Module 3 Quixco - Immune System PDF

- **WBC and cells in immunity** - **[Neutrophils]:** the most abundant immune cells. They are first responders to bacterial infections and are the first responders to bacterial infection and are involved in phagocytosis. They contain various enzymes in their granules...

- **WBC and cells in immunity** - **[Neutrophils]:** the most abundant immune cells. They are first responders to bacterial infections and are the first responders to bacterial infection and are involved in phagocytosis. They contain various enzymes in their granules found in blood. - **[Lymphocytes]:** includes t cells, B cells, and natural killer cells - Monocytes circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages in tissues they perform phagocytosis. - **[eosinophils]:** have granules containing enzymes active against parasites and bacterial infections and involved in allergic reactions - **[mast cells]:** reside in connective tissues and mucous membranes. Role in wound healing and microbial defense involved in serious allergic reactions have granules containing histamine and heparin. Help link innate and adaptive immunity to fight against pathogens - **1^st^ line of defense, second line of defense, third line of defense** - **[Humoral Immunity:]** - B-cells are found in the lymphoid progenitor cells- lymph tissue - Function to produce antibodies- present antigens via MCH class I and II to T cells for destruction - Antibody-mediated immune response where B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens - **[Cell-mediated immunity: ]** - An immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes and release of various cytokines in response to an antigen - **[First line of defense:]** - [Physical and mechanical:] - Secretions: mucus, vaginal, sweat, blood - Excretory: emesis, coughing, bowel movement - Barrier - [Biochemical:] - Microbiome and skin: natural flora - Substances secreted: sweat, saliva, tears, sputum, earwax, blood - Sebaceous glands: oil from skin, lactic acid, fatty acid - Catheicidens and defensins: substances on the skin that disrupt the bacteria cell membrane - [Other]: nonspecific barrier prevents things from coming in - **[Second line of defense:]** - An inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection - **[The third line of defense]**: - A type of immunity that develops when the body's immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism such as a virus or bacteria - **[Passive immunity]:** an individual does not produce his or her antibodies but instead receives them directly from another source, such as a mother to an infant through breast milk - [Types of healing: primary intention, secondary intention] - **[Primary intention:]** - Wounds can heal by primary intention if they are clean, have edges that can be pulled together to promote healing, allow for sutures or glue, and allow the wounds to heal from the top down with minimal scarring - **[Secondary intention]:** - Wounds heal this way if they don't have edges that can be pulled together to promote healing. They heal from the bottom up and build up layers of tissue first before the \`skin heals, increasing the likelihood of scarring and infection - [Types characteristics of infections: mold, yeast, viruses, bacteria ] - **[Bacteria infections]**: can be gram-positive or gram-negative depending on how much stain. Examples are TB, pneumonia, and bubonic plague. - [Gram-positive bacteria]: has peptidoglycan in their cell way - **[Mold infection]s**, such as ringworm and athlete's foot, are transmitted from person to person. They are opportunistic infections and aspergillosis. - **[Yeast infection]**: typically, opportunistic infections common with antibiotic use and in the immunocompromised example, candida albicans - **[Viral infections]:** caused by tiny organisms that may cause many diseases. Typically, opportunistic common in antibiotic use - [HIV:] The human immunodeficiency virus is incredibly difficult to treat and cure. It binds to CD4 t helper cells for cell-mediated and th2 for humoral cells, wipes out CD4 cells - [Types of hypersensitivity reactions: pathophysiology(what is disrupted) ] - The branch of the immune system affected - **[Type I hypersensitivity: anaphylactic]** - Mediated by IgE - Allergy reaction to anaphylactic reaction - The allergen antigen causes mast cells or eosinophils to "de-granulate." - It caused an immediate response 5-30 minutes later - The IgE released by B cells and the histamine released by mast cells - The recruitment of eosinophils, release of granules, and epithelial damage - A delayed response in 2-8 hours after exposure - Leukocyte infiltration, edema, mucus secretion, epithelial damage - Prostaglandin - Results in decreased bp from vasodilation, increased hr, swelling, redness, itching from the mast cell, and other inflammatory responses. Bronchospasms from bronchoconstriction and upper airway swelling - **[Type II hypersensitivity: tissue-specific reaction]** - Specific cell or tissue is the target of an immune response - There are various ways that antibodies bind to tissue in a II. The common denominator is that antibodies bind to antigens in the tissue, ending in cellular dysfunction or destruction - A severe immune response where the body antibodies attack and destroy transfused red blood cells due to a mismatch in blood types, causing rapid destruction to donor rbc - [Good pastures syndrome]: anti-GBM antibodies attack collagen within the basement membrane of cells in the kidney and lungs. - Risk factors: genetic component: familial exposure to herbicides, metallic dust drugs, cocaine, tobacco, viral infection - [Hemolytic transfusion reaction]: mismatched blood products undergo complement-mediated lysis. Antigens of donors' blood stimulate immune response in recipients. the membrane attaches complex bursts the rbc, causing cell lysis - [Myasthenia Gravis]: acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that sends nerve signals to muscle receptors. The antibodies block acetylcholine receptors to block transmissions, causing muscle weakness to worsen with activity. - **[Type III hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction: ]** - **[It affects the neuromuscular junction, where nerves send signals to muscles.]** - Antigen-antibody immune complexes form in circulation and deposit in vessel walls or extravascular tissues. Kidneys clear small complexes, and macrophages eat large complexes. Intermediate complexes are deposited in tissues, causing autoimmune disease development. - [Systemic lupus erythmatosis]: immune complexes of autoantibodies and self-antigens are deposited in tissues. Deposition stimulates an inflammatory response. - [Raynaud's Disease:] primary disease or secondary syndrome in the presence of autoimmune disease. Antibodies form complexes that cause peripheral arteries to narrow in response to cold or stress - **[Type IV hypersensitivity: cell-mediated]** - T cells are responsible for immune reaction - Cytotoxic t-cells (CD8+) directly kill healthy tissue - TH1 helper t cells (CD4+) recruit phagocytes to tissues - Delayed reaction: 1^st^ reaction is minimal, if at all there. Memory t cells are triggered at 2^nd^ reaction, so exaggerate the response - [Allergic contact dermatitis]: a delayed response to an allergen or irritant that comes into contact with skins - [Immune deficiencies ] - **[Primary Immune deficiency]** - Genetically linked inborn defects. Present early in life. Mild are unusual, and severe are rare. - [SCID]: severe combined immunodeficiency-most severe. A total lack of t-cell function with partial or total lack of B-cell function - [DiGeorge]: a t cell deficiency - [Bruton's agammaglobulinemia]: antibody deficiency - [IgA]: most common primary deficiency - **[Secondary immune deficiency]** - More common. Acquired from disease like cancer or infection and nutritional deficiencies like zinc