Module 3 - Phase II Site Assessments Presentation PDF

1 Posted Job Advertisements 2 3 Posted in October 2022 4 5 6 Posted October 11, 2023 7 8 9  ENVI 3138 MODULE 3 Phase II Site Assessments 10 RECAP!! Phase I Review...

1 Posted Job Advertisements 2 3 Posted in October 2022 4 5 6 Posted October 11, 2023 7 8 9  ENVI 3138 MODULE 3 Phase II Site Assessments 10 RECAP!! Phase I Review of existing information typically consisting of: Records review – multiple sources Aerial photography Site visit Interviews Reporting Phase 1 outcome?? DESKTOP EXERCISE!! Is it likely or not that I have a problem at my site? 11 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment ACTUAL Field Work Involves characterization of a site for the physical aspects and the potentially contaminated site media by most likely contaminants. Phase II involves sampling of site media Determines pathways and receptors A good assessment can outline what is where and at what levels Phase II outcome – location, concentration, phase and types – with what contaminants do I likely have a problem with at my site? CSA definition the systematic, iterative process, by which an assessor seeks to characterize and/or delineate the concentrations or quantities of substances of concern related to a site and compare those 4 levels to established criteria. 12  SAMPLE SCENARIO 1 2 4 3 13 Phase II ESA - Report Outline ❑ Executive Summary ❑ Introduction and Background ▪ Study Objectives ▪ Scope of Work ▪ Remedial Objectives ❑ Site History ❑ Previous Investigations ❑ Field Survey ▪ Approach and Rationale ▪ Test Pit Program ▪ Borehole program ▪ Soil and groundwater Investigations ▪ Analytical Program ▪ Well Survey and Bail Tests 14 Define Objectives? Find areal extent Staining Depth 45 US gallon drum Consider impacts not only at the surface, but Scenario: Remove drum and it is also depth. determined that there may have been lost Amount a total of 5 US gallons How much actually What will you do? been released to the Basement Excavate? environment? Or garage Risk Assessment? Other? 15 Phase II Report Outline (cont’d) ❑ Physical Setting ▪ Physiography & Infrastructure ▪ Geology ▪ Hydrogeology ❑ Contaminant Assessment ▪ Soil Assessments ▪ Groundwater Assessments ❑ Impact Assessment By T.C. Winter, J.W. Harvey, O.L. Franke, and W.M. Alley - Ground Water ❑ Conclusions And Surface Water A Single Resource. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139, Figure 3., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25976976 ❑ Recommendations Complexity!! 16 Phase II Report Outline (cont’d) ❑ List of Figures ▪ Location Plan ▪ Site Plan with Test Pit & Borehole Locations ▪ Hydrogeologic Cross-section A-A’ ▪ Hydrogeologic Cross-section B-B’ ▪ Groundwater Flow ▪ Areas of Soil & Groundwater Guideline Exceedance 17 Site Plan Sample 18 Phase II Report Outline (cont’d) ❑ List of Tables ▪ Summary of Analytical Program ▪ Summary of Groundwater Table Elevations & Flow Velocities ▪ Summary of TPH Hydrocarbon Results in Soil ▪ Summary of TPH Hydrocarbon Results in Groundwater ▪ Summary of Field Measurements ▪ Summary of Inorganic Analysis in Groundwater 19 Use of Phase I Information in Phase II Planning ▪ What do we have now in terms of site information ▪ Site plan ▪ Historical Site Information PHASE I ESA ▪ Possible contaminant maps ▪ Site Features ▪ Conceptual Model Findings? 20 Use of Phase I Information in Phase II Planning Develop Site Plan with an eye ❑ Sketches ❑ Photographs to creating a Phase II ❑ Site Measurements program based on the site ❑ Surveying information ❑ AutoCAD Review and Questions Note: As you are conducting a site visit in Phase I, with experience, you will be able to anticipate whether there will be required a Phase II or not. If so, you will already have started to map out a sampling and testing strategy at the site. 21 Contaminants Contaminants fall into these general categories: ❑ Microorganisms ❑ Disinfectants/disinfection By-Products ❑ Inorganic Chemicals ❑ Organic Chemicals ❑ Radionuclides 22 Top 20 Hazardous Substances from the 2007 CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances Top 20 Hazardous Substances (CERCLA, 2007) Rank Substance Name Rank Substance Name 1 ARSENIC 11 CHLOROFORM 2 LEAD 12 DDT, P,P’- 3 MERCURY 13 AROCLOR 1254 4 VINYL CHLORIDE 14 AROCLOR 1260 5 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15 