GenEd Purposive Communication PDF

GenEd Jacques Axid A. Rosello, MSDC Instructor SLIDESMANIA.C SLIDESMANIA  LEARNING OUTCOMES Demonstrate understanding of the concept of English varieties in Asian contexts....

GenEd Jacques Axid A. Rosello, MSDC Instructor SLIDESMANIA.C SLIDESMANIA  LEARNING OUTCOMES Demonstrate understanding of the concept of English varieties in Asian contexts. Discuss the significance of English varieties in both oral and written contexts. Identify some grammatical, lexical, and syntactic characteristics of post-colonial English varieties in an Asian SLIDESMANIA context.  LEARNING OUTCOMES Distinguish the vocabulary of some Asian dialects of English. Demonstrate understanding of the concept of English registers in both spoken and written language. Depending on the communication situation, use the appropriate register. Show your ability to adapt to and deal with communication SLIDESMANIA breakdowns.  Varieties and Register of Spoken and Written SLIDESMANIA Language  VARIETIES OF ENGLISH SLIDESMANIA  We stand for World Englishes. We are the regionalized English varieties used or spoken in specific areas. Braj Kachru popularized the concept in the Asian context. SLIDESMANIA SLIDESMANIA  The diagram "Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes" depicts three circles: the Inner Circle, which includes member countries of ENL (English as a Native Language); the Outer Circle, which includes member countries of ESL (English as a Second Language), and the Expanding Circle, which includes member countries of EFL (English as a Foreign Language). SLIDESMANIA  The Inner Circle includes the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. The Outer Circle includes Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. SLIDESMANIA  Apart from the fact that the Outer and Expanding Circles speak ESL and EFL, respectively, they have been colonized by some Inner Circle member countries, making the varieties they speak post-colonial. SLIDESMANIA  According to Bautista and Gonzales, the structural characteristics of these new varieties differ (2006). These varieties are due to those learning or acquiring English's mother tongue or home language. SLIDESMANIA  Differences can be seen in terms of social characteristics, as there is a continuum of basilectal, mesolectal, and acrolectal varieties of English within the same speech community. SLIDESMANIA  The acrolect approaches the standard, whereas the basilect departs from it and approaches the pidgin. Mesolect, or the middle variety, falls somewhere between acrolect and basilect. SLIDESMANIA  Bautista and Gonzales define elects as variations resulting from certain types of education determined by social class but conveyed or transferred by the type of instruction provided by the school system, particularly for those from higher-income families and better-educated classes. SLIDESMANIA  Kachru and Nelson (2006) argue that these varieties of English are influenced by the local language(s) in various areas of grammar and exhibit distinct phonological, lexical, and discursive characteristics in terms of structural variation. SLIDESMANIA  Furthermore, speakers from the Outer and Expanding Circles do not change their pronunciation to distinguish between nouns and verbs in pairs, as do speakers from the Inner Circle countries. SLIDESMANIA  The Outer and Expanding Circles do not detect the initial aspiration of voiceless plosives like p, t, and k, frequently perceived as b, d, g by Inner Circle countries. Some Expanding Circle speakers, such as Japanese speakers, must properly distinguish between r and l. SLIDESMANIA  According to Pope (1976, as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006), question- answering systems differ regarding syntactic features between Inner and Outer- Expanding Circles. In terms of the lexicon, vocabulary words unique to some English varieties in Southeast Asia can be found, as shown in the examples below: SLIDESMANIA  1. Singapore English (Pakir, 1992, as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006) actsy - “show off.” missy - “nurse.” SLIDESMANIA chop - “rubber stamp.”  Marina kids - “youngsters who spend their leisure time at or around Marina Square, a shopping center.” Graduate mothers - “graduate (well- educated) married women, encouraged to have more children and accorded certain privileges in Singapore,” as compared to non-graduate mothers SLIDESMANIA  2. Philippine English (Bautista, 1997, as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006) deep - “puristic or hard to understand” as an attribute of language.” stick - “cigarette.” high blood - “tense or upset” SLIDESMANIA  blow out - “treating someone with a snack or meal.” motel - “a hotel used for premarital or extramarital affairs.” manualized - “to prepare manuals.” go ahead - “leave before others with the host’s permission.” studentry - “student body.” SLIDESMANIA  Amboy - “a Filipino perceived to be too pro- American.” promdi - “from the province.” behest loan - “unguaranteed bank loan given to presidential cronies.” pulot boy - “boy who picks up tennis balls in a game.” balikbayan box - “box where Filipinos are returning from abroad put all their shopping.” SLIDESMANIA  3.Malaysian English (Said & Ng, 2000, as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006): antilog – “a male hated by a girl.” popcorn – “a loquacious person.” kachang – “peanuts, easy” slambar – “relax.” SLIDESMANIA  red spot, open shelf – “girls who are popular and those who are not.” day bugs – “those who come to attend school but do not live in residence halls.” SLIDESMANIA  Gonzalez (1985, as cited in Bautista, 2000) identified the following lexical features in Philippine English (https://prezi.com/p/zlf-volm_yg6/le xical-features-of-philippine- english/): SLIDESMANIA  1.Preference for certain words  Always