Medical Terminology Final Review PDF

Medical Terminolog y FINAL REVIEW! Common PrefixesAnti- against Cyto- cell Hyper- above normal, excessive Micro- small, tiny Hypo- less than normal, below Poly- many or much Hemi-hal...

Medical Terminolog y FINAL REVIEW! Common PrefixesAnti- against Cyto- cell Hyper- above normal, excessive Micro- small, tiny Hypo- less than normal, below Poly- many or much Hemi-hal Eu- Normal or "good"  -Logy Study of -megaly enlargement -logist someone who Common specializes in -emia blood condition Suffixes -itis. Inflammation of -lysis. breakdown -algia. pain Combining A vowel, called a combining vowel is often inserted between word, The most frequently used vowel is O ∙cardi cardi/o ∙gastr gastr/o ∙oste oste/o Joining Combining Forms ∙The combining vowel is used before suffixes that begin with a consonant and before another word root. ∙Ex,hepat/o(root word), megaly(suffix)-hepatomegaly. ∙The combining vowel is dropped if the suffix also begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) ∙Ex,hepat/o and –itis hepatitis, o is dropped Joining other word parts to prefixes ∙Most prefixes end with a vowel and may be added to other word parts without change. ∙Eg, pre(prefix),operative(root)preopera tive Eponyms: names derived from a person’s name Examples: Caesarean Section Foley Catheter Heimlich Manuever Fallopian Tubes Abbreviation: letters or shortened words ∙CPR- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ∙ED/ER- Emergency Department ∙RX- Prescription ∙FX- Fracture Forming Plurals of Nouns with Special Endings 1. is becomes es 2. um becomes a 3. us becomes i 4. a becomes ae 5. ix becomes ices 6. ex becomes ices 7. ax becomes aces 8. ma becomes s or mata 9. on becomes a 10. nx becomes nges Combining Form ∙ cardi/o Heart ∙ crin/o to secrete ∙ dermat/o skin ∙ esthesi/o sensation ∙ gastr/, enter/o stomach ∙ ger/a, ger/o, geront/o elderly ∙ psych/o mind ∙ radi/o radiation ∙ rheumat/o rheumatism ∙ rhin/o nose ∙ ur/o urinary tract (sometimes urine) ∙ gynec/o female ∙ immun/o immune ∙ neur/o nerve ∙ obstetr/o. midwife ∙ onc/o tumor ∙ ophthalm/o eye ∙ orth/o straight ∙ ped/o child (also foot) ∙ ot/o ear ∙ laryng/o larynx or voice box ∙ path/o disease ∙ ne/o new ∙ nat/o birth Suffixes: Surgical Procedures ∙-centesis ∙-ectomy ∙-lysis ∙-pexy ∙-plasty ∙-rrhaphy (meaning suture) ∙-scopy ∙-stomy ∙-tome ∙-tomy ∙-tripsy Selected Body Structures ∙aden/o gland ∙angi/o vessel ∙append/o, appendic/o appendix ∙bi/o life ∙blephar/o eyelid ∙cerebr/o, encephal/o brain ∙chir/o hand ∙col/o colon or large intestine ∙ muscul/o, my/o muscle ∙ myel/o bone marrow or spinal cord ∙ oste/o bone ∙ pulm/o, pulmon/o, pneum/o lung ∙ tonsill/o tonsils ∙ trache/o trachea (windpipe) ∙ vas/o vessel ∙ cutane/o, derm/o, skin dermat/o ∙ faci/o face ∙ hepat/o liver ∙ mamm/o, mast/o breast Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. Al l Rights Reserved. Directional Word Parts and Terms ∙anter/o toward the front; ventral ∙poster/o toward the back, dorsal ∙ventr/o belly side ∙dors/o back side ∙medi/o middle ∙later/o toward the side ∙trans- across Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. Al l Rights Reserved. Directional Word Parts and Terms (Cont.) ∙super/o uppermost (towards the head) ∙infer/o lowermost (towards the feet) ∙proxim/o nearer the origin ∙dist/o far or distant (so does tel/e) ∙cephal/o toward the head ∙caud/o toward the tail (feet) ∙intern/o inside, within ∙extern/o outside Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. Al l Rights Reserved. Prefixes: Quantities ∙ diplo- double ∙ hemi-, semi- half or partly ∙ hyper- excessive, more than normal ∙ hypo- beneath or below normal ∙ multi-, poly- many ∙ nulli- none ∙ pan- all ∙ primi- first ∙ super-, ultra- excessive Color ∙alb/o, albin/o, white leuk/o (leuc/o) ∙chlor/o green ∙cyan/o blue ∙erythr/o red ∙melan/o black ∙ jaune yellow  Surgical Procedures Otoplasty: surgical repair of ear Lithotripsy: surgical crushing of stone Cranioplasty: Surgical repair of skull Arthrocentesis: Puncture of joint space with needle (usually to remove excess fluid) Phlebectomy: Excision of a vein or segment of it Cholecystectomy: Removal of gallbladder Pyelolithotomy- Surgical incision of kidney to remove stone from renal pelvic Orchidectomy: Surgical removal of testicle Mastopexy: