Florence Nightingale PDF: A Theoretical Foundation In Nursing

NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE time allowed her to still live comfortably and May 12, 1820 – August 13, 1910 pursue her career “Nu...

NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE time allowed her to still live comfortably and May 12, 1820 – August 13, 1910 pursue her career “Nursing is the art of utilizing one’s environment for WORKS AND APPOINTMENT his or her own recovery.” regarded the experience in the Lutheran Hospital in first nurse theorist well-known for developing the Germany as a TURNING POINT IN HER LIFE Environmental Theory issued her findings anonymously (1851) “Mother/Founder of Modern Nursing” - first published work: “The Institution of born in Florence, Italy on May 12, 1820 (named Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical after the city of her birth) Training of Deaconesses” younger of the 2 children (older sister: Frances In 1853, she accepted the position of Parthenope) superintendent at the Institute for the Care of mother: Frances (Fanny) Nightingale Sick Gentlewomen (Invalid women) in Upper - hailed from a family of merchants and took Harley Street, London pride in socializing with the people of - held this position until October 1854 (because prominent social standing that time, there’s Crimean War) belonged to a rich, upper-class, well-connected CRIMEAN WAR British family March 1853 – Crimean War broke out between father: William Nightingale Russia and Turkey - provided her with a classical education, - with British and French forces aiding Turkish including studies in German, French, and armies in repelling the advance of Russians Italian soldiers began going down with cholera (from excellent in Mathematics contaminated water) and malaria (from mosquitos) from a very young age, she was active in several nurses offered help but rejected until public philanthropy, ministering to the ill and poor people protest was made inspired by what she took as a call from God in her most famous contribution came during the February 1837 (17 years old) Crimean War announced her decision to enter nursing in 1844 o October 21, 1854, she and a staff of 38 women (24 years old), despite the intense anger and volunteer nurses, trained by Nightingale and her distress of her mother and sister aunt Mai Smith, were sent (under the rebelled against the expected role for a woman of authorization of Sidney Herbert, the Secretary her status (become a wife and mother) of War) motivated by Elizabeth Blackwell at St. o Nightingale and 38 “handmaidens of the Lord” Bartholomew’s Hospital arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye - first woman doctor in the US Barracks in Scutari, Turkey (now Istanbul) despite objection of her parents, she enrolled as a no female nurses stationed at hospitals in the nursing student in 1844 at the Lutheran Hospital Crimea of Pastor Fliedner in Kaiserswerth, Germany she and her team found wounded soldiers being badly cared for by overworked medical staffs in the PERSONAL LIFE face of official indifference attractive and charming medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being rejected a suitor – Richard Monckton Milnes (1st neglected, and mass infections were common, Baron Houghton) because she was convinced that many of them fatal marriage would interfere with her ability to follow no equipment to process food for the patients her calling to nursing rats and insects crawled the floor and walls income/allowance given by her father – £500 (roughly £25000 or $50000 in present) during this NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina wounded soldiers still wearing their army uniform In 1860, she published “Notes on Nursing” stiff with dirt - outlining principles of nursing During her first winter at Scutari, 4077 soldiers - a slim 136-page book that served as the died cornerstone of curriculum at the Nightingale - ten times more soldiers died from illnesses School (written specifically for nursing (typhus, cholera and dysentery) than from education) battle wounds “Notes on Hospitals” o conditions at the temporary barracks hospital - deals with the correlation of sanitary were so fatal to the patients because of: techniques to medical facilities > overcrowding “Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after > hospital’s defective sewers Religious Truths” > lack of ventilation - she argued strongly for the removal of o mortality rate among the sick and the wounded restrictions that prevented women having was greatly reduced (from 42% to 2%) careers o advocated sanitary living conditions as of great 1870s – she mentored Linda Richards (America's importance first trained nurse, a great nursing pioneer in the o reduced deaths in the army during peacetime USA and Japan) and turned attention to the sanitary design of hospitals AWARDS AND HONORS Crimean Monument in Waterloo Place, London “THE LADY WITH THE LAMP” King Edward VII bestows the Order of Merit derived from a phrase in a report in The Times by - first time that it is given to a woman William Howard Russell became a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society based on her observations in Crimea, she wrote because of her Nightingale Rose Diagram “Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, honorary member of the American Statistical Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the Association British Army” International Nurses Day celebrated on her - 830-page report analyzing her experience and birthday each year (May 12) proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor conditions DEATH felt ill in August 1910 LETTER FROM QUEEN VICTORIA - she seemed to recover but she developed an thanking Nightingale and her ladies for all their hard array of troubling symptoms a week later, on work Friday, August 12, 1910 she was given a diamond brooch with “Blessed are died peacefully and unexpectedly in her sleep at the Merciful” engraved on it 2PM, August 13, 1910 at her home in London (90 years old) POST WAR CONTRIBUTIONS grave: St. Margaret’s Church, East Wellow, Nightingale Fund for the training of nurses England using the money ($250,000) she got from the British government, she funded the establishment of St. Thomas Hospital, and within it, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses, now part of the King’s College London NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE PLEDGE 3. Light - the sick needs both fresh air and light— direct “I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the sunlight was what clients wanted presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity - light has “quite real and tangible effects upon and to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain the human body” from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and - lack of environmental stimuli like in isolation will not take or knowingly administer any harmful rooms can lead to confusion or “intensive care drug. I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate psychosis (lack of the usual cycling of day and the standard of my profession, and will hold in night) confidence all personal matters committed to my 4. Noise keeping and all family affairs coming to my - patients should never be waked intentionally knowledge in the practice of my calling. With loyalty or accidentally during the first part of sleep will I endeavor to aid the physician in his work, and - noises that may irritate patients: devote myself to the welfare of those committed to > jewelries worn by nurses my care.” > keys that jingle ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY > snapping of rubber gloves - involves nurse’s initiative to configure > clank of the stethoscope against metal environmental settings appropriate for the gradual bed rails restoration of the patient’s health > radios - she viewed the manipulation of the physical > TVs environment as a major component of nursing > telephones ringing care > machines that beep/alarm 5. Variety SUBCONCEPTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL - provide variety in the patient’s room to help THEORY him/her avoid boredom and depression - aspects of the physical, social, and psychological - need for changes in color and form, including environment that the nurse could bringing the patient brightly colored control/manipulate flowers/plants - rotating 10-12 paintings 1. Health of Houses - reading, needlework, writing, and cleaning as - presence of pure air, pure water, efficient activities to relieve the sick of boredom drainage, cleanliness, and light 6. Bed and Bedding - “badly constructed houses do for the healthy - adult exhales about 3 pints of moisture what badly constructed hospitals do for sick” through the lungs and skin in a 24-hour period - cleanliness outside the house affected the o this matter enters the sheet and stays inside there unless the bedding is changed and 2. Ventilation and Warming aired frequently - “keep the air he breathes as pure as the - bed should be placed in the lightest part of the external air, without chilling him” room - person who repeatedly breathed his/her own - caregiver must never lean against, sit upon, or air would be sick or remain sick unnecessarily shake the bed of a patient, - “noxious air” or “effluvia” or foul odors affect wrinkle-free bed the client’s health - keep bedding clean, neat, and dry and to - emphasized the importance of room position the patient for maximum comfort temperature NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina 7. Cleanliness of Rooms and Walls 12. Petty Management - “the greater part of nursing consists in - continuity of the care, when the nurse is preserving cleanliness” absent - removal of dust with the use of damp cloth - documentation of the plan of care and all rather than a feather duster evaluation will ensure others give the same - floors should be easily cleaned care to the client in your absence - furniture and walls should be easily washed - ways to assure that “what you do when you are - clean room is a healthy room there, shall be done when you are not there” 8. Personal Cleanliness - unwashed skin poisoned the patient and noted - bathing and drying the skin provided great relief to the patient - keep the pores of the skin free from all obstructing excretions - every nurse ought to wash her hands very frequently during the day 9. Nutrition and Taking Food - variety in the food served to patients - individuals desire different foods at different times of the day (frequent small servings) - no business must be done with patient while they are eating - right food be brought at the right time and be taken away, eaten or uneaten, at the right time 10. Chattering Hopes and Advices - false hope was depressing to patients Note that the client, the nurse and the major - sick persons should hear good news environment concepts are in balance; that is, the 11. Observation of the Sick nurse can manipulate the environment to - nurses must be taught what to observe compensate for the client's response to it. o “The most important practical lesson that The goal of the nurse is to assist the patient in can be given to nurses is to teach them what staying in balance. to observe—how to observe—what If the environment of a client is out of balance, the symptoms indicate improvement—what is client expends unnecessary energy. the reverse—which are of importance— Nightingale believed that when one or more which are of none—which are the evidence aspects of the environment are out of balance, the of neglect—and what kind of neglect.” clients must use increased energy to counter the - obtaining complete and accurate information environment stress. about patients o these stresses drain the client of energy o “If you cannot get the habit of observation needed for healing one way or other, you had better give up being a nurse, for it is not your calling, however kind and anxious you may be.” NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING ILAGAN, Hannah Cristina NIGHTINGALE’S METAPARADIGMS OF Nurses must use their power of observation in NURSING caring for patients. Environment Nurses must have educational background and - anything that can be manipulated to place a knowledge that were different from those of patient in the best possible condition for physicians. nature to act She rallied for nursing education to be a - has 2 components: combination of clinical experience and classroom > physical components: ventilation, learning. warmth, light, nutrition, medicine, stimulation, room temperature, and activity > psychological components: avoid chattering hopes and advices and providing privacy Person - the one who is receiving care - a dynamic and complex being - “patient” Health - “Healthy is not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have.” - prevention of disease and health promotion Nursing - a spiritual calling - nurses were to assist nature to repair the patient responsible to provide physicians with accurate information about patients o Types of Nursing > Nursing Proper – nursing of the sick > General Nursing – nursing in the community, even to those who are not sick > Midwifery Nursing – nursing to pregnant mother and during childbirth