Immune System Chapter 18 Lecture Notes PDF

Immune System Chapter 18 Immunity Ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material Prevent further cases of infectious disease A&P Review Immune System Lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphocytes and other WBCs Chemicals that activate our cells to destroy foreign cells...

Immune System Chapter 18 Immunity Ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material Prevent further cases of infectious disease A&P Review Immune System Lymphoid organs and tissues Lymphocytes and other WBCs Chemicals that activate our cells to destroy foreign cells Lymphatic System Lymphatic vessels that return lymph to the circulatory system Lymph nodes Nodules Spleen Red bone marrow FA Davis Figure Thymus 18.1 Antigens Chemical markers that identify cells Mark our own cells as “self” (HLA) Foreign antigens will be destroyed Lymphocytes Natural killer cells Patrol and destroy foreign, mutated, or infected cells using cytolysis T cells Arise in red bone marrow, go to thymus to mature Direct attack B cells Arise and mature in red bone marrow Indirect attack Differentiate into plasma cell that release antibodies Antibodies Glycoproteins produced by plasma cells (B cells) in response to foreign antigens Also called Immunoglobulins (Ig) Antibodies are specific to one antigen Attach to antigens to label them as needed to be destroyed 5 Classes: IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE Mechanisms of Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity Effective against Effective against extracellular pathogens (bacteria, viruses) intracellular pathogens Antibody production T cell response B cells = plasma cells = antibodies Cytotoxic T cells attack Antigen-antibody complex Helper T cells assist immobilizes the antigen and labels it Memory T cells remember for destructions (macrophages or neutrophils) Complement Cascade – protein cascade to lyse cells and attract macrophages Cell Mediated FA Davis Figure 18.3 Humoral FA Davis Figure 18.4 Antibody Response First exposure – antibodies produced slowly, memory cells accumulate Second exposure – memory cells rapidly respond and produce antibodies Vaccines Can also neutralize viruses so they cannot enter a cell, and therefore cannot replicate Allergic responses – IgE antibodies bind to allergen causing release of histamine Types of Immunity Passive Active Antibodies are obtained Antibodies are produced from sources other than by the person self Memory cells after having Placental or breast milk an infection (natural) transmission (natural) Vaccines (artificial) Injection (artificial) Some are lifelong, some Ex. Hepatitis B exposure are temporary Always temporary FA Davis Figure 18.6 Assessment & Data Collection Subjective Gender, Ethnicity Allergies Surgical history Objective Head to toe assessment Enlarged lymph nodes Enlarged spleen Laboratory Tests CBC with differential Antigen-Antibody ESR combination immunoassay Antibody differentiation Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Immunoassay Antinuclear Antibody Nucleic acid test Complement (total, C3, HIV C4) Radioallergosorbent test CRP (RAST) Immunoglobulin assay CD4 IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD CD8 Diagnostic Procedures Gene testing Oral or nasal swab Map genetic disorders Biopsy Invasive tissue testing Cancers, leukemia, lymphoma, transplant rejection Skin testing Candida, tetanus, TB, or specific allergens Therapeutic Measures Allergies Identification and avoidance Epi pen and antihistamines Immunotherapy SCIT, SLIT Medications Antibiotics, antihistamines, antivirals, corticosteroids, decongestants, epinephrine, histamine blockers, hormone therapy, immunosuppressants, interferon, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers Surgical Management Splenectomy to control symptoms Monoclonal antibodies Recombinant DNA technology Replace abnormal or missing genes with normal genes, T lymphocyte gene transfer, stem cell injection