Multiculturalism PDF

# Multiculturalism - **Definition:** The recognition and development of pluralism as a feature of many societies aims to protect cultural diversity. - **Implication:** Implies an unequal relationship between minority culture and basic culture. ## Examples of Multiculturalism - **Immigrants:** Mu...

# Multiculturalism - **Definition:** The recognition and development of pluralism as a feature of many societies aims to protect cultural diversity. - **Implication:** Implies an unequal relationship between minority culture and basic culture. ## Examples of Multiculturalism - **Immigrants:** Muslims in Western Europe - **National Minorities:** Welsh, Quebecians. - **Indigenous Peoples:** Maori in New Zealand. ## Alternative Political Models to Multiculturalism - Assimilation - Apartheid - Isolation ## Theories of Multiculturalism - **Chandran Kukathas:** Shows that forms of multiculturalism are based on the theory of liberalism. - **Charles Taylor:** "Recognition policy" emphasizes the importance of holistic collective cultural values. - **Will Kymlicka:** Minorities need special care because they have different preserving their culture. ## Historical Development of Multiculturalism 1. **Origin:** Multiculturalism originated in Canada. 2. **Early Appearance:** The term "multiculturalism" appeared in the literature. 3. **Definition:** The Harper Collins Sociological Dictionary defines multiculturalism. 4. **1300th Anniversary:** Great Leader Haydar Aliyev signed a decree on the "1300th anniversary" of the "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud". 5. **200th Anniversary:** Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the first translation of the "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" in German. ## Authors and Books on Multiculturalism - **"The Clash of Civilization and the Reconstruction of the World Order"**: Samuel Huntington - **"Three Cultures" **: Ahmad Agaoglu - **“Answer to the English Doctor Yum"**: Mirza Fatali Axundzade ## Mazdakizm - **Anti-Feudal Movement:** A powerful anti-feudal movement under the guise of religion. - **Focus:** A person should help the "light" to overcome the "Darkness" and increase tolerance among all members of society. - **Sharing:** God created food and all their needs so that the people could share them equally. ## Idol Worship - **Mahmud Shabustari:** Explains that, if a Muslim knew what an idol was, he would understand that idol worship is worship of the Truth. - **Shams Tabrizi:** Shows that following, "The path of the Prophet did not mean imitation him, for example, if he did not eat a melon, you would not eat it". - **Fazlullah Naomi:** If Christ appears and blasphemy and sectarianism removed, there will be no difference in language, and people will speak in a strange language. ## Approaches to Multiculturalism in Research - The Liberal Egalitarian - The Communitarian - The Cultural-Civilizational ## Nasreddin Tusi - **Humanity's Role:** The highest criterion of personality was humanity. - **Opposition to Conflict:** Does not oppose the nationality or religious beliefs of any heroes of different religions. - **Promotion of Single Religion:** Wants to put an end to the conflicts between peoples, nations, national ethnic groups and tribes by promoting the idea of a single religion ## Secularism and Nationalism - **Mirza Fatali Akhundov:** For the first time, he pronounced the word "secularism", defending the need for religion to be separated from politics. - **Ahmed Agaoglu:** Nationalism is a necessity in the lives of peoples. - **Nizami Ganjave:** For the first time, a utopian society was described. ## "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" 1. **First Copy:** The first copy of the "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" was found in the Dresden library in Commany. 2. **Translation:** The translation of several more epics "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" by Barthold was published by the Nizami Institute of Literature and Language. 3. **Second Copy:** A second copy of "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" has been found in the Vatican, published by the Italian scientist Ettope Rossi. 4. **1300th Anniversary:** Great leader Heydar Aliyev signed a decree on the "1300th anniversary" of the "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud." 5. **200th Anniversary:** Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the first translation and publication of "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" in German. ## Manichaeism - **Dualism:** Both Good and Evil (Light and Darkness) are the beginning. - **Pessimism:** It was pessimistic, that is, it denied the victory of Good. - **Missionary Activity:** Mani declared himself a prophet and began his missionary activity in the Hamadan. ## Branches of Christianity - **Catholicism:** The largest Christian denomination in terms of number of members. - **Orthodoxy:** Only accept the teachings of the Church Fathers who lived in the II-VIII centuries. - **Protestantism:** On October 31, 1517, the German monk and theologian Martin Luther declared "95 theses" in Wittenberg, the administrative center of the Saxon principality. ## Buddhisms Doctrine - **Interdependence:** Training on the law of interdependence. - **Noble Path of Salvation:** Training on the eight-step noble path of salvation. - **Four Truths:** Training on the four truth. ## Chronological Order of Islamic History 1. **Hijrah:** The migration (hijrah) of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. 2. **Hudaybiyyah Treaty:** The signing of the "Hudaybiyyah" peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. 3. **Prophet Muhammad's Death:** The Prophet Muhammad, lived in Medina until the end of his life, died. 4. **Muslim Calendar:** At the suggestion of Ali ibn Abu Talib, the year of the Hijrah was accepted as the first year of the Muslim calendar. 5. **Abbeeld Dynasty:** The Abbeeld dynasty, overthrew the Umayyads and came to power. ## Holy Books and Religion - **Judaism:** The Torah - **Hurufism:** Tha Javidanname - **Christianity:** The Bible ## Compatibility of Religions - **Taoism:** Lao-Tzu - **Jainism:** Jain Mahavira - **Buddhism:** Siddhartha Gautama ## Monotheistic Religions - Christianity - Judaism - Islam ## Chronoligcal Compatibility of World Churches - **325:** The First World Church Assembly was convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. in Nicaea. - **553:** V World Council of Churches convened in Constantinople by the Byzantine Emperor Justian I. - **431:** Nestorianism was rejected as a heretical teaching at the Third World Church Assembly in Ephesus.