Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.pdf

FDE415 FOOD PLANT SANITATION TERM PROJECT Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Based on Outbreaks and Prevention Group Members Ayşe Aydın Sezin Nisa İdral Dilruba Hezer  OUTLINE Brief overview of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Mode...

FDE415 FOOD PLANT SANITATION TERM PROJECT Mycobacterium Tuberculosis-Based on Outbreaks and Prevention Group Members Ayşe Aydın Sezin Nisa İdral Dilruba Hezer  OUTLINE Brief overview of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Modes of Transmission Outbreaks of Tuberculosis Prevention Research and Innovations  Mycobacterium Is a rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium tuberculosis Has a unique thick cell wall that makes it resistant to many disinfectants and antibiotics Has a slow growth rate has the ability to survive and replicate within host cells Is highly infectious Has the ability to develop resistance to drugs ❖ Comprehending these characteristics of Mycobacterium TB is crucial in formulating efficient methods for the avoidance, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the source of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious illness that mostly affects the lungs but can also spread to other regions of the body. Contagion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-containing respiratory droplets are the main way that tuberculosis is spread. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved defenses against the immune system that allow it to survive and multiply, in contrast to many other bacteria that are rapidly killed by the body. Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs and is a serious public health problem worldwide. Symptoms Typical symptoms include persistent cough (sometimes with bloody sputum), fatigue, chest pain, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats, fever, and night sweats. Transmission: Tuberculosis is spread by airborne infected droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis of tuberculosis is usually made using medical history, physical examination, x-rays, sputum tests, and sometimes skin or blood tests. Treatment involves a long- term medication regimen that usually combines several antibiotics. Complications: Untreated or improperly treated tuberculosis can cause serious complications. These can include widespread infection, organ damage, lung failure, bone and joint problems, brain infections, and even death. Global Prevalence and Outbreaks of Tuberculosis  In 2022, 1.3 million individuals worldwide died from tuberculosis (TB), according to the World Health Organization (WHO). After COVID-19, tuberculosis is the second most common infectious killing disease globally, topping HIV and AIDS. One of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the major infectious agent- related cause of death, with HIV/AIDS coming in second. 2014: 58,008 cases reported in 29 EU/EEA countries. Romania, Poland, and the United Kingdom accounted for approximately 50% of all reported cases. Romania alone accounted for 27% of cases. Notification rate: 12.8 per 100,000 population. Estimated TB mortality rate: 4,000 estimated deaths overall. 2015: 60,195 cases reported in 30 EU/EEA countries. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) reported for 4.1% of cases. Estimated TB mortality rate: Not provided. 2016: 58,994 cases reported in 30 EU/EEA countries. Challenges persist in ending the TB epidemic. Multidrug resistance (MDR) reported for 4% of cases with drug susceptibility testing. Estimated TB mortality rate: Not provided. 2017: 55,337 cases reported in 31 EU/EEA countries. Challenges persist despite declining notification rates. Multidrug resistance (MDR) reported for unspecified percentage of cases. Estimated TB mortality rate: Not provided.  2018: 52,862 cases reported in 30 EU/EEA countries. Estimated TB mortality rate: 3,700 estimated deaths overall. 2019: 49,752 cases reported in 29 EU/EEA countries. Multidrug resistance (MDR) reported for 3.4% of cases with drug susceptibility testing. Estimated TB mortality rate: Not provided. 2020: 33,148 cases reported in 29 EU/EEA countries. Estimated TB mortality rate: 3,700 estimated deaths overall. 2021: 33,527 cases reported in 30 EU/EEA countries. Estimated TB mortality rate: Not provided.  Recent Outbreaks of Tuberculosis South Africa (2022) 2.5 million people affected from TB, 424000 people died. India (2020-2021) Russia (2020) Philippines (2019) Brazil (2018) Prevention & Research and Innovations To Prevent TB: BCG vaccination: Offers 80% effectiveness for 15 years. Early diagnosis: Treat TB promptly to reduce infectiousness. Case finding: Raise awareness, screen, and trace contacts. Environmental management: Ensure good ventilation, natural light, and hygiene. Healthcare settings: Use masks, ventilation, and isolate infectious patients. Healthy immune system: Vital for defense, with 60% of healthy adults able to kill TB bacteria (Alert, 2014). Advancing Tuberculosis Research and Innovation Global Strategy: Adopted in Global Targets: WHO End TB Impact of R&D: WHO guidelines 2020, emphasizes accelerated Strategy aims for a 17% annual updated between 2018-2022, development of accurate, decline in TB incidence by 2025, introducing shorter treatment affordable rapid tests, shorter, requiring major breakthroughs regimens and new tests for TB safer treatment regimens, and like a new effective TB vaccine. infection and disease. effective TB vaccines. Funding Targets: Political Funding Status: Funding slowly declarations set funding targets increasing, but 2021 saw only of US$ 2 billion per year (2018- US$ 1 billion available, primarily 2022) and US$ 5 billion annually from the public sector. Need for by 2027. innovative financing models. (6. TB Research and Innovation, n.d.) (7. TB Research and Innovation, n.d.)  References Rohde, K., Yates, R. M., Purdy, G. E., & Russell, D. G. (2007). Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the environment within the phagosome. Immunological Reviews, 219(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00547.x Tuberculosis (TB). (2023, April 21). World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/tuberculosis Alert, T. (2014, April 15). Prevention - TB Alert. TB Alert. https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/ TB research and innovation. (n.d.). https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis- report-2023/tb-research-and-innovation TB research and innovation. (n.d.). https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis- report-2022/tb-research-and-innovation Tuberculosis - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. (2023, August 28). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/tuberculosis-annual-epidemiological-report- 2021