Module 3: Four Sites of First Mass (PDF)

R E A D I N G I N P H I L I P P I N E H I S T O R YOBJECTIVES: Determine the Four Site of First Mass Pangasinan ConnectionFOUR SITES OF THE FIRST MASS On Easter Sunday, 31st of March 1521 a small port named Mazaua hosted the first Christian mass. The two eyewitness Antonio Pigafetta (1523) and...

R E A D I N G I N P H I L I P P I N E H I S T O R YOBJECTIVES: Determine the Four Site of First Mass Pangasinan ConnectionFOUR SITES OF THE FIRST MASS On Easter Sunday, 31st of March 1521 a small port named Mazaua hosted the first Christian mass. The two eyewitness Antonio Pigafetta (1523) and Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1601) have told two identical accounts of this event. “Massawa”, a word found in 181 of the Philippine languages, is found only in Butuanon and its scion, Tausog. It means bright light and clear crystal.Some Filipino historians have long challenged the notion: Limasawa was the location of the country’s first Catholic mass. The historian Sonia Zaide identified the site of the first Christian mass in Butuan as Masao (also Mazaua). Zaide’s claim was supported by the diary of Magellan’s chronicler,Antonio Pigafetta. In 1995 Congressman Ching Plaza in Augusan Del Norte - Butuan, subsequently, submitted a bill to the Congress contesting the Butuan was the site of the first mass.To examine the issue and recommend the factual findings, the Philippine Congress referred the matter to the national historical institution. Then Dr. Samuel K. Tan, chairman of NHI, asserted the first mass at Limasawa. In the past several centuries, the exact place of the First Mass on Eastern Day, which according to the number one pro-Butuan author, was not recorded in observing Easter Sunday on 31st of March 1521, still under discussion, includes countless experts in education, history, religion, politics, or other subjects (Salazar 2015).There are the paragraphs from Pigafetta, translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley, the led writer of the first travel around the world”: On Sunday, the last day of March, and feast of Easter, the captain sent the chaplain ashore early to say mass, and the interpreter went with him to tell the king that they were not coming on shore to dine with him, but only to hear the mass. The king hearing that sent two dead pigs. When it was time for saying mass the captain went ashore with fifty men, not with their arms, but only with their swords, and dressed as well as each one was able to dress, and before the boats reached the shore our ships fired six cannon shots as a sign of peace. Salazar(2015) disprove that the First Mass on Easter was not a Biblical Festival not practiced in the Book of Acts since the original New Testament Church which started only on the Day of Pentecost in 31 AD/CE. The Mass was not observed as described in Acts.FOUR SITES OF THE FIRST MASS 1. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte. - the most famous island town in Southern Leyte, which the Philippine government recognized actual site of the First Mass. - It was also known by the powerful Roman Catholic Church as the site of the first mass landed by Magellan with his crew. Spanish Embassy– acknowledged Limasawa as a landing site for Magellan and that it also dispatched the Galleon of Andalusia for five days to Masian City and about 3 hours to Limasawa. It has been recognized by the Embassy of Portugal in Metro Manila as the’ Mazzauza’, written by Pigafetta on which Magellan and his soldiers observed the first mass in Easter or introduced the people of the island to Christianity. "The Treaty of Tordesillas on June 7, 1494 virtually divided the unknown world between Spain and Portugal with the approval of the Holy See. Did you know that Magellan, in a previous expedition, had [landed] in the Moluccas, just south of Mindanao? In those days, Portugal had something that the Spanish didn't have: cartographic maps of the so-called Spice Islands. Therefore, since he was a Portuguese, it is safe to assume that Magellan used Portuguese cartographic maps during his historic expedition that brought him to Cebu on March 16, 1521 [this is obviously a wrong date]. Source: http://7th_millennium.tripod.com/7mc/Limasawa.html2. MASAO OR MAZAUA IN BUTUAN CITY, AGUSAN DEL NORTE. The next popular one is Mazaua in Butuan City, the capital of Agusan del Norte in Northern Mindanao. The Butuanons and their supporters advocate that Magellan and his men landed in Mazaua for the reason that it has the anchorage, rice fields, gold, antique "balanghai" and other artifacts which they unearthed in scattered areas in Butuan City. In the so-called "Magellan's Harbor" in Butuan, the real