Florence Nightingale PDF

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE MAY 12, 1820 - AUGUST 13, 1910 LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this class, the learner should be able to: 1. Comprehend the important concepts of the theories of Nightingale, 2. Relate the concepts of the theory of Nightingale in everyday events. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: E...

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE MAY 12, 1820 - AUGUST 13, 1910 LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this class, the learner should be able to: 1. Comprehend the important concepts of the theories of Nightingale, 2. Relate the concepts of the theory of Nightingale in everyday events. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE: ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND Born on May 12, 1820, in Nightingale, Italy. She was the younger of two children. Her father, William Shore Nightingale, a wealthy landowner provided her with a classical education, languages (German, French, and Italian), Mathematics, religion and philosophy In 1837 (17 years old), she wrote about her calling. “ God spoke to me and called me to his service” She completed her nursing training for three months in 1851 at the age of 31 CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND She was employed and had training for two years in England and became superintendent. During Crimean War (1854-1856) she received request from Secretary of War to Scutari, Turkey to help the wounded soldiers. Mortality then was very high. She left for Turkey and was accompanied by 34 new recruits who met her criteria for professional nursing, She addressed the environmental problems, and soldiers recovered from battle wounds, frostbite, louse infestations, wound infections and opportunistic diseases, CRIMEAN WAR CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND She was called “The Lady of the Lamp” because she makes round during night. With her awarded funds, she established schools for nursing training at St. Thomas Hospital and King’s College Hospital in London Founder of Modern Nursing. She developed nursing as a vocation (profession) locally, national and international reflecting her concern to sanitation and health care. HER WRITINGS: Notes on Matters Affecting Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army Founded Chiefly on the Experience of the Late War (Nightingale 1858b) Notes on Hospitals (Nightingale, 1858a) Notes on Nursing (1859) provide women with guidelines for caring for their loved ones and how to “think like a nurse”. Report on Measures Adopted for Sanitary Improvement in India, from June 1869 to June 1870 (Nightingale, 1871) CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND At the age of 80 she wrote 15,000 to 20,000 to friends, acquaintances allies and opponents, conveying her beliefs, observations and plans for change in health care and in society She died at the age of 90 on August 13, 1910 ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY Defined Nursing as: “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.” MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS (5 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS) PURE AIR – proper ventilation for the patient. Keeping the air “he breathes as pure as the external air without chilling him: LIGHT – direct sunlight. Light has the purifying effect. CLEANLINESS – A dirty environment is the source of infection through organic matters EFFICIENT DRAINAGE – appropriate handling and disposal of bodily excretions and sewage were required to prevent contaminations of the environment PURE WATER – advocate frequent, even daily bathing of patient and nurses. OTHER CONCEPTS INCLUDED: QUIET - noise created by physical activities in and around the patients roomshould be prevented DIET- assessment of dietary intake and meal schedule ant its effect on the patient PETTY MANAGEMENT ( Nursing Administration) – protect from upsetting news, visitors who gives negative effect on recovery, disruption of sleep. PET VISITS (Small animals) – might be of comfort to the patient  MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY NURSING Nightingale believed that every woman, at one time in her life would be a nurse, in the sense that nursing is being responsible for someone else’s health Nursing is the "activities that promote health (as outlined in canons) which occur in any caregiving situation. They can be done by anyone. Nursing is different from medicine and the goal of nursing is to place the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act. PERSON Referred to as “patient”. For the most part as passive patient, should be involved in caring self. Nurses performed task to and for the patient and controlled the patient’s environment for recovery. People are multidimensional, composed of biological, psychological, social and spiritual components. HEALTH Being well and using every power (resource) to the fullest extent in living life Defined disease and illness as reparative process the nature instituted when a person did not attend to health concerns. Envisioned the maintenance of health through prevention of disease by environmental control and social responsibility. Disease is considered as dys-ease or the absence of comfort. ENVIRONMENT Nursing was to assist nature in healing the patient. Nurses and those providing nursing care should create and maintain a therapeutic environment. "Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease". "Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur." Nightingale used “surroundings” instead of environment ACCEPTANCE BY NURSING COMMUNITY PRACTICE The nursing principles remain the foundation of nursing practice The environmental aspects (ventilation, warmth, quiet, diet and cleanliness) of her philosophy remain integral aspect of nursing care. Relevance: - contaminated water resulting from environmental changes or introduction of contaminants - Potential disease transmission due to global travel - Environmentally controlled building for good ventilation - Modern technology equipment create noise - Nurses are confronted by epidemic of toxic substances, nosocomial infection and development of resistant microorganism EDUCATION Nightingale’s principles of nurse training (instruction in scientific principles and practical experience for mastery of skills) provided universal template for early nurse training school. Advocated nursing school as separate from the hospital to prevent hospital labor pool as part of their training. Nightingale understands that good practice could result from good education. RESEARCH Nightingales interest in scientific enquiry and statistics continue to define scientific enquiry used in nursing research. When Nightingales writings are defined and analyzed as theory, they present a philosophical approach that is applicable in modern nursing today Current nurse writers and researchers described her aspect of work as “Environmental Theory” CRITIQUE CLARITY Clear and easily understood. It addresses three major relationships: 1. Environment to patient 2. Nurse to environment 3. Nurse to patient SIMPLICITY Nightingale provides a descriptive explanatory theory. Environmental focus, along with its epidemiological components has predictive potential. Her objective setting forth general rules for the practice and development of nursing was met through this simple theory. GENERALITY The relations concepts (nurse, patient, environment) remain applicable in all nursing settings today, therefore meeting the criterion of generality. ACCESSIBILITY Concepts and relationships within Nightingale’s philosophy typically are stated implicitly and are presented as truths rather than as tentative, testable statements. Her concepts are amenable to studies with the qualitative and quantitative approaches today IMPORTANCE Nightingale’s writings direct the nurse to take action on behalf of the patient. Her view of humanity was consistent with her philosophy of nursing. Her philosophy and principles are relevant to the professional identity and practice of nursing,