using specific words and collocations, specifically shall, could, such, wherein, of (to signal possession)  Examples: already, bottomless – refillable, C.R. – bathroom, brown out – blackout, course – major, slippers- SLIDESMANIA flip flops  2.Unusual word combinations  These are unusual words and collocations, specific terms, and word combinations that may have been originally confused with other collocations but have become fixed combinations in their own right because of frequent use. SLIDESMANIA  Examples: results to – results in fill up – fill out cope up – cope with based from – based on sick with – sick of studied under – studied with SLIDESMANIA  3. Unusual prepositional usage Including omission of a preposition in two-word verbs, the addition of prepositions to verb phrases, and local use of different prepositions in noun phrases following certain verbs or adjectives. SLIDESMANIA  Examples: it’s for free – it is free failed in – failed taking up – taking/studying remains to be – remains demand for – demand a example – for example SLIDESMANIA  In response to the question, "When does an error become a feature of Philippine English?" SLIDESMANIA  According to Gonzalez (1985), "When do these errors cease to be errors and become part of the standard? If enough educated elites in society 'commit' these errors, then the society accepts these errors as the standard." SLIDESMANIA  The preceding discussion only demonstrates how dynamic English is. These are only a few of the essential characteristics of some varieties of English that users from various cultures should pay close attention to. SLIDESMANIA  English has evolved into post-colonial varieties from the variety of English used by British, Americans, Canadians, Australians, and New Zealanders who are native speakers and should not be mistaken as errors, especially if they have become the standard in speech community had been codified. SLIDESMANIA  As the poet Gemino Abad (1997, p. 8) aptly put it: "English is ours. We have colonized it too." SLIDESMANIA  LANGUAGE REGISTERS/RE GISTERS OF ENGLISH SLIDESMANIA  The terms genre, register, and style are frequently used when discussing language variation. A register, according to David Crystal (2008), is "a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations, such as a register of scientific, religious, or formal English" SLIDESMANIA (p. 409).  "The term is viewed as specifically opposed to varieties of a language defined by user characteristics (i.e., their regional or class dialect) subclassified into the field, mode, and manner of discourse," he added (p. SLIDESMANIA 409).  It should be noted that genre and register overlap and are sometimes used interchangeably. According to Lee (2001), the genre is associated with a cultural organization, whereas the register is associated SLIDESMANIA with a situational organization.  To that end, a register is defined as a context-specific variety of language that relies on the field-mode-tenor framework. SLIDESMANIA  For example, the genre of a recipe can be analyzed in terms of the social setting and communicative purpose for which the text is produced. Tenor can be described in terms of the role/s required of the writers and readers, including the cultural values shared by both. SLIDESMANIA  The mode could be explained regarding the genre knowledge required of speakers/listeners and writers/readers, including formal text features. SLIDESMANIA  The formality of the language one speaks is then called the language register. In various situations, different registers are used. The type of lexicon or vocabulary to use and the type of structure to use can be determined by the register. SLIDESMANIA  An example is the State of the Union Address, which is considered a formal communicative situation. It is typically delivered using highly polished language read from a manuscript. SLIDESMANIA  Reading from a manuscript is permissible, as the President, the highest-ranking official in the country, must make the right decision. SLIDESMANIA  On the contrary, a priest delivering a homily speaks extemporaneously and in common parlance. This delivery style is because the audience comprises people from all walks of life. The priest should be able to communicate his spiritual message to the listeners without difficulty SLIDESMANIA on their part.  The priest should also be able to reach deep into the hearts of the listeners, causing them to live the sermons they hear. SLIDESMANIA  The formal register is also appropriate for professional writing, such as project proposals, position papers, and business letters, such as when writing to a superior or the head of a particular organization. It is colder, more objective, and more factual. SLIDESMANIA  An informal register with a more casual tone is appropriate for people with whom you have a more personal relationship, such as friends and relatives, because the speaker and listener or writer and reader have an intimate relationship; this type of writing can be emotional sometimes. SLIDESMANIA  This language is characterized by archaic expressions, technical jargon unique to the legal profession, embedded structures, nominalizations, passive voice, and long, kilometric sentences, which are not characteristics of textese or the language of texts. SLIDESMANIA  TEXTESE LANGUAGE SLIDESMANIA  In contrast, SMS or textese language features the exact opposite—using abbreviations, acronyms, slang words, and expressions because messages were previously limited to a certain number of characters/spaces, making texting much easier and faster. SLIDESMANIA  Text messaging misinterpretation and miscommunication may occur if vocabulary and context knowledge are limited. As a result, extra caution should be exercised when comprehending text messages. SLIDESMANIA ASSESSME NT SLIDESMANIA THAN K SLIDESMANIA