harbor for the cargo and passenger ships traveling to and departing from Butuan City is actually in Nasipit, which is 25 kilometers west of Mazaua. Mazaua or Butuan City's offshore is too shallow for ship navigation If Mazaua had the abundant rice fields, other food supplies, and water at the time when Magellan and his troops landed and held the "First Mass" or observed Easter Sunday, how come Magellan and his fellow sailors sought for a bigger island? Mazaua was and is attached to Mindanao, the second largest island in the entire Philippines. Since the pro-Mazaua supporters strongly claimed that Magellan and his fellow sailors held the "Mass" or observed Easter Sunday in their "island of plenty" what happened to the abundant foods, drinks and other supplies in Mazaua and their next neighbor, the "Kingdom of Butuan"? Why did the rajah of "Mazzaua" and the other rajah of Butuan volunteered as pilots to Magellan to obtain provisions in Cebu, which is much smaller than Mindanao and Leyte islands?The pro-Butuan proponents claimed that Magellan and his troops landed in Mazaua, Butuan City because Pigafetta wrote in his logbook about the small gift items made of gold supposedly from Butuan which Rajah Kalambu gave to Magellan. Well then, if gold was such a big deal in Butuan, Magellan and his sailors could have sailed easily south to Surigao, Mindanao while they were still sailing off the eastern coast of Panaon Island. They had seen Surigao which was and is in northeast Mindanao before nighttime because Mindanao is the second biggest island in the entire Philippines. Surigao was known to have gold at that time and up to the present day. Magellan and his men in 3 ships did not search for spices only. They searched for anything or things of value to bring home and hand them over to the King of Spain! Furthermore, the pro-Butuan supporters claimed that the antique "balanghai" that some of them found under the ground in Masao or Mazaua, Butuan is one proof that Magellan was in Mazaua. One Filipino author, Vicente C. de Jesus, wrote a lengthy article entitled, "Mazaua: Magellan's Lost Harbor. " The government of Butuan City, Mindanao, commissioned him to do extensive research on the Mazaua landfall issue. He concluded that Magellan and his troops landed in Mazaua, Butuan City, Philippines. He wrote: "Two events define the meaning of Mazaua for most Filipinos, the Easter mass and the planting of a large cross atop the tallest hill. The Philippines is an isolated rock of Christianity in a huge ocean lashed by the powerful waves of Islam, Buddhism, Hindu and other beliefs. Of its 76 million people 83% are Catholics, 9% Protestants. Mazaua, therefore, is an icon to a deeply religious people, an event of overarching importance. This aspect of a signal event in world geography and Renaissance navigation has unfortunately served to distort the way the event is viewed. " "An icon to a deeply religious people, an event of overarching importance" to whom? It may be an icon and very important event to the professed "Christians" and Holy Bible illiterates, but to those who practice Biblical Christianity as in the New Testament times, the Mass on Easter is meaningless and worthless! Most Filipinos have all the time in the world to read the newspapers, tabloids, the political, sports and entertainment publications, the comics, their Facebook, and e-mail accounts but not a few minutes to read and study intensively the Holy Bible.The Roman Catholic Portuguese sailors were more likely to have held the First Mass’ in the South of the Philippines before Magellan’s explorers landed in March 1521. Thus, the proponents of the pro-Butuan were entitled to assume, but not historically documented, the first mass’ in Mindanao before Portugal had exchanged the entire Philippines with Spain for Brazils. Butuan was called Butan or Butuao on a Portuguese map from about 1535 to 1538. Spain didn’t even know that there was Butuan. Thus, carrying the flag of Spain and being financed by the Spanish King Charles V, Magellan and his fellow explorers did not sail accidentally or intentionally south to Mazaua, Butuan in Mindanao. The Portuguese navigators who sailed from Portugal down to South Africa, then eastward through the Indian Ocean to Mindanao via Indonesia had occupied the big Mindanao Island one year before Magellan and his troops landed in Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte. The natives of Mazaua, Butuan mistook the Portuguese explorers from Portugal as that of Magellan's explorers from Spain.First Mass in the Philippines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX7ZBiQNqXg3. HOMONHON ISLAND, EASTER SAMAR Some people in Homonhon Island and Samar also