Mr. Loya - 1.1 Introduction to Maps PDF

AP HUMAN GEO THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY NAME: _______________________ HOUR: __________________  AP HUMAN GEO BIG IDEAS BIG IDEA 1: PATTERNS AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION (PSO) Spatial patterns and organization of human society are arranged according to political, histori...

AP HUMAN GEO THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY NAME: _______________________ HOUR: __________________  AP HUMAN GEO BIG IDEAS BIG IDEA 1: PATTERNS AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION (PSO) Spatial patterns and organization of human society are arranged according to political, historical, cultural, and economic factors. BIG IDEA 2: IMPACTS AND INTERACTIONS (IMP) Complex relationships of cause and effect exist among people, their environments, and historical and contemporary actions. BIG IDEA 3: SPATIAL PROCESS AND SOCIETAL CHANGE (SPS) A spatial perspective allows for a focus on the ways phenomena are related to one another in particular places, which in turn allows for the examination of human organization and its environmental consequences.  AP HUMAN GEO COURSE SKILLS Concepts and Processes (1.A - 1.E) Analyze geographic theories, approaches, concepts, processes, or models in theoretical and applied contexts. Spatial Relationships (2.A - 2.E) Analyze geographic patterns, relationships, and outcomes in applied contexts. Data Analysis (3.A - 3.F) Analyze and interpret quantitative geographic data represented in maps, tables, charts, graphs, satellite images, and infographics. Source Analysis (4.A - 4.F) Analyze and interpret qualitative geographic information represented in maps, images (i.e satellite, photographs, cartoons), and landscapes. Scale Analysis (5.A -5.D) Analyze geographic theories, approaches, concepts, processes, and models across geographic scales to explain spatial relationships.  UNIT I LEARNING REQUIREMENTS TOPIC 1.1 I can identify types of maps, the types of information presented in maps, and IMP-1.A different kinds of spatial patterns and relationships portrayed in maps. TOPIC 1.2 I can identify different methods of geographic data collection. IMP-1.B TOPIC 1.3 I can explain the geographical effects of decisions made using geographical IMP-1.C information. TOPIC 1.4 I can define major geographic concepts that illustrate spatial relationships. PSO-1.A TOPIC 1.5 I can explain how major geographic concepts illustrate spatial relationships. PSO-1.B TOPIC 1.6 I will define scales of analysis used by geographers. PSO-1.C TOPIC 1.6 I will explain what scales of analysis reveal. PSO-1.D TOPIC 1.7 I will describe different ways that geographers define regions. SPS- 1.A  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Bellringer What is Geography? What do Geographers do? What are the tools of a Geographer? What careers can it be used for? How does it impact my life?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Geo= Earth -graphy= Writing Two Subfields Physical- Study the physical natural environment Human- spatial characteristics of human and human societies  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Geography is the why of where. Why are things where they are? How did things become distributed as they are? What is changing the pattern of distribution? What are the implications of the spatial distribution for people?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Historians look through the lens of time to understand the past. Geographers look through the lens of space to understand place. Geographers are concerned with the tension between globalization and local diversity.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Cartography: mapmaking Earliest surviving maps date back to 6th/7th BC in the Middle East Aristotle: Earth is a sphere Eratosthenes: “geography” calculated circumference World map with 5 climate regions Ptolemy Guide to Geography – map making principles; numerous maps  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. You should be able to identify types of maps, the types of information presented in maps, and different kinds of spatial patterns and relationships portrayed in maps.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps Reference maps are designed for people to refer to for general information about places. The two main reference maps are political and physical. Political Map Shows and labels the human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities, and capitals. Physical Map Shows and labels the natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. POLITICAL MAPS Remember: boundaries are human-created and change often and are reflected in political maps.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. PHYSICAL MAPS Remember: physical maps show the terrain and elevation of the earth.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. QUICK PROGRESS CHECK! What would a person use a political map for? What would a person use a physical map for?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Choropleth Map Uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data. Usually, the darker the color, the higher the statistical value. *Always look at the color key!  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Dot Density Map Used to show the specific location and distribution of something across the territory of the map. Each dot represents a specified quantity. What patterns can you find in the dot map?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Isoline Map Iso- is Greek for equal Uses lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space. Where lines are close together, change is rapid and where the lines are far apart, the phenomenon is relatively the same. Most common type: topographic map (popular among hikers).  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Graduated Symbol Map Define graduated: arranged in a series or according to scale. Uses symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something. The map key determines the exact amount  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Cartogram Sizes of countries are shown according to some specific statistic. Useful because they allow data to be compared, like a graph, and distance and distribution are also visible, like on a traditional map. See the next two slides for examples.