DIBENZO(A,H)ANTHRACENE 6 BENZENE 16 TRICHLOROETHYLENE 7 CADMIUM 17 DIELDRIN 8 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 18 CHROMIUM, HEXAVALENT 9 BENZO(A)PYRENE 19 PHOSPHORUS, WHITE 10 BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE 20 CHLORDANE Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 23 Metals ❖Lead, Pb Naturally occurring heavy metal – above guideline a concern Persistant Bioaccumulative Can damage kidneys and reproductive system Brain/CNS toxin Children most sensitive – reduces learning ability Water pipe – low pH solubilizes Concentration increases as sits in pipe overnight Paint-Remediation: Coat or Remove Firing range – next slide for example Leaded gas spill Aside: The chemical symbol for lead is Pb, which comes from the Latin word plumbum, meaning "waterworks," referring back to ancient times when the metal was widely used in the construction of water pipes. 24 Soil Sample Location Potential pathway Potential receptors Samples determined lead in soil 25 Metals (cont’d) ❖Mercury, Hg Heavy metal Bioaccummulative CNS toxin – Minimata Disease neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Two forms: Metal - as in thermometer Methyl mercury - created in a low O2 environment Remobilized to water column moves up food chain 26 Metals (cont’d) ❖Arsenic, As Heavy metal , naturally occurring Problem above guideline Lighter than lead and mercury Bioaccumulates Poison Historically base of some medicines & cosmetics Carcinogen Found in treated wood (ACA or CCA – wolmanized) 27 Metals (cont’d) ❖Chromium Chromium(III) occurs naturally in the environment & is an essential nutrient. Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving.(Wolmanized lumber: ACA/CCA) Several studies have shown that chromium(VI) compounds can increase the risk of lung cancer 28 https://www.ersremediation.co m/post/contaminant-focus- chromium Accessed October 2, 2024 29 Organics ❖Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation, UFFI Formaldehyde – mild nasal carcinogen A type of insulation – placed in 70s No guideline May not be a concern now as… “UFFI has been prohibited from advertising, sale or importation into Canada under item 34, Part I of Schedule to the Hazardous Products Act since December 1980.” Source. 30 Organics (cont’d) ❖Tricloroethylene,TCE ❖Perchloroethylene, PCE ❖1,1,1 Trichloroethane Dry Cleaning Compound & Degreasing Solvents Groundwater contaminant thru sewerage Persistent DNAPL Carcinogens Basically sent down the drain!! 31 Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids ▪ Also referred to as Free Product ▪ Not soluble in water ▪ They are in liquid form separated from groundwater NAPL 32 Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid ❖Chemical Sinks in Water (denser than water) ❖Will sink through the groundwater aquifer until they encounter a low-permeability layer (aquitard). ❖Removal of DNAPL is very difficult due to challenges associated with: DNAPL Depth Aquifer lithology Complicated interaction with groundwater. Examples: ✓Trichloroethylene (TCE) ✓Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) ✓Pesticides 33 Click 34  Vadose Zone is that area that extends from the top of the ground surface to the water table. Aquatard means a semi-permeable (low porosity) or impermeable geologic layer that impedes vertical movement of groundwater and acts as a confining layer to an aquifer. It may include the following materials: silt, clay, till, or massive bedrock. 35 Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid ❖Has lower density than water ❖Chemical will float on top of the groundwater table ❖Because it floats on the top of the groundwater table, fluctuation of the groundwater table can cause upward or downward movement of LNAPLs, creating a “smear zone”. ❖Smear Zone – where soil pores might have residual LNAPL LNAPLs. Examples: ✓Gasoline ✓Diesel 36  The capillary fringe is the subsurface layer in which GW seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores. Pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with water due to tension saturation. 