claimed that Magellan and his fellow sailors must have some kind of religious festivity shortly after they landed on the island. Magellan's troops had a terrible experience after they landed in Guam, which they called Las Islas de los Ladrones (the island of thieves). So, according to the groups supporting the "First Mass" in Homonhon, Magellan and his sailors had a mass in the island to thank God for their safe trip from Guam and the vast Pacific Ocean: "Pigafetta did not exactly say that it was their first mass, he only reported that a mass was celebrated on Easter Sunday [in Mazzaua Island]. Atty. Mendiola concludes in his paper, 'that the mass on Homonhon island on the 19th day of March 1521, was the first one celebrated in the Philippines, not one at Limasawa or Mazaua on the 31st of that month. Any passage or statement to the contrary in our history books would be unsustainable under present historiography. '"Notwithstanding these debates when the first mass was celebrated, the fact remains that it was in Homonhon that Magellan first landed. And today, we commemorate that event and celebrate its greater significance. The historian Agoncillo writes that it was through this trip that the Europeans first learned of the existence of the Philippines. It also proved that the earth was round; it established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean; it proved that the East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific and finally, it showed that the Americas was really a land mass entirely separate from Asia. "While Magellan discovered the existence of the Philippines, for me, the greater significance of Magellan's arrival in Homonhon, was it showed the world, that we in Samar, already had a society, a culture of our own. Pigafetta wrote that 'their seignior was an old man who was painted. He wore two gold earrings in his ears and the others many gold armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads... They have very black hair that falls to the waist and use daggers, knives, and spears ornamented with gold, large shields, fascines, javelins and fishing nets that resemble rizali and their boats are like ours. '"Later on, Jesuit missionaries who came and settled our island would document this culture. Our society then was structured according to social classes which dictated not only the behavior of men and women but also the manner of dressing from head to toe, from cradle to their graves. " Source: http://7th_millennium.tripod.com/7mc/Limasawa.html4. MAHABA ISLAND, PLACER, SURIGAO DEL NORTE Finally, another group of people in northeastern Mindanao claimed that Magellan's expedition actually had the "First Mass" in Mahaba Island in Surigao del Norte: "It was recorded that when he was nearing the shores of Mindanao, Magellan saw lights of a settlement which he avoided and sailed farther north [actually south of Panaon island] and anchored near an island named Mazzava, now mark on maps as Mahaba Island, located at latitude nine and two thirds degrees."Magellan during that time was using an astrolabe to determine his latitude location and the accuracy of this instrument was plus or minus one degree. They must have landed and then check their latitude location which was why they read to one-third of a degree, which they could not have done [so] on a moving ship. There was no way during that time to determine [the] longitude as the chronometer which could measure [the] longitude was only invented by James Harrison, an Englishman, in 1740. "Mazzava Island appears on present detailed maps of the area to be Mahaba Island in the Municipality of Placer, Surigao del Norte. Magellan could have mistaken Mahaba Island, a small island to be part of Masepilid Island because it is almost touching this bigger island, and at low tide, it could easily be mistaken to be connected to the bigger island at the northern tip. This could be the reason that the island where they landed was described as shaped like a stingray, which Masepilid is, and about 10 x 5 miles in area."If present maps (1: 50,000 sheet Taganan No.) will be examined today, it will be noted that Mahaba Island is very close to the island of Masepilid and the flotilla of Magellan most probably anchored between these two islands. It will be noted also that Masepilid is shaped like a stingray as described by Pigafetta. " Source: http://7th_millennium.tripod.com/7mc/Limasawa.htmlWhen in Bolinao, Pangasinan, there is a small monument that marks the site of the first Christmas ever held in the Philippines. A Franciscan friar called Odoric from Pordenone, Italy is said to have landed on the shore of Pangasian, two centuries, before Magellan wandered through the