Animal Nutrition Packet PDF

Animal Nutrition Page 1  Biomolecules in my Food! What makes food? All organic (naturally occurring) molecules are classified into 4 general categories: lipid, protein, carbohydrate and nucleic acid. Foods you consume consist of these 4 molecules. Tod...

Animal Nutrition Page 1  Biomolecules in my Food! What makes food? All organic (naturally occurring) molecules are classified into 4 general categories: lipid, protein, carbohydrate and nucleic acid. Foods you consume consist of these 4 molecules. Today we’ll discover which nutrients - lipids (fats), proteins, carbohydrates (starch and simple sugars) are found in different foods by using biochemical tests. Pre-lab: Answer the following questions before coming to lab. 1. Write 2 examples of foods that are high in lipids, 2 examples that are high in protein, 2 examples that are high in starch, and 2 examples that are high in glucose or simple sugars. 2. What is the purpose of this lab? 3. Why is water used as a sample in each test? 4. What do you need to do to be safe while conducting this lab? Page 2 Macromolecule Testing Procedure: 1. Test a known fat, protein, starch and sugar. (known positive) 2. Test water (known negative) 3. At the end of each test, clean up that test. A. To test for fat: 1. Spread a small amount of the known sample on a brown paper towel. 2. Repeat with the known negative. 3. Tomorrow: Wait for knowns to evaporate and check for grease spots by holding up to the light. The size of the grease spot indicates the amount of fat. 4. Compare the known positive and known negative. Record your observations. B. To test for protein: 1. Add five drops of the known sample to a well on the spot plate. 2. Add three drops of Biuret solution to the sample. A color change from blue to purple indicates protein is present. 3. Repeat with the known negative. 4. Compare the known positive and known negative. Record your observations. C. To test for starch: 1. Add five drops of the known sample to separate a well on the spot plate. 2. Add three drops of Iodine solution to each well. A color change from brown to a blue-black indicates starch is present. 3. Repeat with the known negative. 4. Compare the known positive and known negative. Record your observations. D. To test for simple sugar: 1. Add 10 drops of the known positive into a test tube and label it. 2. Repeat with known negative. 3. Add 15 drops of Benedict’s solution to each test tube. 4. Place test tubes into a beaker filled with water and place on hot plate for 5-10 minutes (around 100 degrees C works well). A color change from blue to green or orange indicates that simple sugars are present. 5. Compare the known positive and known negative. Record your observations. E. Clean up! Clean and return appropriate materials and wipe down the lab table. Page 3  Macromolecules: What are the building blocks of life? Background Information: From the smallest single-celled organism to the tallest tree, all life depends on the properties and reactions of four classes of organic (carbon-based) compounds—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We will spend an entire unit later in the year on nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are the 3 building blocks of all living things that we will focus on this unit. These are called MACROmolecules because they are large molecules. They are responsible for most of the structure and functions of the body, including energy storage, insulation, growth, repair, and communication. Simple organic molecules can be joined together to form all the essential biological molecules needed for life. Table 1 shows a sample elephant diet and Table 2 shows a sample lion diet based on the animal nutrition lab. Using the background information, predict the main function of the macromolecules found in their diet. Table 1 Table 2 Elephant Protein (%) Fat (%) Carbs (%) Lion Protein (%) Fat (%) Carbs (%) alfalfa hay 19.0 - 56.0 beef 60.0 8.9 - grass hay 11.0 - 65.0 deer 80.7 6.3 - timothy hay 3.8 - 80.9 pig 50.7 33.2 - a. Elephant: i. Proteins: _______________________________________________________________ ii. Carbohydrates: __________________________________________________________ b. Lion: i. Proteins: _________________________________________________________ ii. Fats: ____________________________________________________________ Check with your teacher and get initials: _____________ Page 4 MODEL 1: Macromolecules of Life: Directions: Analyze Model 1 and answer the questions that follow. Carbohydrate Lipid Protein (Monosaccharide) (Glycerol) (Amino