37 Polychlorinated Biphenyls ❖PCBs Organic chlorine compound Bio-Accumulative stored in fat tissue Transformer oil Low Mobility Concern that it’s a carcinogen Yusho, Japan- rice oil contaminated with PCBs caused illnesses: as a result of heating PCBs and converting to dioxins & furans IARC:Group 2A: The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. Ex. dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper, and in heat transfer fluids 38 Public Health Implications of Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Human health studies regarding PCBs: 1) reproductive function may be disrupted by exposure to PCBs; 2) neurobehavioral and developmental deficits occur in newborns and continue through school-aged children who had in utero exposure to PCBs; 3) other systemic effects (e.g., self-reported liver disease and diabetes, and effects on the thyroid and immune systems) are associated with elevated serum levels of PCBs; and 4) increased cancer risks, e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, are associated with PCB exposures. 4 39 40 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. Human carcinogen Creosote timbers Sydney Tar Ponds Anywhere in Canada where coal was used as a fuel source you will find PAHs in soil (ubiquitous) Low mobility 41 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 42 43 Wood railroad ties before and after impregnation with creosote. 44 Creosote Used since 1948 as a heavy-duty wood preservative. Obtained from high temperature distillation of coal tar. Pesticide products containing creosote as the active ingredient are used to protect wood against termites, fungi, mites and other pests that can degrade or threaten the integrity of wood products. Currently, creosote is used for commercial purposes only; it has no registered residential uses. Creosote is a restricted use pesticide that can be used in outdoor settings such as in railroad ties and utility poles. Indoor applications of creosote are prohibited as well as application to wood intended for use in interiors or for use in contact with food, feed, or drinking water. 45 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs are a class of more than 100 chemicals composed of up to six benzene rings fused together such that any two adjacent benzene rings share two carbon bonds Low mobility 46 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Three classes of PAHs in the environment: 1. Biogenic (minor) ▪ Produced by living organisms, like vegetation 2. Petrogenic ▪ Generated by geological processes NATURAL- seeps, coal outcrops ANTHROPOGENIC - Crude oil spills, fossil fuel release 3. Pyrogenic ▪ Generated by high temperature combustion of organic matter NATURAL – forest fires, prairie fires ANTHROPOGENIC - Wood stoves, car exhaust, coal tar 47 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Where Do PAHs come from?? The primary source of PAHs is from burning carbon- containing compounds. PAHs in air are produced by burning wood and fuel for homes. They are also contained in gasoline and diesel exhaust, soot, coke, and cigar and cigarette smoke. They are the by-products of open fires, waste incinerators, coal gasification, and coke oven emissions. Foods that contain small amounts of PAHs include smoked, barbecued, or charcoal-broiled foods, roasted coffees, and sausages. 48 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. Human carcinogen Creosote timbers Sydney Tar Ponds Anywhere in Canada where coal was used as a fuel source you will find PAHs in soil. Low mobility 49 Coal Tar 50 Pesticides ❖Pesticides Chlordane Octachlor and Velsicol 1068. Banned for all uses in 1988 by USEPA Man made crops & garden pesticide affects the nervous system, the digestive system, and the liver in people and animals. May cause cancer Aldrin/Dieldrin Man made, white powder Banned for all uses in 1987 by USEPA Toxin –CNS effects Not a carcinogen 12 51 52 53 Hydrocarbons ❖Petroleum Hydrocarbons Gasoline to vasoline Very mobile 54 Petroleum Hydrcarbons C2 C8-10 C12-16 C16-20 C32 Naptha Gasoline Diesel Lube Vasoline Fuel Oil Oil “Over time the volatiles will disappear and will pick up additional carbons and become different.” 55 56 Petroleum Hydrocarbons (cont’d) Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-sample analysis BTEX – benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene Benzene – light end Benzene – Human carcinogen Xylene – heavy end – sticky MTBE – methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether Added to gasoline to boost octane rating and supplies O2 to fuel Results in cleaner burning fuel 57  #s Solubility in H2O X E T B COC