Philippine archipelago seeking shelter from a stormy sea. Taking a black crucifix onto the beach, he met “hostile” indigenous people who were soon pacified by his courage and faith. After showing the local people a few photos of Jesus, Joseph and Mary, the friar and his companions built a cross and planted a Christmas tree. The first Christmas was held in the Philippines, and several Pangasinan were baptized later in the Philippines. It took place on December 25, 1324.WHO WAS ODORIC? Biographers of the church have reported that Odoric Mattiussi of Pordenone was born in 1286 and entered the Order of Franciscans in Udine around 1300. Odoric set sail to Asia in 1318. He spent three years in Turkey, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, Java, Sumatra, Vietnam, Borneo and China (some historians like William H. Scoot doubted that he was a priest). Then he came back to Italy via an overland route through Mongolia and Tibet. When Odoric arrived back home in 1330, he told a friar name William of Solagna in Padua the story of his 12 years of adventure, but he did nothing about a Christmas Mass with a Christmass tree on all his travels.THE PANGASINAN CONNECTION So what fits this story in Pangasinan? Mythodology believes point to a place called Thalamasin by Odoric. Probably it supposed link to Pangasinan is based on the excessively hopeful interpretation of Henry Yule’s book, Cathay, and the way in its. In examining the account of Odoric, Yule spoke about the possible meaning in Maysian of the name Thalmasin, noting that tanah masin is a “land of salt. ” This has been sufficiently proved to some historians that the name Pangasinan means “the place where the sun is made. ” Odoric has visited the Philippines. Some also notice the connection to a legendary land of the Tawalisi name, home to the warrior princess of Pangasinan, Urduja – but this is a different myth. The name Panten knew Thalamasin, in the account he said, Odoric had no say on salt. The men of this place used protective amulets and blowpipe weapons place under their skin. He said there were several trees in this land that could produce meal, wine and poison. Yule however pointed out that these features can be described by many places in the Malaysian archipelago. Thalamasyn, Thalamasim, Talamasin, Thamalsi, Talamosa, Malamasin and Malamasmi have been described in a wide variety of manuscripts covering the story. For Talaga Masin or Salt Lake, Thala Masim is Malay or Javanese.William H. Scott’s geographical view of this matter: “It is possible that these observations were made in the Philippines – but not likely. The west coast of Borneo is on the direct route between Java and Champa, and it would seem strange, moreover, that such long voyage as the direct Java-Philippines or Philippine Champa passages should bypass the standard trading ports mentioned in Chinese accounts of the period. Moreover, none of these details are mentioned in the longer Philippine description by Friar Odorics younger contemporary, Wang Tayuan. But if there is a possibility that Friar Odoric set foot on Philippine soil, there is centuries before Magellan’s arrival-there is no reason even to think that he was a priest. ”ASSIGNMENT 1. Rediscovery of the Philippines 2. The Spanish Conquest of the Islands 3. Towards the Hispanization of the Natives 4. More Europeans in the IslandsREDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES From Ladrones Islands, Magellan's fleet went on their journey westward. At the dawn of Saturday, on March 16, 1521, they saw the towering heights of Samar and named the island Islas de San Lazaro, for it was the feast day of St. Lazarus. They stayed overnight off Suluan Island. In the following day, they landed on the small uninhabited islet of Humunu (Homonhon) found at the mouth of Leyte Gulf and built two tents for the sick. On the third day after their arrival on March 18, they met nine natives from the neighboring island of Suluan who arrived in a boat. Seeing them.1 friendly people, Magellan gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, small I ells, ivory, fine linen cloth, and other trifles. In return, the islanders gave them their cargo of bananas, fish, coconuts, and palm wine (tuba). On Holy Thursday, March 28, the fleet landed in another island called Mazaua, which could be Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan. Rajah Kolambu was rowed to where the Europeans were. At first, he refused to board Magellan's big ship. Finally, the rajah welcomed Magellan and visited him aboard his ship. He gave Magellan three porcelain jars of rice, while Magellan gave a red cap and a red-and-yellow robe. Rajah Kolambu was fascinated and noted that one man