Introduction to Psychology - Motivation PDF

Introduction to Psychology  Motivation  Outline   Motivation Definition of concepts:  Drive  Needs  Motives Theories of Motivation  Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs  Drive theory  James- Lange  Cannon- Bard  Cognitive Appraisal theories...

Introduction to Psychology  Motivation  Outline   Motivation Definition of concepts:  Drive  Needs  Motives Theories of Motivation  Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs  Drive theory  James- Lange  Cannon- Bard  Cognitive Appraisal theories of emotion  Motivation   Motivation is literally the desire to do things.  The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do  It's the difference between waking up before dawn to pound the pavement and lazing around the house all day.  It's the crucial element in setting and attaining goals—and research shows you can influence your own levels of motivation and self-control.  What is Motivation?   Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal. It is what either starts or stops behavior. It is the internal and external forces that drive our thoughts, moods, and behaviors.  Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation  Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation  Motivations based  Motivation that on internal factors involves external such as organismic incentives such as needs (competence, rewards and relatedness, and punishments autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge and fun  Evolutionary Approach   Instinct: is an innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavioral that is assumed to be universal throughout a species  According to evolutionary psychologists, the motivations for sex, aggression, achievement, and other behaviors are rooted in our evolutionary past, and we can understand similarities among members of the human species through these shared evolutionary roots  Drive Reduction Theory   Drive: an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need  Needs: a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation  Drive reduction theory: explains that as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it.  The goal of drive reduction is homeostasis (the body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium or steady state)  Most psychologists conclude that this theory does not provide a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation because people often behave in ways that increase rather than reduce a drive.  Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs   Abraham Maslow believed that people strive for a positive view of the self to realize their own potentials fully.  Believed these needs were innate but without a supportive, nurturing environment, this essential striving for full potential could not take place.  In other words, he believed we all strive to work at our fullest potential. We all want to become “self actualized” that is reaching and using our full potential in our vocational and personal life.  Self Actualization: the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being- the highest and most elusive of Maslow’s proposed needs  Abraham Maslow   He believed a person must satisfy the needs at the lower levels before moving on to tackle the ones at the top.  For example, if you don’t have enough to eat, or scared you may lose your house, you probably won’t strive as much for personal accomplishment.  This is very difficult to test. Also some of the most creative people have lived in poverty. Edgar Allen Poe for example  Goal Setting Theory Approach & Avoidance  Goals  Goal Setting Theory of Motivation. In 1960's, Edwin Locke put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation.  This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance.  It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.  Primary Drives & their Physiological  Bases  Part of the power in life is tied to physiological needs  We experience strong motivational forces.  Some include;  Hunger motivation  Sexual  Aggression  Achievement  Primary Drives & their Physiological  Bases Biology of Hunger: Gastric Biology of Hunger: Signals Blood Chemistry  Cannon& Washburn (1912)  3 key chemical conducted an experiment substances play a role that revealed a close in hunger, eating & association between satiety (the state of stomach contractions & hunger feeling full);   Glucose (blood sugar) The stomach tells the brain tells the brain not only how  Insulin (glucose control) full it is but also how much  Leptin (decreases food nutrient is present, which is intake & increases why rich foods stops hunger metabolism) faster than the same amount of water  Emotions  Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace)  Biological factors in Emotion: Arousal  Recall that the autonomic sympathetic system (ANS) takes messages to and from the body’s internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate and digestion  The ANS is divided into the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) & the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)  SNS is responsible for arousal  PNS calms the body  Emotions such as anger & fear are associated with elevated SNS activity as exemplified in heightened blood pressure & heart rate  States of happiness and contentment also activate the SNS to a lesser extent  Biological factors in Emotion: measuring  Arousal  Because arousal includes  how accurate is it? a physiological response,  Although it measures the researchers have been intrigued by how to degree of arousal to a measure it accurately series of questions, no  Polygraph/ Lie one has found a unique detector: a machine physiological response to that monitors changes telling lies in the body, used to  Heart rate and heavy try to determine breathing can increase whether someone is for reasons other than lying lying Polygraph (measuring arousal)   James- Lange Theory (1922)  Main Assumption: the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment  Emotions occurs AFTER physiological reactions  Each emotion- from anger to rapture, has a distinct set of physiological changes, evident in changes in heart rate, breathing patterns, sweating, and other responses  He further proposes that after the initial perception, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one’s own physiological changes Cannon- Bard Theory (1927)   Main assumption: the proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously  He argued that different emotions could not be associated with specific physiological changes because ANS responses are too diffuse and slow to account for rapid differentiated emotional responses 1. It stimulates your ANS to produce the physiological changes involved in emotion (increased heart rate, rapid breathing) 2. It sends messages to your cerebral cortex, where the experience of emotion is perceived  Two- Factor Theory of Emotion   Main Assumption: emotion is determined by 2factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labelling  Developed by Schachter & Singer (1962)  They argue that we look to the external world for an explanation of why we are aroused  We interpret external cues and label the emotion  For example, if you feel good after someone compliments you, you might label the emotion as ‘happy’  Sociocultural Factors of Emotions   Facial expressions  Gestures  Gender influences  Culture  https://courses.lum enlearning.com/bo undless-psycholog y/chapter/influenc e-of-culture-on-em otion / Emotional Expression in Computer  Communications  Recently psychologists have become interested in examining of emotion in computer- mediated communications, including e-mails, blogs and instant messages  Emoticons allows us to compensate for the loss of information from other expressive channels such as vocal tone and facial expressions  Emoticons reveal a potentially unique aspect of computer-mediated communication  It certainly demonstrate how crucial emotions are to our communications Factors in Self- Motivation   Self-motivation is complex. It's linked to your level of initiative in setting challenging goals for yourself; your belief that you have the skills and abilities needed to achieve those goals; and your expectation that if you put in enough hard work, you will succeed (or at least be in the running, if it's a competitive situation).  Four factors are necessary to build the strongest levels of self-motivation: 1. Self-confidence and self-efficacy. 2. Positive thinking, and positive thinking about the future. 3. Focus and strong goals. 4. A motivating environment.