Acid) Glycine Glucose Key: H = Hydrogen; O = Oxygen; C = Carbon; N = Nitrogen Questions: 1. Carbohydrate is a macromolecule. This means that it is a large or small molecule. (circle one) 2. Use Model 1 to show which atoms are present in each type of molecule by listing the symbol for each atom included (an atom = element in the molecule). Carbohydrate has been done for you. a. Carbohydrate: C, H, O b. Lipid: ______________________ c. Protein: ________________________ 3. List 3 similarities between the 3 types of macromolecules. a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________ 4. List 3 differences between the 3 types of macromolecules. a. _________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________ Read This! During chemical reactions, the bonds in molecules are continually broken and reformed. When bonds are broken, energy is released. When bonds are formed, energy is absorbed. If more energy is released than absorbed during a chemical change, the process can be used as a source of energy. A general rule for processes such as respiration is the more carbon atoms there are in a molecule, the more energy that molecule can provide to the organism when it is used as food. 5. Using the information from above and Model 1, is a carbohydrate, lipid, or a protein more likely to be a good source of energy for an organism? Use comparative data to support your answer. Check with your teacher and get initials: _____________ Page 5 Background Information: There are many chemical reactions occurring in your body right now. As you eat food, these food molecules are broken down by enzymes and a chemical reaction takes place. The bonds between elements are broken and reformed – energy can be given off or taken in when the reaction occurs. The left side (before arrow) of the reaction (what goes in) is called the reactants while the right side (after arrow) of the reaction (what comes out) is called the products. The number of elements that go into the reaction should be the same number of elements that come out of the reaction. Analyze the two models showing the elephant’s diet and lion’s diet and answer the questions that follow. MODEL 2: Elephant’s Diet - Carbohydrates 6. The reactants are ________________________ and _____________________________. 7. The products are _________________________ and ____________________________. 8. Would you say that glucose or sucrose is more complex? (circle one) Why? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What would you call the process that is occurring? _______________________________________________ 10. What is the elephant getting when the bond is broken in sucrose? ___________________________________ 11. Starch is a complex carbohydrate found in plants which contains approximately 200 glucose molecules. Predict the function of starch and explain why. Check with your teacher and get initials: _____________ Page 6 MODEL 3: Elephant’s Diet and Lion’s Diet - Proteins 12. What would you call the process that is occurring? _________________________________ Read This! There are only 20 different amino acids found in the body, however, there are thousands of different proteins being used by your cells. Proteins differ in their types and sequence of the number of amino acids which allows for the thousands of different proteins found in your body. When you consume protein, it is broken down into individual amino acids. These amino acids are then used to make new proteins. Amino acid 1 Amino acid 2 Amino acid 3 13. Based on the information above about how proteins are made and are different, use the 3 amino acids above to create 2 proteins with 4 amino acids. a. Protein 1: ___________________________________________________________________________ b. Protein 2: ___________________________________________________________________________ Check with your teacher and get initials: _____________ Page 7 MODEL 4: Lion’s Diet - Lipids 14. The reactants are __________________________ and ___________________________ 15. The products are ___________________________ and ___________________________ 16. Because a monoglyceride molecule has more carbon atoms than a glucose molecule, you can assume that … Check with your teacher and get initials: _____________ Page 8  How is Energy Used in Organisms? In living organisms, energy is transferred from organic molecules like carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Do the organisms use all the potential energy they consume? Model A 1. Refer to the Model A above to fill out the table below. Organism A Organism B Amount Ingested (kg) Amount needed to maintain biomass (kg) Amount egested (kg) What’s “missing?” 