in such attire was worth 100 fighters. These newcomers could help them win their battles. Thus, the rajah decided to seal their new friendship. Afterwards, he performed the kasi kasi or blood compact ceremony with Magellan on March 29, Good Friday. Pursuant to Republic Act No. 2733 dated June 19, 1960 Barangay Magallanes, Limasawa, Southern Leyte is the site of the first Christian mass in the Philippines. In 1980 the National Historical Institute (NHI) sponsored a workshop for historians to determine the site of the first mass in the Philippines. They concluded it was Limasawa. They based their findings from the evidence presented in 1800 by Carlo Amoretti, a conservator in Ambrosiana Library in Milan. Amoretti said that Mazaua where Magellan landed in 1521 and the island of Limasawa in the book written by Father Francisco Combes are one and the same. This idea was supported by known writers in history, which include Father Pablo Pastells, S.J., Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Jaime de Veyra, and James Robertson. Noted historian Dr. Sonia M. Zaide presented the evidence for Masao rather than Limasawa as the site of the first recorded mass in the Philippines. First, in all primary sources including the diary of Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler of Magellan's voyage, the name of the place was Mazaua. Limasawa has four syllables and begins with another letter. Second, according to primary records, the expedition traveled 20 to 25 leagues from I lomonhon, iht* first landing point. If they had been to Limasawa Island, the distance is only 14.6 leagues or one-half of that length. Third, the distance to Cebu from Mazaua according to Pigafetta was 35 leagues (140 miles). The distance from Limasawa to Cebu is only 80 miles. Fourth, it was mentioned that the king came to their ship in a balanghai. Butuan is now the site of at least nine excavated balanghai relics; by contrast, Limasawa has no significant archaeological relics or balanghai tradition. Fifth, the Western explorers got excited at the abundance of gold in Mazaua, for that was the main currency at that time. Both archaeological relics and the gold mines today attested to the abundance of gold in the Agusan Valley. Finally, Father Colin wrote that it was in Limasawa where the first mass in the Philippines was officiated. For Scott, de Jesus and the NHI, the eyewitness account of Gines de Mafra, the Spanish mariner should be considered in determining the location of Mazaua. Mafra was the only navigator who reached Mazaua twice, first in 1521 in the Magellan's expedition and in 1543 in the Villalobos expedition. Andres de San Martin gave Mafra some important documents before he was killed by the warriors of Rajah Humabon in Cebu after the Battle of Mactan. Martin was an astrologer and one of the finest mariners during the Renaissance. He died in the Cebu massacre that took place on May 1, 1521. Mafra held the documents given to him by Martin for five years. In his documents were confix by the Portuguese and were kept in the Lisbon archives When he became part of the Magellan's expedition, he was able to sail from Spain via Atlantic Ocean, reached the tip of South America iind across the Pacific Ocean then finally returned to Asia, particularly the Philippines. Magellan's expedition paved the way for Spain's expansion to the Orient. Driven by the thrill of adventure and the reward of gold and spiritual dispensation, the conquistadores took the risks of the journey. The first post-Magellan expedition (1525), led by Captain Garcia Jofre de Loaysa sailed with seven ships and 450 men. After crossing the Strait of Magellan, the vessels were dispersed by a storm. Unfortunately, Loaysa got ill. They served him broiled rat, the traditional treatment for constipation. He did not recover. Eventually he died. His men failed to reach the Philippines. Sebastian Cabot, son of Venetian explorer John Cabot, headed the second expedition in 1526 with four ships and 250 men. They failed to find the Strait of Magellan. In 1542, King Charles I sent another expedition. This was to reassert the claims of Spain to the islands, which is part of the Eastern Hemisphere. Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the Eastern Hemisphere was reserved to Portuguese colonization. He instructed Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to command a fleet of six ships and around 400 men. He exhorted Villalobos to avoid any of the Spice Islands in their voyage to Islas del Poniente. Villalobos reached Baganga Bay in Eastern Mindanao on February 2,1543 after three months of sailing. He named Mindanao Caesarea Caroli, or the imperial island of Charles. Searching for food, they reached the southern island of Sarangani, which Villalobos renamed Antonia in honor of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza of Mexico. Some of his men went as far as Leyte, which they renamed Felipina, in honor of the future king Philip II of Spain. Later, the name Felipinas was given to all the islands. Villalobos also failed to colonize Mindanao. He died in the Moluccas, consoled by St. Francis Xavier, acclaimed as the Apostle of the Indies.February 13,1565 - Legazpi and his men anchored near the island of Cebu. Due to Cebuano opposition, they sailed to the neighboring islands and landed in Samar. Legazpi made a blood compact with Urrao, a friendly chief, on February 22. They proceeded to Limasawa and were received by a young chieftain named Bankaw. Legazpi landed in Bohol and befriended two native kings, Sikatuna and Sigala. March 16, 1565 - Legazpi and Sikatuna made a blood compact. April 27, 1565 - Legazpi.n rived in Cebu and hit the shore. Rajah Tupas and his Cebuano warriors challenged the enemy forces but were overpowered by the Spaniards. Soon, the natives burned their houses and if treated to the uplands. - April 28, 1565 -One of Legazpi's men, a Greek sailor named Mermeo (others say Juan de Camuz) discovered the image of the Sto. Nino in one of the houses. Viewing it as a sign of God's approval, Legazpi named the first settlement Ciudad del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most I loly Name of Jesus), in honor of the sacred image.THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE ISLANDS Legazpi tried to win Rajah Tupas and the people of Cebu through the policy of attraction, inviting them to return, rebuild their homes, and live in peace with them. With the help of Cid Hamal (Sidamit), a Muslim Malay, Legazpi succeeded. The Augustinian missionaries were assiduously spreading the Christian faith. In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo who arrived in Cebu from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Moro pirates who plundered upon Panay's villages. With 30 Spaniards and several hundreds of Visayans, Salcedo destroyed the Moro forts in Ilin and Lubang (islets near Mindoro). Lakandula, king of Tondo and Sulayman's uncle, realized that it was useless to resist the Spanish forces. He welcomed Legazpi and persuaded his nephew Sulayman to make peace with Legazpi. May 19,1571, Legazpi took possession of Maynilad in the name of King Philip II of Spain. June 24, 1571, - the Feast Day of St. John the Baptist, Legazpi proclaimed Manila as the capital of the Philippines (celebrated as the Manila's FoundationDay). He called the city Nueva Castilla, because he had been told that there had been an old fort or castle on the site. On the same day, the city government was established with a cabildo or city council and a court August 20, 1572, -Legazpi, the first Spanish governor and adelantado (title given to those who personally funded their expeditions) of the Philippines, died of heart attack. Guido de La vezaris succeeded and stayed in post until 1575. The Philippines was a crown colony considering she was under Spanish domination. From the beginning of Spanish rule in 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a dependency of Mexico. The Mexican viceroy, in the name of the Spanish King, administered the country. After the independence of Mexico from Spain in 1821, the Philippines came to be directly governed from Madrid. It was on November 16,1568 when King Philip II issued instructions to Legazpi to establish cities and towns and create encomiendas to be distributed to deserving soldiers, in the first three decades of Spanish rule, the Philippines was divided into encomiendas. With a cross in one hand and a sword in the other, the Spanish conquistadores imposed upon the Filipinos this feudal system of administration. Encomienda – comes from the verb encomendar meaning "to commend or to commit to one's care." – It was a feudal institution used, in Spain to reward deserving generals and conquerors during Spanish of territory from the Moors The province was divided into towns or pueblo, which were administered by gobernadorcillos. The office of the gobernadorcillo was open to Filipinos. This local position was at first occupied by pre-colonial chieftains and their descendants and later elected by an electoral board composed of the outgoing gobernadorcillo and twelve members of the principalia. The principalia (social and political aristocracy) referred to the prominent land-owning and propertied citizens who could read, write, and speak Spanish. The political condition in the Philippines was worsened with the union of Church and State. The friars, like