Motivation & Emotion AUDIO.pptx PDF

Motivation and Emotion Ch. 11 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 1 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Love involves motivation and emotion What happens in the brain when people are in love?...

Motivation and Emotion Ch. 11 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 1 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Love involves motivation and emotion What happens in the brain when people are in love? 2 Learning Objectives Summarize the Review the five factors that affect major theories of our levels of motivation. hunger and our eating behaviour. Describe factors that influence our Define emotion psychological and discuss motivations for components, affiliation and measurement and achievement. function. Discuss factors that influence personal happiness. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 3 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Definition Motivation - an internal state or condition that directs behaviour Motivation is goal directed Motivation varies in strength and duration Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 4 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Theories of motivation Instinct Drive Incentiv Hierarc Arousal theory reducti e hy of theory on theory needs Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 5 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Instinct Theory People are motivated by their biological (innate) instincts Instincts - inborn behavioural tendencies, activated by stimuli in our environments Examples: newborn reflexes, maternal protection, social interaction Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 6 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Drive Reduction Theory A physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates us to reduce that need Restores balance or equilibrium - homeostasis Pushed by biological, inborn needs Pulled by incentives in environment Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 7 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Arousal Theory We are motivated to pursue an optimum level of stimulation (arousal). Some motivated behaviours decrease arousal Some motivated behaviours increase arousal, e.g., https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video? fr=mcafee&ei=UTF- 8&p=wingsuit+flying+video&type=E211US105G 91369#id=1&vid=bc21a6a524b077977952a205 dc0691c5&action=click Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 8 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Incentive theory Intrinsic motivation We are motivated by internal factors and engaging in a behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it Extrinsic motivation We are motivated by external factors that are not related to the task –incentives. Does intrinsic or extrinsic motivation work best? Why? Intrinsic motivation is better because people will try harder and for a longer period of time. If you are only motivated for the reward and someone takes the reward away, then you will no longer try hard. Teachers and professors see this in operation in the question “will it be on the test?” Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 9 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Incentives Primary incentives - rewards or punishments that are innate Secondary incentives - cues that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events Example: Poker and Money Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 10 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Reward pathways in the brain Brain regions associated with dopamine release are activated during a pleasurable experience and direct future behaviour. Dopamine pathway: ventral tegmental area  nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 11 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Multiple Motivations: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Deficit Needs Growth Needs Physiological needs Self-actualization needs Needs relating to physical The need to become all that one is survival (food, water, sex) capable of becoming. Safety needs The need to feel safe and secure Love and belonging needs The need to have close relationships with others Esteem needs The need to feel good about oneself Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 12 Biological Motivations: Hunger Cues to eat: Empty stomach and low blood-glucose may stimulate the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to motivate us to eat While at the same time, inhibiting satiety signals from the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus (VMH) Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 13 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  14 The dual-center theory of motivation Activity in one area serves to inhibit the area that serves the opposite function. When the VMH is active, it inhibits the LH, and vice versa. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Cues to stop eating Stretch receptors are activated and blood-glucose reaches a certain level, along with high levels of leptin, making the VMH become active and inhibit the LH. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 15 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus The larger rat had its ventromedial hypothalamus destroyed Prader-Willi Syndrome causes unstoppable appetite. It is transmitted through an abnormality on chromosome 15 and is believed to be related to hypothalamus dysfunction. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 16 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Individual Differences in Hunger and Eating Body weight set point - a weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating. Learning, taste preferences, and social factors can override set point controls. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 17 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Cultural factors in Hunger and Eating Cultural and social influences: Highly palatable, high caloric food is more readily available now than at any time in history. We evolved to *not* withstand the level of temptation to which we are currently exposed. People eat considerably more when in a social setting, e.g., business meeting, family gathering. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 18 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. What Causes Obesity? Culture of beauty and restricted eating– years of excessive restriction leads to a slowed metabolism and increased weight Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall 19 © 2022. All rights reserved. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits Exposure When, as well as what Food-related cues Appearance, odor, effort required Stress Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 20 What Causes Obesity? Genetics – there are numerous genes associated with obesity 1. Having a high number of fat cells that demand to be filled; this triggers hunger 2. Reduced metabolic rate 3. Insulin resistance interferes with fat cell burning and it causes an increase in hunger, thereby causing an increased number of fat cells – this is a vicious cycle. 4. Abnormal genes such as with leptin, making the person feel hungrier than others; lower levels of leptin receptor sites. 5. Decreased diversity in the gut biome 21 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Weight Loss Considering the complex factors associated with hunger and eating: What are some of the reasons that individuals have difficulty losing weight? What are some of the reasons people in general have difficulty sustaining weight loss? Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 22 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Eating Disorders Anorexia Preoccupation with being or becoming fat Distorted body image of being overweight Dangerous and extreme weight loss May result in death (10%) 90% are females 1% of adolescent & young females Weight is less than 85% of normal minimum weight Restricting and binging-purging type 10% of anorexics are male Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 23 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Treatment of anorexia Cognitive-behavioural therapy designed for eating disorder Work on the development of a healthy body image Hospitalization in severe cases Family therapy Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 24 Bulimia Eat excessive amounts of food in a short period of time; go on binges. Purge by one or more of the following methods - induction of vomiting, the use of laxatives, and excessive exercise. May result in medical and dental problems Secretive and ashamed about binge and purge behaviour Most do not appear to be underweight More common in females than in males 1 out of 100 young women in Canada Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 25 Bulimia Associated with anxiety and depression Associated with obsessive- compulsiveness Often accompanied by self- harming behaviours Treatment Family therapy Cognitive behavioural therapy Develop healthier views of self and of eating Antidepressant medication Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 26  27 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Different regions are activated during the different phases: Sex and Excitement phase the Brain of 2) (1 Activation of the hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ventral tegmental area. Orgasm phase Activation of the 28 cerebellum, ventral tegmental area. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Sex and the Brain (2 of 2) Mirror neuron system may be responsible for feelings of arousal when people view pictures or videos of sexual activities. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 29 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Gender Differences in Sexuality Research in the field of evolutionary psychology indicates that gender differences in sexuality have evolved to maximize the odds of reproduction and survival of offspring. Men desire mates that increase the odds of reproductive success. Women desire mates who are able to provide for and protect children. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 30 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Psychological Motivations: Positive aspects of affiliation (1 of 2) From birth we seek connections to others Relationships increase self- esteem People with social connections experience less depression People in healthy relationships live longer 31  Negative consequences of affiliation 32 People stay in abusive relationships and join gangs in effort to belong. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Abuse can be emotional as well as physical or sexual. People who grow up in abusive families may be especially at risk of tolerating abusive behaviour from others. Some people are so afraid of being alone that they will tolerate abuse. The anterior cingulate cortex is activated by social rejection Self- Competence, relatedness, and autonomy (self-determination) give determina meaning to life and are instinctive. You can be intrinsically motivated to tion learn new things or extrinsically theory – motivated by incentives. Extrinsic motivation is often associated Edward with competition. Deci and Too much value on rewards creates Richard increased suffering upon failure. Ryan Self-determination theory focuses on intrinsic motivation. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 33 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Achievement: Delaying Gratification Need to learn to work toward long- term goals. Requires delay of gratification and impulse control. Prefrontal cortex is necessary to comprehend and develop long-term goals – fully developed by age 25. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 34 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Achievement and Collectivist Cultures The focus in collectivist cultures is on relationships and on group success rather than individual achievement. 35 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Physical exercise and the brain Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 36 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Physical exercise and the 37 brain Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Why exercise elevates your mood Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 38 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Emotion An intrapersonal state in response to an internal or external event. Three components of emotion: Physiological - Bodily arousal: o Heart rate, temperature, and breathing changes. Cognitive - Subjective appraisal and interpretation of one’s feelings and environment Behavioural - Physical expression of the emotion: o Verbal or non-verbal emotional expressions. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 39 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Physiological Changes and Emotion Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 40 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Ways to Psychophysiolo Measure gical reactions Emotions (Lie Detectors) – Face Polygraph electromyography s Heart rate Skin conductance Startle reflex Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 41 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Functions of Emotions Cognitive functions Emotions help organize and retrieve memories. Guide judgments and help us make decisions. Behavioural functions Emotions alter behaviours. Action tendencies—emotions are associated with predictable patterns of behaviour. Social functions Emotions both help and inhibit relationships. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 42 Theories of Emotion Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 43 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Schacter & Singer’s Two-Factor theory of emotion 1962 study (would probably not pass an ethics review now due to the medical risk and high level of deception). Subjects were given an injection of epinephrin, which would trigger feelings that go along with a strong sympathetic nervous system reaction. Some were told about the physiological effects, and some were told that there would not be effects. Next a confederate acted silly and euphoric and threw a paper airplane. Those in the correctly informed group attributed their feelings to the injection, and those who were misinformed of the effects attributed their physiological arousal to being happy like the confederate. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. 44 All rights reserved.  Other Theories of Emotion Cognitive-mediational theory – Lazarus cognitive appraisal affects not only how we interpret physical arousal, but also the level of arousal Cognitive appraisal is a cognitive mediator between environmental stimuli and our reaction to those stimuli Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 45 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. This video explains the four theories of emotion described above Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 46 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Other Theories of Emotion Facial-feedback theory - facial expressions both express emotions and intensify physiological response to emotions Facial efference—sensory feedback from facial muscular activity Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 47 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Duchenne Smile Which is the real smile? Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. 48  Survival Function of Emotions Evolutionary theory—emotions are innate, passed through generations because they are necessary for survival Basic emotions—innate and present regardless of culture Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 49 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  50 Survival Function of Emotions Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.  Brain involvement in emotions Amygdala Conditioning and recognizing fear. Cerebral cortex Both positive and negative emotions. Prefrontal cortex Involved in coordinating emotional responses, an 51 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada,emotional nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Ltd a guide.  Positive psychology is the study and enrichment of: Positive feelings - happiness, optimism Positive traits - wisdom, motivation Positive abilities - social skills Virtues - altruism, tolerance Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 52 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Positive Emotions Interesting findings: Happy people tend to stay happy, even with life’s ups and downs Unhappy people tend to find little long-term happiness in positive events There seems to be a set-point for happiness. Be sure to pay extra attention to slide 55 if your set-point seems to be low. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd a 53 nd Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Happy people tend to be: Optimistic, outgoing, curious, and tender- minded. Individuals with high self-esteem, spiritual, goal directed, have a sense of control over their lives. Longitudinal study Highly optimistic people had a 55 % reduced risk of premature death and a 23% reduced risk of heart problems. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Lt 54 d and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Happiness is a side effect of living a meaningful life 1. Help others 2. Monitor one's wealth-seeking 3. Seek spiritual or awe-inspiring experiences in life 4. Keep lists or journals of your accomplishments 5. At the end of each day list three things for which you are grateful. 6. Minimize time on social media. 7. Avoid television 8. Set long-term goals and move on quickly after any short-term failures 9. Recognize that many people have tendencies to be relatively unhappy, due to a combination of biology, early experiences, thoughts and abilities, and current situations. Avoid shaming yourself for this and continue working to live a meaningful life. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Lt 55 d and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Copyright Notice Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. All clipart courtesy of Microsoft.com Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd 56 and Kathy Foxall © 2022. All rights reserved.