2. What is meant by “egested waste”? ____________________________________________________________ 3. Show your calculations to support your answer for “What’s missing?” Organism A Organism B 4. What else do the organisms do with the food they ingest besides maintaining biomass and waste production? __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Is Organism A a carnivore or an herbivore? _____________________________________________ 6. Is Organism B a carnivore or an herbivore? _____________________________________________ Page 9 Model B 7. In Model B, what are three of the ways energy is used by the organisms? a. _________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________ 8. Use Model B to fill out the table below. Elephant Lion Food Ingested (Kcal) Egested waste (Kcal) Respiration (Kcal) Heat loss (Kcal) 9. Does the amount of energy from the food eaten (Kcal) by each organism equal the amount of energy used by each organism? Support your answer by showing your calculations. Page 10 10. Calculate the amount of potential energy that each organism does not use efficiently. Support your answer by showing your calculations. (Egested waste and heat loss are not an efficient use of energy) Formula: heat loss + egested waste x 100 = percentage food ingested a. Elephant b. Lion 11. The elephant and the lion do not have the same amount of efficiency when using energy. Which organism is more efficient - the elephant or the lion? (circle one) Give a reason which could account for this difference. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Using the information in Model B as a reference. Which of the following from the elephant is directly available to the lion? Grass Respiration Biomass Waste (circle one) 13. What percentage of the elephant’s “grass energy” is available for the lion? Support your answer by showing your calculations. In the formula below, “Total kcal used” is calculated by adding together respiration + egested waste + heat loss. Formula: Total kcal ingested – Total kcal used X 100 = % Total kcal ingested Page 11 Dentition of Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores Mammals have highly specialized dentition, or tooth anatomy, that allows them to consume their own individ- ual diets. Sharp, pointed teeth help animals tear; sharp, flat teeth help animals snip or cut, and large, flat teeth help grind tough materials. Using the skulls below, determine which belongs to the animal species based on their adaptations to diet. Using the species listed in Table 1, write your responses below, explaining how the tooth anatomy led you to your answers. Species common name: Species common name: Scientific name: Scientific name: Evidence: Evidence: Species common name: Species common name: Scientific name: Scientific name: Evidence: Evidence: Page 12 Dentition 2 Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, kind, and number of teeth in a given species. Observing the type of teeth an organism has can tell us what type of food for which they have adapted. Dental formulas, like the example below, represent the numbers and types of teeth a species possesses and comparing them can help us determine the diet of a species. Using the additional diagrams below as evidence, complete the following tasks. Using the hedgehog skull below, compose the dental formula in the box at the right. Use the dental formulas provided at the right to compare and contrast in order to answer the following questions. I C P M 1. Why do some species listed lack canine teeth? 3 1 4 3 Zebra 3 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 2. What does this tell you about the function of canine teeth? Human 2 1 2 3 1 0 0 3 Elephant 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 1 3. All of these species have molars. What does this tell you Lion 3 1 2 1 about the function of molars and premolars? 