the government officials, exercised political, economic, and other non-spiritual powers. They controlled the educational system as well as the collection of taxes and the conscription of natives into the army. They even controlled municipal elections and censored plays and reading materials. So extensive was the so-called friar interference in the country that in the 19th century, Filipino propagandists demanded their expulsion.TO WARDS THE HIS PANIZ ATION O F THE NATIVES The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion, language, customs, arts, and sciences. The Spaniards imposed the feudal system and created towns and estates by converging the people through reduction, referring to the resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-style poblaciones - or at least - bajo de las campanas (within hearing distance of the church bells). Basic education was rendered by parochial schools, established primarily for religious instruction. The first one was established in Cebu. In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de Salazar ordered that every town was to have one school for boys and one for girls. Attendance was made compulsory. Parents paid the teachers' salaries. The subjects taught were catechism, reading and writing in the dialect, music, the rudiments of arithmetic, and trades and industries. In 1842, Don Sinibaldo de Mas, an economist, wTas sent by Spain to the Philippines to make an economic survey of the country. In his report, he made the following recommendations: – first, the opening of more Philippine ports to world trade; – second, the encouragement of Chinese immigration in the country to stimulate agricultural development; and third, the abolition of the tobacco monopoly. The opening of the Philippines to world trade resulted to a great demand for its products in the world market. This brought about the need of machinery for massive production. The first steam machine for hulling rice was introduced in 1836 by Eulogio de Otaduy. Then a few years later, Nicholas Loney, a British merchant, introduced the first steam machine for hulling sugar in Negros. The end of the galleon trade together with Spain's involvement in the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1858), reduced the large-scale importation of fabrics. This became beneficial to the local weaving industry. The Christianization of the Filipinos was the most lasting legacy of the Spanish missionaries. The Spaniards converted much of the Philippines to Christianity except Mindanao and Sulu. The use of Philippine dialects by the early missionaries facilitated the teaching of the Gospel. The striking resemblances between the pre-colonial religion and Catholicism have made the latter acceptable to the local inhabitantsCHINESE IN THE PHILIPPINES The Chinese were called Sangleys, derived from the terms xiang and ley meaning "traveling merchant. " Legazpi and those who succeeded him favored Sino-Philippine trade, more trading junks from China came to the Philippines annually, bringing their merchandise like silk, textiles, and porcelain wares. The Chinese had already established their settlements in the country. The Chinese, who were able to learn the styles and techniques from native craftsmen, predominantly occupied the manufacturing of carriages, stone masonry, printing, shoemaking, and tailoring. The Chinese mestizos were able to acquire land from peasants through the pacto de retroventa. This was also known as pacto de retro, which was a contract under which the borrower who conveyed his land to the lender could repurchase it for the same amount of money that he had received. The Chinese in the Philippines had given valuable services to the community but still they were not given fair treatment by the Spanish authorities, owing to their constructive role in the economic development of the country The first Chinese revolt was brought about by the deep-seated suspicion of the Spaniards. In 1639, the Chinese revolted for the second time. This was caused by Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera's order forcing the Chinese to work in Calamba, Laguna. The Chinese denounced the abuses committed by Spanish tribute collectors. The Chinese retaliated by burning the district of Santa Cruz. Many Filipinos and Spaniards were killed. An army of 4,000 Pampanguenos under Francisco Laksamana came to the rescue and defeated the rebels who had fled to the mountains of Taytay and Antipolo. The fourth Chinese revolt (1686) was planned by Tingco, a Chinese ex- convict. He was desperate to raise money to return to China.1. CAVITY MUTINY: SPANISH PERSPECTIVE 2. INJUSTICE RESPONSE: THE VERSION OF THE FILIPINOS TO THE INCIDENT 2.END