Module 4 Masonry - De La Salle University-Dasmarinas Civil Engineering

**DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS** **College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology** **Depart of Engineering** **Civil Engineering Program** **CEET 314: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING** FIRST SEM SY 2024-2025 **[M O D U L E 4]** MASONRY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_...

**DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS** **College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology** **Depart of Engineering** **Civil Engineering Program** **CEET 314: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING** FIRST SEM SY 2024-2025 **[M O D U L E 4]** MASONRY \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Coverage:** 1. MASONRY 1. Masonry units 1. Concrete masonry units 2. Types and grades of masonry units 3. Properties of masonry units 2. Mortar, Grout, and Plaster 3. Masonry construction 4. Types of bonds and types of joints 5. Control joints and expansion joints............................................................................................................ **[Gospel Devotion]** ***Jeremiah 33:3*** ***^3 ^Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and show thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not.*** ***-We do not always see what God is doing behind the scenes. Yet, He invites us to call unto Him and trust Him anyway. He promises to show us great and mighty things.*** *-The great and mighty things are His healing, bringing peace and truth, rebuilding, restoring, and showing mercy* ***................................................................................................*** **[Objectives:]** Describe modern masonry materials and techniques Recognize the basic safety precautions when working with masonry materials. Explain how to mix mortar and lay masonry units. Describe the skills, attitudes, and abilities needed to be a successful mason................................................................................................. 1. **[MASONRY]** Introduction to Masonry Construction of masonry walls W1 and W2. \| Download Scientific Diagram 1. **[Masonry Units]** ** Masonry** is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by [mortar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)); the term *masonry* can also refer to the units themselves. Masonry units covered by most standards include those made from normal and lightweight concretes, calcium silicate, natural stone, and fired clay. Concrete masonry units are commonly rectangular prisms and specialized shapes manufactured from pressed, cast, or extruded aggregate concrete. They can be manufactured for virtually any architectural or structural function. **[1.1.2 Types and grades of masonry units]** The common materials of masonry construction are [brick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick), building [stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)) such as [marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble), [granite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite), and [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone), [cast stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_stone), [concrete block](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_block), [glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass) block, and [adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe). Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.  Pixabayの無料画像 - 石, 壁, 鉱石, テクスチャ, 構造, パターン, 規制 \| Brick and stone, Stone wall, Rock wall  Brick building stone marble granite limestone  Concrete Block Types - Concrete Block & Block Making Machine  cast stone glass block adobe stone **[Concrete Masonry Units]** A concrete **masonry unit** (CMU) is a standard size rectangular **block** used in building construction. In non-technical usage, the terms cinder **block** and breeze **block** are often generalized to cover all of these varieties. **Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:**  Concrete Block Corner Stock Photo - Download Image Now - iStock  **Stretcher block corner block pillar block**  **lintel block frogged block** **\**Frogged brick block*** *contains a frog on its top along with header and stretcher like frogged brick. This frog will helps the block to hold mortar and to develop the strong bond.*  Decorative CHB Bull nose block is similar Corner block ** Concrete Hollow Block** A concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction of walls. It is sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete block is one of several precast concrete products used in construction. The term precast refers to the fact that the blocks are formed and hardened before they are brought to the job site. Most concrete blocks have one or more hollow cavities, and their sides may be cast smooth or with a design. ** Hollow Block Composition** - Volcanic ash. - Granite rubble. - Sand. - Broken glass, brick, concrete, hardened cement. - Expanded **clay**. - River gravel or crushed stone. - Sawdust. - Some combustion products: boiler slag, ash.  *Source: Humanitarian Shelter Working Group* ** CHB Laying = Masonry** In the Philippines, the Concrete Hollow Block is the common masonry. Masonry is the term for building structures by laying individual units (brick, stone, concrete block) and binding them (by cement mortar and rebar). ** Advantages and Disadvantages:** -Strong and durable -Fire-resistant and Non-combustible -Weather Resistant -Cheap -Availability. Materials are available anywhere in the Philippines **Disadvantages:** -Appearance -Water absorption -Complex installation process -Labor intensive  **Good Tips & Common Mistakes:** -Whenever possible, get supply from a single manufacturer of CHB. Basing from experience, there are size differences per manufacturer. -Beware of suppliers that deliver under-aged CHBs. Under-aged CHBs lack strength and will easily crack and crumble. **[1.1.3 Properties of Masonry Units]** **Properties of Masonry Walls** ** Strength and Stability** The strength of the masonry wall can be tested through its ability to resist stressed within the weight applied on its loads, inclusing soil, earthquake and wind. The stability of the masonry wall lies on its resistance to overturning by lateral forces of wind and soil. The strength and stability will depend on the following: *The strength of the units used to build, bonding of the units, the binding together of those units, reinforcement and support of the walling over openings.* ** Weather Resistance** Walls constructed can resist both rain and wind penetration. ** Fire Resistance** The materials being used in construction of masonry building has a great structure of being a fire resistant. They are very common on domestic walls. The fire resistant grading is determined by the following criteria: *structural adequacy, integrity and insulation.* **[1.2Mortar, Grout, and Plaster]** **[Mortar]** **Mortar** is a plastic mixture of water and binding materials used to join concrete blocks, bricks or other masonry units. It is desirable for mortar to hold moisture, be plastic enough to stick to the trowel and the blocks or bricks and finally to develop adequate strength without cracking. Mortar need not be stronger than the units it joins. In fact cracks are more likely to appear in the blocks or bricks if the mortar is excessively strong. ** What is the ratio of mortar?** For a standard **mortar** mix this normally on a **ratio** basis (usually around 3 or 4 parts building sand to 1-part cement) recommendations vary. Don't make the mixture to be too wet or too dry. **[Grout]** **Grout and mortar** are not the same. **Grout is** used to fill the gaps **between** tiles, and **mortar is** the adhesive that attaches tiles to the floors and walls. **Mortar is** made from a mix of water, cement, and fine sand, it will be completely covered once all tiles are installed.  Grout mortar **[Plaster]** Plaster is a thin layer of **mortar** applied over the masonry surface and it acts as a damp-proof coat over the brick masonry work. Plastering also provides a finished surface over the masonry that is firm and smooth hence it enhances the appearance of the building. * * Plastering a wall Recommended Cement Mortar ratio for Plastering **Mix Ratio of Mortar** **General Usage Recommended** ------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1:4** For External Plaster and for ceiling plaster 1:5 Brickwork Mortar and for Internal plaster (If sand is not fine Fineness Modulas \> 3) **1:6** For Internal Plaster (if fine sand is available) **[1.3Masonry Construction]** ***Masonry*** consists of ***building*** structures by laying individual ***masonry*** units (brick, concrete block, stone, etc). Normally the ***masonry*** units are laid with cement mortar, which binds them together to create a ***structure***. ***Masonry construction*** can provide beautiful walls and floors at economical prices. **[1.3.1Types of bonds and types of joints]** **Concrete Masonry Bond Patterns** Varying the bond or joint pattern of a concrete masonry wall can create a wide variety of interesting and attractive appearances using standard units as well as sculptured-face and other architectural units. Because concrete masonry is often used as the finished wall surface, the use of bond patterns other than the traditional running bond has steadily increased for both loadbearing and nonloadbearing wall. ***Different Concrete Masonry Patterns*** ** Running bond in masonry construction** In masonry construction whether it be vertical, or horizontal, the running bond is the pattern and sequence of installation for a CMU ( concrete masonry unit ), brick, stone, etc., in a running fashion with each course, either 1/3 , 1/2 or 1/4 further than the adjacent course.  