relativism Decreased reliance on research Which of the following is a feature of the scientific method in quantitative research? PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 17  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER * Reality is governed by universal truths. In the constructivist paradigm, which method Collection of subjective narratives is emphasized to understand human Systematic progression through prespecified experiences? steps Elimination of empirical data * Focus on generalizing qualitative findings Quantitative data collection What is the main goal of quantitative research Use of numeric measurements according to positivist tradition? Narrative and subjective qualitative research * Randomized controlled trials Maximizing subjectivity Which research question is best suited for a qualitative, constructivist approach? Minimizing bias Capturing human experiences * Exploring multiple realities simultaneously What are the effects of a new medication on Which worldview is associated with the blood pressure levels? constructivist paradigm? How do parents cope with the loss of a child? What is the most effective way to reduce * hospital-acquired infections? How does diet influence weight loss over a Reality is fixed. 6-month period? Reality is a construction. Which research purpose on the Reality can be fully understood. descriptive/explanatory continuum is best PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 18  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER suited for qualitative research when seeking What is often used to rank evidence sources to understand a phenomenon's deeper in evidence-based practice? meaning? * * Clinical guidelines Prediction/control Evidence hierarchies Exploration Patient satisfaction scores Identification Peer reviews Explanation Why is clinical expertise crucial in A researcher is studying the prevalence of a evidence-based practice? health-related phenomenon in a population. Based on the classification of research * purposes, which approach would be most appropriate? It ensures that all decisions are based on patient preferences * It allows nurses to rely solely on their academic knowledge Qualitative to understand underlying meanings It helps apply research evidence appropriately to individual patients Qualitative to explore dimensions of the phenomenon It prevents reliance on interdisciplinary collaboration Quantitative to measure prevalence How does understanding patient preferences Quantitative to predict outcomes based on the enhance the effectiveness of evidence-based phenomenon practice? PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 19  NURSING RESEARCH 1 NCM 111 FIRST SEMESTER * It eliminates the need for clinical expertise It ensures that treatments align with patients' values and circumstances It allows nurses to bypass research evidence It guarantees that decisions are based on tradition and expert opinion PAGE ARA BELEN - BSN3C 20