Surgical Procedure to correct pendulous breasts or areola Specialists ∙Cardiologist: Heart ∙Gastroenterologist: Stomach, intestines, and associated structures ∙Gynecologist: Female Reproductive Organs ∙Obstetrician: Labor and Delivery ∙Neonatologist: Newborns ∙Pediatrician: Children Instruments and Examinations ∙Thermometer: measures temperature ∙Proctoscopy: examination of rectum and lower part of intestines ∙Gastroscopy: Examination of stomach using an endoscope ∙Cystoscopy: use of cystoscope to examine bladder ∙Otoscope: examines ear ∙Stethoscope: used to listen to sounds of body Vital Signs ∙Pulse 60-100BPMs, rhythmic throbbing of arteries ∙Blood Pressure: 120/80. Systolic Pressure: (higher reading) Maximal pressure within the artery during ventricular systole. Diastolic: (lower reading) Minimum pressure in your arteries when the heart is resting ∙Respirations: 12-20 per minute. Amount of breaths taken in. Inhalation, taking oxygen in. Exhalation letting oxygen out Conditions ∙ Myelitis: inflammation of spinal cord and bone marrow ∙ Aneurym: ballooning out of wall of vessel ∙ Hepatomegaly: enlarged liver ∙ Cardiomegaly: enlarged heart ∙ Splenomegaly: enlarged spleen ∙ Hepatosplenomegaly: enlarged liver and spleen ∙ Myocardio infarction: death of part of heart muscle ∙ Hypothermia: greatly lowered temperature of the body ∙ Hyperthermia: greatly elevated temperature of the body ∙ Tachycardia: increased pulse rate ∙ Bradycardia: decreased pulse rate ∙ Mastalgia or mammalgia: painful breast ∙ Narcolepsy: Sudden and recurrent attacks of sleep and drowsinesss Conditions ∙ Chirospasm: cramping of the hand ∙ Dyskinesia: difficult or painful movement ∙ Anorexia: absence of appetite ∙ Lithiasis: condition in which stone is present ∙ Hyperemesis: excessive vomiting ∙ Neuralgia: pain along course of nerve ∙ Edema: abnormally large amounts of fluid in tissues that causes swelling ∙ Cholelithiasis: stones in the gallbladder ∙ Dysphagia: inability or difficulty swallowing ∙ Cerebrovascular Accident: Stroke ∙ Rhinitis: inflammation of the nose ∙ Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of spine ∙ Kyphosis: Forward rounding of the back ∙ Dyspnea: labored or difficult breathing  Kidneys and Bladder ∙Renal, Nephr/o ∙Cyst/o ∙Functional unit of the kidney: Nephron ∙Diuretic: Increasing urine ∙Conditions of Kidney: Neprolithiasis: stones in kidney Hydronephrosis: excess fluid in kidney Nephromegaly: Enlargement of one or both kidneys ∙Conditions of Urine: Pyuria: Pus in Urine Hematuria: Blood in urine Proteinuria: Protein in urine Anuria- absence of or less than 100 ml/day of urine Glycosuria: sugar in urine Signs vs Symptoms ∙Sign: Objective evidence of a disease observed by others Examples: Fever, Rash, Lump, lab results ∙Symptom: Subjective, experienced by patient Examples: Headache, Fatigue, pain Reproduction and Child birth ∙Female: gynec/o female, cervic/o, cervix , colp/o, vagin/o vagina, hyster/o, uter/o uterus, ovar/o, oophor/o ovary , salping/o, uterine tube vulv/o vulva ∙Menstrual irregularities: -amenorrhea- absence of menstrual flow when it is normally expected. -dysmenorrhea: painful menstruation. -menorrhagia: excessive flow during menstruation. -metrorrhagia: bleeding from the uterus at any time other than during the menstrual period. Metrorrhagia literally means hemorrhage from the uterus. Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. Al l Rights Reserved. Obstetric Word Parts ∙amni/o amnion ∙fet/o fetus ∙nat/i birth ∙par/o to bear offspring ∙-para a woman who has given birth Nullipara Multipara Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. Al l Rights Reserved. Male Reproduction Organs/Conditions ∙spermatozoa (spermatozoon) ∙testes (testis, testicle) ∙testosterone ∙orchi/o, orchid/o testes Cryptorchdism: Undescended Testicle ∙test/o, testicul/o testes ∙pen/o penis ∙prostat/o prostate ∙scrot/o scrotum, bag Types of Evaluations Four techniques of physical examination. Inspection: using, sight, smell, hearingto assess general appearance Palpation: using hands or fingers to feel patients body Percussion tapping fingers or hands quickly and sharply against parts of patients body Ausculation- using a stethoscope to listen to sounds in the patients body such as the lungs, heart, and bowel sounds Ultrasound Images