The Basic Brick Patterns for Patios and Paths  Wall tiles CHB wall The running bond is the most common type of [[brick]](https://www.doityourself.com/stry/brick-wall-repair-how-to-repair-cracked-bricks) or CHB pattern, one seen in walls and buildings all over the globe. It's simple and straightforward even if it isn't fancy. Structurally it offers plenty of strength to the wall. Since the courses alternate, with centers alternating from course to course, the pressure works down to offer stability. **[Stacked bond pattern]** S**tack bond** typically refers to masonry constructed such that the head joints are vertically aligned. In some Code stack **bond** can be laid also such that the head joints in successive courses are horizontally offset less than one quarter the unit length.  **CHB wall** In a stack bond the bricks or CHB are literally stacked on top of each other and [[held by mortar]](https://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-make-brick-mortar). If a stand bond wall is going to stand it will need to be secured to a metal plate at the back or be supported in some other way.  **[1.3.2 Control joints and expansion joints]** What is their **purpose**, and how are they formed? **Control joints** are typically used in concrete **masonry** to reduce the occurrence of shrinkage-related cracking. A **control joint** is a continuous vertical **joint** filled with mortar, but with a bond breaker on one side so that tensile stress cannot develop across the **joint**.  ***Source: Masonry detailing series*** ** Masonry Expansion Joints** An **expansion joint** separates **brick masonry** into segments to prevent cracking caused by changes in temperature, moisture **expansion**, elastic deformation, settlement and creep. **Expansion joints** may be horizontal or vertical. Zero ***Expansion joint material*** **[ CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS]** Concrete hollow block is popularly known as CHB. It is classified as load and non-load bearing blocks. Load baring blocks are those with thickness ranges from 15 to 20 cm and are used to carry load aside from its weight. Non-load bearing blocks are intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its own weight with thickness ranges from 7 to 10 cm. The standard hollow blocks have three cells and half cells at both ends having a total of four. \*In this study we want to know the quantity of materials needed for a certain masonry work made of CHB generally comprises the following items: 1\. CHB 2\. Cement and sand for block laying 3\. Cement, sand and gravel filler for the hollow block core or cell 4\. Cement and sand for plastering 5\. Cement, sand and gravel for foundation or footing 6\. Reinforcing steel bars and 7\. Tie wires Problem: A concrete hollow block wall has a general dimension of 4.00 m high by 5.0 m long. Determine the number of a) CHB, b) cement, c) sand required to construct the wall. Use 15cm x 20cm x 40cm standard CHB. Use class "A" mixture **Solution:** a. Number of CHB Note: There are 12.5 pcs of CHB that can occupy a 1 square meter, we can also use 13 pcs. In this problem use 12.5 pcs/sq m b. Quantity of cement **Size of CHB (cm)** **Pcs of CHB/sqm** **Bag of cement Mixture** **Sand** ---------------------- -------------------- --------------------------- ------------- ------------- ---------- **Class A** **Class B** **Class C** **Cu m** ** ** ** **         10 x 20 x 40 12.5 0.792 0.522 0.394 0.0435 15 x 20 x 40 12.5 1.526 1.018 0.763 0.0844 20 x 20 x 40 12.5 2.260 1.500 1.125 0.125 Quantity of cement and sand for CHB Mortar per square meter Using Class A Mixture for 15cm x 20cm x 40cm standard CHB For Cement: 20 x 1.528 = 30.52 bags For sand : 20 x 0.0844 = 1.688 cu m **[Problem]** Using the same data of the above problem determine the cement and sand necessary to plaster the two sides of the 4 x 5 m wall. Use class B mixture and 12mm thickness of plaster. Solution: Find the area of the two sides, Area = 4 x 5 x 2 sides = 40 sq m Refer to table below: Quantity of cement and sand for plaster   Cement in Bags --------------- ---------------------- ----------- ----------- Mixture Class Thickness of Plaster   8mm 12mm 16mm         A 0.144 0.216 0.288 B 0.096 0.144 0.192 C 0.072 0.108 0.144 **Sand** **0.008** **0.012** **0.016** For cement: Get the value of cement under Class B and 12mm thickness Cement = 40 x 0.144 = 5.76 bags For sand: Get the value of sand under 12mm thikness Sand = 40 x 0.012 = 0.48 cu m Note: 1bag cement = 40 kgs Specific gravity = 3.10 **1 bag of cement = 0. 0129 cu mter** **....................................................................................................** **ttps://ncma.org/resource/concrete-masonry-bond-patterns**  [[http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Concrete-Block.html\#ixzz6d6OaM5VT]](http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Concrete-Block.html#ixzz6d6OaM5VT)M\$CMTNEW