BISC 150 Human Health & Diseases Study Guide PDF

BISC 150 The Nature of Human Health and Diseases Midterm 2 Study Guide Stem Cells Why do cells divide? What is The Cell Theory? What is the cell division? How it occurs? Which are the different purpose for cell division? Which is the hereditary material? Basic Stru...

BISC 150 The Nature of Human Health and Diseases Midterm 2 Study Guide Stem Cells Why do cells divide? What is The Cell Theory? What is the cell division? How it occurs? Which are the different purpose for cell division? Which is the hereditary material? Basic Structure of Nucleotides and DNA What is means by base complementarity in the DNA structure? What happen to DNA prior cell division? Want is the name of the cell division? What is the cell cycle? What are the characteristics of stem cells? Which are other body cells that are not stem cells regarding their ability to divide? Embryonic vs adult stem cells Source of human stem cells Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Unipotent definition plus example Umbilical cord blood cells Somatic nuclear transfer in therapeutic cloning and in reproductive cloning What are Induced pluripotent stem cells? The Human Immune System Part I and II The Body’s Defense System What are “pathogens” and “cancer cells” Types of different pathogens Which are the Three Lines of Defense? When and how they occur? What are their specific characteristics and components (physical, chemical and cellular)? What is the process of phagocytosis? What are Natural Killer cells? Which is the main function of Interferons? Which is the main function of Complement? Which is the main function of Inflammation? Describe the different step How fever occurs? What is the Adaptive immune response? which are its characteristics and main components? Ability to distinguishing Self from Nonself What are antigens? What is the role of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) T and B lymphocytes Explain clonal selection What is the difference between effector cells and memory cells Antibody-Mediated Responses and Cell-Mediated Responses Cells involved in Adaptive immune response Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response Basic structure of on antibody Effector action of antibodies Cell mediated immunity Active and Passive Immunity Monoclonal Antibodies Problems of the Immune System Pathogen-Viruses-HIV Definition of pathogens and their different types Definition of virulence What are viruses? Basic structure of viruses- different components of a viral particle Process of viral replication Step in viral replication What is a viral envelope? Possible effect of animal virus in a cell: lytic, persistent, latent infection. Cancer-causing viruses HIV and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Which are HIV cells primary target? What are opportunistic infections? HIV structure and characteristics Replication cycle How HIV is transmitted? What are the current treatment for HIV infection and for prevention? Bacteria, protozoans, parasites, fungi, prions How bacteria are classified by shape or by the way they appear? Definition of prokaryotes Bacteria cell wall- composition What is the Gram stain? What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria? Bacterial reproduction Bacterial accessory structures How bacteria can become pathogens? How antibiotics work? What are protozoans? Example of pathogenic protozoans: Plasmodium falciparum Who transfers the pathogen? What are fungi? Differences between fungi and bacteria Type of mycosis What are parasitic worms? Examples What are prions? Examples The human microbiota and microbiome How diseases can be spread? List the mechanisms by which disease can be spread. Define epidemiology, sporadic diseases, endemic diseases, epidemic disease, and pandemic. Definition of microbiota Definition of microbiome Definition of normal microbiota vs transient Role of normal microbiota in a human body (examples given in class) Definition of symbiosis and different types How the microbiota can change? What is the Human Microbiome project? What is its aim? What is the rational of a fecal transplant? The digestive system and nutrition Which is the function of the digestive system? Components of the digestive system (organs+ accessory structures) The Gastrointestinal tract four layers Difference from mechanical and chemical digestion Structures of the Digestive system Mouth Teeth and glands structure and functions. What is the role of amylase? What is the role of Saliva? Pharynx and esophagus What is the role of mucus? Definition of peristalsis Stomach structure and function What is the role of HCl? What is pepsin/pepsinogen? Small intestine structure and function What are villi and microvilli? Digestion – _function of glands such as pancreas, liver and gallbladder Large intestine structure and function Example of Neuronal control on Digestive Activity The digestive system and nutrition part II What are the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) recommendations What are considered essential nutrients? What is a calorie? Characteristics of nutrients- Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins – _essential amino acids – _complete, incomplete and complementary proteins What are vitamins? Water soluble and lipid soluble Role of minerals and water BMR Basal metabolic rate Describe the characteristics of successful weight loss programs. Example of eating disorders: obesity, anorexia and bulimia nervosa