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Thematic maps show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon. Cartogram  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. Steps for Breaking Down Multiple Choice Questions 1. Comprehend the Question: 3. Establish Prior Knowledge: Determine what you already know about the topics, a. Read the question and take time to content, and information. Then determine break down what the question is what you might be looking for in the asking you. answer based on what you know. b. Based on the question, what has to 4. Read your answer options: Read your be included in the answer? options one at a time. For each answer c. Determine what you are looking for option determine what the option is saying in the answer options? and determine whether it makes sense with what the question is asking you to do 2. Analyze the stimuli and Connect it to the or look for? Does this make sense with original question: If there is a stimuli (map, what is shown in the stimuli? Don’t fall for chart, picture,etc.)analyze it and the truth trap! determine how it relates to the question you were asked. Look for patterns, trends 5. Select an answer: Determine if this answer as it relates to the original question. makes sense with the original question and what the stimulus or stimuli is showing?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of maps include reference maps and thematic maps. QUICK PROGRESS CHECK! How is a cartogram and a graduated symbol map similar? A. Both indicate exact locations of specific data precisely. B. Both portray numerical data for comparison between spaces. C. Both provide a good compromise among distortions of shape, size, directions and distance. D. Both display latitude and longitude accurately. E. Both are useful for comparing the physical area of a country. Write and explain your answer below  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Absolute Location The precise spot where something is according to some system. Most widely used - latitude and longitude and addresses. Absolute Distance: A specific distance from one location to another. Ex: Milwaukee, WI is 79.4 miles to Madison, WI. Absolute Direction: A direction that is the same regardless of your current position or orientation (e.g., north or south).Ex: Madison, WI is northwest of Milwaukee, WI.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. The Grid Latitude lines labeled N or S and longitude lines labeled E or W Both 15° apart from the next line.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Latitude Distance north or south of 0° and are called parallels. Why? Important line to know ○ Equator: 0° latitude Notice that each line is 15° north or south. Lines of latitude are not equal in length – they get shorter as they approach the north and south poles. What is the longest line of latitude?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Longitude Distance east or west of 0° Called meridians Equal length arcs, not lines, because they converge, or meet, at the poles. Remember, lines of latitude do not meet because they are parallel. Important arcs to know ○ Prime meridian: 0° longitude and runs through Greenwich, England. This is pronounced Grin-itch. ○ International Date Line: 180° longitude ○ Note that the PM and IDL separate the earth into the eastern and western hemispheres. Time Zones are about 15° apart (360° ÷ 24 hours = 15° per/hour)  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. QUICK PROGRESS CHECK! Which statement best describes the absolute location of Paris, France? A. 127 miles away from the English Channel B. In the Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. C. 49°N, 2°E D. The capital of France E. In the heart of France Write and explain your answer below  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Relative Location Where something is located in relation to other things. Example: Orlando, Florida is located north of Miami and south of Jacksonville. (Relative Direction) Example: the bank is located next to Target. Example: Madison, WI is about 1 hour and 30 minutes from Milwaukee, WI. (Relative Distance) Notice that in order for a person to find the bank, they must know the location of Target.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Relative Location Can change over time as accessibility changes. Example: ghost towns (abandoned settlements) of the western United States once had relative locations near water sources (which dried up), along trade routes (which changed), or near mines (which closed). Their relative locations lost the advantages (resources or trade) but their absolute locations remain the same.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. QUICK PROGRESS CHECK! Which statement best describes the relative location of Barcelona, Spain? A. 386 miles east of Madrid and 644 miles south of Paris. B. In the Northern and Eastern hemisphere. C. 41°N, 2°E D. The capital of the Catalonia Region. E. One of the Largest Cities in Spain. Write and explain your answer below  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Map Scale Maps are a reduction of the actual land it represents – a world map is not the size of the earth, right? Scale: is the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on the map. Three types: cartographic, geographic, and scale of data.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Cartographic Scale Refers to the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents: ○ Verbal Scale – one inch equals ten miles (2.5 inches would equal 25 miles on the surface of the earth ○ Ratio – 1/200,000 or 1:200,000 (1 unit on the map equals 200,000 units on the ground) ○ Line – length of the line indicates distance on the map Note that the smaller the scale, the larger amount of area is covered and the less detail you will get. ○ If this confuses you, that’s okay! Just look at the fractions: which is smaller, 1/94 million or 1/1.3 million? 1/94 million is and that’s what makes it “small scale”.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Geographic Scale Sometimes called relative scale, it refers to the amount of territory that the map represents. Global scale means a map of the entire planet. Local scale means a map of a city. For example, school attendance boundaries. Why might a rise in unemployment be explained differently depending on the scale? Think how would the information would change at a national scale? County scale or local scale?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Scale of the Data Look at the two maps of Australia. The scale of both maps is the same but the scale of the data is different. What conclusions about the population density of Australia may you come to if you use the country level map? How might those conclusions change when using the state and territorial level map?