2 1 2 3 Baboon 2 1 2 3 3 1 4 1 4. What makes plant material more difficult to digest? Why? Aardwolf 3 1 3 1 0 0 3 3 Rhino 0 0 3 3 Page 13  Comparative Anatomy Dentition Skull Dental Formula H O C Beaver Fox Black Bear Warthog Rat Squirrel Otter Page 14 Dissection LAB - Animal: ___________________ Preserved Dental Formula H O C Specimen Rabbit Pig Mink Mink Rabbit Pig Describe the key teeth features that each organism has different than the others In the mouth, find the following: Make a ✔ mark when you can identify them, there is also room for special notes to make to yourself Function Mink Rabbit Pig hard palate soft palate epiglottis incisors canines premolars molars Page 15 In the abdominal cavity, identify the: Make a ✔ mark when you can identify them, there is also room for special notes to make to yourself Function Mink Rabbit Pig stomach liver gallbladder small intestine cecum pancreas large intestine spleen Helpful Hints: Note the texture of the liver Tilt the liver upwards to find the gallbladder, it is often green in color from the bile it is holding. Look for a hot air balloon shape. Find where the small intestine is connected to the stomach. You will find part of the pancreas in this curve, the rest is under the stomach. The spleen is dark red in color, and looks like a tongue. Our Intestine Data Animal: Small intestine length Cecum length Large intestine length Total length cm cm cm cm % % % % Class Intestine Data Small intestine Cecum Large intestine Pig % % % Mink % % % Rabbit % % % Page 16 Digestive tracts of Herbivores, Omnivores, Carnivores...Oh My! The Nutritional Requirements of Different Species in a Community Background Tina Vega, zookeeper at Brookfield Zoo, is constantly addressing the nutritional needs of different species in her care. The nutritional needs within a wild community or a zoo’s animal collection can be highly diverse. Different species are not only adapted for catching and eating their food with specialized teeth, claws, beaks or talons, but also possess highly specialized digestive organs that help them break down their individual diets. Some animals have very long digestive tracts to break up the tough cellulose of plant material where carnivores have relatively short intestinal tracts. In this laboratory activity, you will assess the needs of select species from an African community as zookeepers like Tina do in order to determine whether they are an herbivore, omnivore or carnivore. How would you define the following? Carnivore: Omnivore: Herbivore: Predictions Using the diagrams of the digestive systems, hypothesize what feeding niche each species belongs to. (C = carnivore, O = omnivore, H = herbivore) Species Feeding niche Evidence (C, O, or H) Panthera leo Loxodonta africana Equus grevyi Diceros bicornis Papio papio Atelerix frontalis Proteles cristata Homo sapiens Big question: What other organ(s) besides what is pictured play an important role in mechanical digestion? Page 17 Lion vs. Elephant Digestion Every animal obtains food? Why? Is it only to satisfy their hunger? Lion Digestion In a zoo, the lion is given beef to eat. When proteins are digested, chemical bonds between each amino acid are broken. In a group of 4, each student will have one of the four proteins found in the beef that a single lion has eaten. Get your protein and determine how many bonds are holding it together and record in Data Table 1. Complete Data Table 1 by adding your lab partners’ values for the three other proteins and calculating the totals. A peptide bond releases 10 kcal when broken. Use this information to calculate the Amount of Energy Released for each protein. Data Table 1 Protein (Original) Number of Bonds Broken (cuts) Amount of Energy Released (kcal) 1 2 3 4 Total: STOP: Get teacher’s initials ________________ and get assigned new protein to make. Lion Protein Formation Now you will cut the protein into individual amino acids (chemical digestion) so that the amino acids can be taken into the circulatory system through the small intestine (nutrient absorption). Proteins needed for lion survival: The table below shows four (4) proteins that need to be made from the beef the lion ate and digested. Rearrange your amino acids to make these proteins for the lion’s body. Muscle LYS LYS SER GLU VAL VAL VAL SER ASN ILE CYS HIS PRO ALA PRO Protein Collagen GLU ALA ALA GLU LEU SER ARG VAL PRO LYS PRO GLY Protein Fur LYS PHE GLU HIS VAL VAL PHE VAL VAL LEU PRO ARG LYS SER ASN THR Protein Cell Transport THR PRO GLU THR PHE LYS VAL LEU PRO LYS LEU VAL LYS HIS Protein Page 18 Questions: 1. Are there amino acids left over from your original protein? YES NO If yes, which ones? 2. Were any of your original amino acids “swapped” with someone else in your group? Give specific evidence. 3. Fill out the following data table. It takes 10 kcal to form a peptide bond in the new protein. Data Table 2 Protein (new) Number of Bonds Formed Amount of energy used (kcal) muscle collagen fur cell transport Total: 4. Comparing your total amount of energy released and energy used (from #1 and #2), provide evidence to support that there was a net gain in energy (kcal). 