Muscle and Digestive System PDF

MUSCLE UNIT 1. One muscle cell = muscle fiber. A number of fibers together are called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2. A number of fascicles are bound together to form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 3. An individual muscle fiber can be bro...

MUSCLE UNIT 1. One muscle cell = muscle fiber. A number of fibers together are called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2. A number of fascicles are bound together to form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 3. An individual muscle fiber can be broken down into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which can be further broken down into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which can in turn be broken down into myofilaments. 4. Myofilaments are striped in appearance due to the 2 proteins that they are made of. They are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(thin)&\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(thick). 5. The zagged line that runs down the actin chains is called the \_\_\_\_-line. 6. Muscles can only \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 7. Name the 4 functions of muscles: 8. Which of the following is attached to the more movable bone?: origin belly insertion 9. Circle the appropriate characteristic for each muscle type and list where you would find the type of muscle: a. Skeletal Striated / Non-striated Tire easily / Tireless Voluntary / Involuntary Found: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ b. Cardiac Striated / Non-striated Tire easily / Tireless Voluntary / Involuntary Found: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ c. Smooth Striated / Non-striated Tire easily / Tireless Voluntary / Involuntary Found: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10. Tendons connect bone to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 11. One neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 12. What is the spot where a nerve inserts into the muscle called? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 13. At this junction, the neurotransmitter that is released is called: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 14. The electrical pulse that flows through a muscle is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 15. The ions that are most important in muscle contraction are: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 16. When a muscle is unable to contract even though being stimulated, it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 17. The type of contraction that occurs when muscle filaments are successful in their sliding movements, and the muscle shortens: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 18. The type of contraction that occurs when muscles don't shorten, "skid on ice": \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 19. The body is continuously partially contracting. This creates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 20. When the body is under continuous contraction, the disorder is called: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 21. Any exercise regime should contain which types of activities or exercises \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 22. Jogging, biking, swimming, etc are examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_or endurance exercises. 23. The orbicularis oris is an example of what type of muscle? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 24. What is a muscle that feathers called? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 25. Muscles always work in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 26. The muscle in the pair with the major responsibility is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The opposite muscle is called the: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 27. Joint actions are termed: d. Decrease the angle of a joint = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ To increase the angle of a joint = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ e. Moving away from the midline = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Towards the midline = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ f. Around longitudinal axis = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Flexion, extension, abduction & adduction = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ g. Bringing the foot up to the shin= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Tip toes, or toes pointed down = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ h. Soles of feet face medially = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Soles of feet face laterally = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 28. The first movements of the fetus that the mother can feel are called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 29. As you age, the size and strength of muscle cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 30. The withering away of muscles is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 31. Muscles cells can become stiff due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ build-up 32. Steroids are a derivative of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 33. A genetic disease that is characterized by muscle tears that will not heal is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (some types fatal) 34. When actin and myosin don't "let go" when they slide together at their bonding site it is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (lasts only about 24 hours and then decay softens the body). 35. When a muscle is overstretched it becomes swollen due to bleeding and is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscle. A worse version: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 36. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are either the result of a stress fracture or tendonitis. (Swollen muscle presses on a nerve). 37. A spasm in a muscle = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 38. Sustained contractions of the muscles in the head and neck area may lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 39. Which type of sprain or strain is the worst? 1^st^ 2^nd^ 3^rd^ 40. Name some of the criteria that may determine how a muscle is named: (also know the location of the 14 muscles we learned) i. bicep, tricep, quadriceps = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rectus, oblique = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ j. deltoid, trapezius = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ major, minor = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ k. flexor, extensor, adductor = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dorsi, gluteus = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ l. sternocleidomastoid = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 41. When muscles are cold, blood vessels constrict causing less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to reach the muscles. Is fatigue faster with no blood supply? 42. Cephalic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Proximal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Gross \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DIGESTIVE UNT 1. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a continuous, coiled, muscular tube that winds through the ventral body cavity. 2. MOUTH: lips = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, lateral walls = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, anterior roof = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_&\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the extension of the soft palate = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the area from the teeth to the lips = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the area from the teeth in = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the muscle on the floor of the mouth = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the layer of peritoneum that holds this muscle in place = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, name both set of tonsils in the mouth. 3. Saliva mixes with food in the mouth to form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 4. What is the name of the enzyme that starts starch digestion in the mouth? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5. Name the 3 salivary glands: (ear) = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, by mandible = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ under tongue = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6. The technical term for chewing is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7. PHARYNX: common passageway for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Divided into 3 major areas: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (respiratory), \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(back wall of mouth) & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(continuous with esophagus) 8. ESOPHAGUS: runs through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(muscle). When a section of stomach extends up through this muscle it is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Sometimes this causes small amounts of stomach acid to spew up into the esophagus causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 9. Layers of the GI tract: 1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: innermost layer. 2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: just beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels, nerve endings and lymphatic vessels. 3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: muscle layer (circular and longitudinal) and 4) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: outermost layer of the wall. 10. STOMACH: Food leaves the stomach and enters the esophagus and enters the stomach through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the cardiac valve and leaves through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (gatekeeper). The first part of the stomach that food enters is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ region, then the raised area lateral to the cardiac valve is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ region. Next the food enters the main area of the stomach, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the final area is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ region. 11. Within the stomach are multiple folds called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (smooth when stomach is full). 12. Inside the stomach are gastric \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that lead to the gastric \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that make gastric \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 13. The stomach is protected from strong acid by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ layer. What 2 things lessen the thickness of this layer? 14. The outer portion of the stomach is called the greater \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the inner curve is the lesser \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 15. The stomach is attached to the liver by a structure called the lesser \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and a layer of fat, lymph node riddled peritoneum that drapes down the abdomen is called the greater \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 16. Food that leaves the stomach resembles a heavy cream and is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 17. SMALL INTESTINE: divided into 3 parts: 1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(first part), 2)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(2^nd^ part) and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(3^rd^ part). All 3 parts are held together by a clear layer called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The intestines are lined with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which contain a central lacteal and help increase the surface area for absorption of food along with the microvilli and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 18. Food enters the duodenum and digestive enzymes pour in from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It pours in from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ duct. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (greenish) , a fat emulsifier is made in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and leaves the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ duct and can be stored in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and makes its way down the cystic duct. It eventually enters into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ duct before entering the duodenum. 19. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and ends in the intestine. Panceatin is used to breakdown carbohydrates and needs sodium bicarbonate to work, which is the buffer. The final products of breakdown are simple \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and proteins are broken down into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by pepsin with the presence of an acid. Lipids are broken down in the small intestine by bile and lipase into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and glylcerol. 20. The undigestible food stuff leaves the small intestine through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vakve. 21. LARGE INTESTINE: divided into 5 parts. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(a blind pouch) upon which the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hangs from. The majority of the large intestines is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid. It contains 2 flexures, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The 4^th^ area is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and it leads into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ canal which has 2 sphincters. Name the voluntary one: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 22. The "purse strings" of the large intestine are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ( puckers) 23. The large intestine absorbs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the remaining material in the system. 24. The rhythmic contractions that propel food through this system are called: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 25. Baby or milk teeth are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Adult teeth are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 26. A full set of teeth = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They include 8 chisel shaped \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 4 fang-like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 8 pre-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and 12 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for grinding. The 3^rd^ molars are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ teeth. 27. The area above the gingival is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is covered with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The area of the tooth below the gingival is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is covered by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 28. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane anchors teeth to the mandible. 29. The bulk of a tooth is a made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and this surround the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity. 30. Know the disorders of the digestive tract and be able to trace the tract from the beginning of the system.