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Clustered vs. Dispersed Maps can show the clustering, or grouping of a phenomenon or can show the dispersal, or the scattering or a phenomenon. What is an example of a phenomenon where you would expect the map to reflect clustering? What about dispersal?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Clustered vs. Dispersed  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. Types of spatial patterns represented on maps include absolute and relative distance and direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Map Projection Definition: the process of showing a curved surface (the earth) on a flat surface (a map). In other words, taking a 3-dimensional object and making it 2-dimensional. Link to NASA’s map projections  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Why are all maps wrong? What does this have to do with projections?  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Distortions During the process of projection, the globe is transferred to a map using a gridding process similar to the one below.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Distortions However, if you look at the grid on the globe, you will notice that they are not perfect squares like the map we are used to seeing. As a result, depending on the type of projection, the new image will be distorted and inaccurate. There are four distortions and they use the acronym SADD – shape, area, distance, and direction. It is important to understand that every projection has distortion but at least one part of SADD must be preserved.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Cylindrical Projection A cylindrical projection is made my taking a flat paper and folding it around the globe, into a cylinder  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Example 1: Mercator Projection Purpose: navigation Strengths: directions are accurate; lines of latitude and longitude meet at right angles Distortion: distance between lines of longitude appear consistent; land masses near the poles appear large.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Example 2: Peters Projection Purpose: spatial distributions related to area. Strengths: Sizes of land masses are accurate. Distortion: shapes are inaccurate, especially near the poles.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Conic Projection Conic projections project the image onto a surface that has been formed into a cone.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Example 3: Conic Purpose: general use in mid latitude countries. Strengths: lines of longitude converge; lines of latitude are curved; size and shape are close to reality. Distortion: directions are not constant; longitude lines converge at one pole.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Lambert’s Map Lambert’s Map is a conic projection, popular map for airplane pilots, as a straight line on this map approximates the Great Circle Routes, which is the shortest distance to fly between two points.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Great Circle A straight line on a globe looks like a The curved line on this map is over 100 curved line on most maps. miles shorter than the straight line.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Azimuthal (Planar) Projection An azimuthal equidistant projection, also known as a planar projection, projects directly onto a flat surface It shows distances and directions accurately from the center point, but distorts shapes and sizes elsewhere. Directions from a central point are preserved and therefore great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Azimuthal (Planar) Projection Azimuthal equidistant projections are used by amateur radio operators to know the direction to point their antennas. This projection is used by the United Nations for its flag.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Example 4: Goode-Homolosine Purpose: spatial distribution Strengths: area and shape are preserved Distortion: interrupts the oceans  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Sinusoidal Projection Sinusoidal projections are able to accurately represent the sizes of continents, but have to be cut up in order to keep the shapes accurate.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Goode’s Projection Goode’s Map is a famous sinusoidal projection (featured on the Goode’s World Atlas). The ocean has to be split to preserve the shapes of the land areas. Otherwise the areas would be accurate, but the shapes along the edge would be flattened.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Ecker’s Projection Ecker’s Map is another sinusoidal projection. This one does not split the map in the oceans, but not doing so noticeably distorts the shapes of the land areas  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Example 5: Robinson Strengths: size is closer to accurate; ocean sizes look more accurate. Distortion: Antarctica looks very large and Greenland looks flattened north to south.  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Several maps try to combine the best of all maps, but their compromise does distort size, shape, and distance. But it’s a reasonable compromise. Winkel Tripel Projection Robinson Projection  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Projection Example Advantages Disadvantages Cylindrical Mercator True direction, shapes are Size of continents are distorted accurate Sinusoidal Goode’s True area Have to split up the map to avoid distortion of shape Conic Lambert’s Great circles are straight lines on Can only see ½ of the world. this map Size and shape are distorted Azimuthal (Planar) Can point antenna based on this Sizes and shapes distorted away map. from center Center is accurate Composite Robinson’s A good compromise, so you get So many compromises lead to no a generally good idea of size particular usefulness, other than and shape aesthetics  Topic 1.1 Introduction to Maps TOPIC 1.1: All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction. Why is the map projection shown here especially useful for navigation on the surface of the earth? EXPLAIN! A. Distortion of shape is minimized. B. Direction is constant across the map. C. Distances are correctly portrayed. D. Area of land masses is shown accurately. E. It shows the sizes of bodies of water realistically.