5. Comparing your total number of bonds broken and number of bonds formed (from #1 and #2), provide evidence to support that there was a net gain in energy with respect to bonds. Page 19 Elephant Digestion The elephant’s diet consists of plant material which is high in cellulose. Collagen is a protein found in skin. Skin cells can be replaced every 2 weeks. The elephant needs collagen to replace and/or repair these skin cells. As a group, complete the following: 1. Record in Data Table 3 on the next page the number of each element in glutamine, glycine, lysine, and proline which are 4 amino acids in collagen. Data Table 3 Total Amino Acid Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen atoms: Glutamine: C5H10N2O3 = Glycine: C2H5NO2 = Lysine: C6H14N2O2 = Proline: C5H9NO2 = Totals: = 2. Analyze the cellulose molecule model (see the “Cellulose Molecule Model” sheet). Step 1 illustrates the elephant eating plant material and then magnifies it at the molecular level. a. What element is missing from the cellulose molecule which is needed to make collagen? b. What overall process is occurring from step 1 to step 5? c. What happens between step 2 and step 3? d. What is released between step 2 and step 3 when bonds are broken? e. Between step 4 and step 5, there are now individual elements. What happened? f. Fill out Data Table 4 with the number of bonds broken and calculate the amount of energy released. Data Table 4 Number of Bonds Broken Amount of Energy Released (kcal) Steps (in section of cellulose shown) (# of bonds broken x 10 kcal) Between 2 and 3 Between 3 and 4 Between 4 and 5 102 Totals: Page 20 Conclusion Questions: 1. Comparing the total amount of energy released from the lion digestion of proteins in beef (Data Table 1) and the elephant digestion of cellulose in grass (Data Table 4), provide evidence to support which species has a larger net gain from their digested food. 2. Comparing the total number of bonds broken and number of bonds formed when a lion digests beef and makes new proteins (Data Tables 1 and 2), make a prediction using evidence to support that there was a greater net gain in energy in the elephant. 3. Since a complete cellulose molecule is 100 times longer than pictured in Step 2, how many total bonds would be broken through digestion? 4. If it takes a student 5 minutes to “cut up or digest” the small portion of cellulose, how long would it take to digest the entire cellulose molecule that is 100 times longer? 5. Explain the relationship between digestion time and the length of the elephant’s small intestine. 6. What would be done with the atoms that have been isolated through digestion (Step 5)? 7. What was the missing element (from Step 5) needed to make proteins like collagen? 8. Since the elephant’s diet consists of plant material only, where would the elephant get the missing element needed to make collagen (or any protein)? Move on to the cycle diagram. Page 21  NITROGEN CYCLE DIAGRAM Conclusion Questions 1. After analyzing the above diagram, what organisms are able to turn unusable nitrogen into a form usable for plants? Highlight in the diagram. 2. When an organism excretes waste, can a plant directly use it as fertilizer (nitrogen source)? Why or why not? 3. What happens in a symbiotic relationship that is defined as mutualistic? Do some investigation into the relationship. 4. What are the mutualistic relationships found in the above diagram? Put a box around this example. Explain. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 22 5. In Minnesota, the two most common crops grown are corn and soybeans. Corn is a crop that depletes the soil of nitrogen. Soybeans are a crop that have symbiotic bacteria living on their roots. How do farmers use the information stated above when they plan out their crops from one year to the next? 6. How does nitrogen get into the food web? 7. How does an elephant get its source of nitrogen to form its DNA or proteins (like collagen)? 8. How does a lion get its source of nitrogen to form its DNA or proteins? 9. Draw the lion into the Nitrogen Cycle Diagram on the previous page. Be sure to draw appropriate arrows! 10. Complete the following Explanation Tool (), taking note of the Claim already provided. Page 23 Hunting the Elements Video Elements of Life at Minute 58 1. What did they buy at the store to make a 180lb man? 2. What 6 elements are the elements of life? 3. Why is carbon so willing to form long chains with other atoms? 4. What are some properties of phosphorus? a. What is that role in the body? 5. Give an example of a trace element and why your body needs it. 6. What do electrolytes give us? 7. What did they find in his testing? Page 24