Advanced Construction Methods And Equipment PDF

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT CIVCM – 0416 | ENGR. VIEN CARLO M. AMORA, MSCE BUILDING SITEWORKS AND SUBSTRUCTURE CONTENTS 1. Site Temporary Works 2. Excavation 3. Foundation 4. Sheet Piling 5. Diaphragm Wall...

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT CIVCM – 0416 | ENGR. VIEN CARLO M. AMORA, MSCE BUILDING SITEWORKS AND SUBSTRUCTURE CONTENTS 1. Site Temporary Works 2. Excavation 3. Foundation 4. Sheet Piling 5. Diaphragm Wall 6. Underpinning  SITE TEMPORARY WORKS  Those parts of the works that SITE allow or enable construction of, protect, support or provide TEMPORARY access to the permanent works and which might or might not WORKS remain in place at the completion of the works.  TW are the temporary parts of the construction process that SITE are needed before permanent works can start. Although they TEMPORARY are removed once the project is WORKS complete, they are essential for the smooth and efficient completion of the build. SITE TEMPORARY WORKS Equipment/ Plant Earthworks Structures Foundations trenches, excavations, formwork, falsework, tower crane bases, temporary slopes and propping, façade retention, supports, anchors and ties stockpiles. needling, shoring, edge for construction hoists and protection, scaffolding, mast climbing work temporary bridges, site platforms (MCWPs), hoarding and signage, site groundworks to provide fencing, cofferdams. suitable locations for plant erection, e.g., mobile cranes and piling rigs. EXCAVATION EXCAVATION  It is the process of moving things like earth, rock, or other materials with tools, equipment, or explosives.  It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling, and underground.  Construction is one of the most common applications for excavation. EXCAVATION  In construction, excavation is used to create building foundations, reservoirs, and roads.  Several different processes are used in excavation, including trenching, digging, dredging, and site development. EXCAVATION  These processes will require unique techniques, tools, and machinery to get the job done right.  The process that you use will depend upon your project and what you need to build.  setting corner surveying ground excavation to the benchmarks and top levels approved depth the construction of PROCESS IN dressing the loose marking up the cut dewatering wells & soil off level interconnecting EXCAVATION trenches WORKS marking the the construction of boundaries of the protection drains building  Topsoil Excavation Earth Excavation Muck Excavation Unclassified Excavation TYPES OF EXCAVATION  Topsoil excavation is removal of the exposed layer of the TOPSOIL earth’s surface, including vegetation. Since the topsoil, or EXCAVATION mantle soil, supports growth of trees and other vegetation, this layer contains more moisture than that underneath.  Earth excavation is removal of the layer of soil immediately EARTH under the topsoil and on top of rock. Used to construct EXCAVATION embankments and foundations, earth usually is easy to move with scrapers or other types of earthmoving equipment.  Muck excavation is removal of MUCK material that contains an excessive amount of water and EXCAVATION undesirable soil. Its consistency is determined by the percentage of water contained.  Unclassified excavation is removal of any combination of UNCLASSIFIED topsoil, earth, rock, and muck. Contracting agencies frequently EXCAVATION use this classification. It means that earthmoving must be done without regard to the materials encountered. EXCAVATION ALSO MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PURPOSE OF THE WORK Drainage or Roadway Stripping Structure Bridge Excavation Excavation Excavation Channel Footing Excavation Borrow Excavation Dredge Excavation Excavation FOUNDATION FOUNDATION In construction, foundations are generally known as the structures below a building's columns. They are responsible for ensuring the stability of their structures by transferring its weight to the ground. FOUNDATION Foundations are usually built with conventional construction materials, such as concrete, stone, and steel. FOUNDATION Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. FOUNDATION Foundations work to transfer the load from a structure to the soil, creating a balance in weight distribution. FOUNDATION It is the origin point of every construction project, where geoscience and engineering collide for the purpose of ensuring structural safety and integrity.  The area, where the construction site is and how much of it will be disturbed during construction, DECIDING FACTORS IN The soil, referring to its type and FOUNDATION properties. This is done through a soil investigation process. DESIGN The estimated weight or load of the building to be constructed. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION?  Foundation are the main reason behind the stability of any structure. The stronger is the foundation, more stable is the structure.  The proper design and construction of foundations provide a proper surface for the development of the substructure in a proper level and over a firm bed.  Specially designed foundation helps in avoiding the lateral movements of the supporting material. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION?  A proper foundation distributes load on to the surface of the bed uniformly. This uniform transfer helps in avoiding unequal settlement of the building. Differential settlement is an undesirable building effect.  The foundation serves the purpose of completely distributing the load from the structure over a large base area and then to the soil underneath. This load transferred to the soil should be within the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.  Provide overall lateral stability for the structure. Foundation serve the function of providing a level surface for the construction of substructure. FUNCTIONS OF Load Distribution is carried out evenly. FOUNDATION IN CONSTRUCTION The load intensity is reduced to be within the safe bearing capacity of the soil. The soil movement effect is resisted and prevented. Scouring and the undermining issues are solved by the construction of foundation. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION  The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer must be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can result in any form of stability issues for the structure.  Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION  Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling because of temperature changes.  The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not affected or influenced by future works or factors.  SHALLOW FOUNDATION  Isolated Footing  Strip Footing TYPES OF  Combined Footing FOUNDATION  Raft/Mat Footing DEEP FOUNDATION  Pile Foundations  Drilled Shafts SHALLOW FOUNDATION ISOLATED FOOTING - the most basic type of shallow foundation. Basically, the foundation is built for a single column, which has its own square pad or footing to sit on. The size of the column is calculated based on its load and the soil’s safe bearing capacity. SHALLOW FOUNDATION STRIP FOUNDATION - used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes stepped) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them. SHALLOW FOUNDATION COMBINED FOOTING - these are constructed for two or more columns when they are close to each other, and their foundations overlap. SHALLOW FOUNDATION COMBINED FOOTING - the function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load from the structure to the underlying soil. The choice of suitable type of footing depends on the depth at which the bearing strata lies, the soil condition and the type of superstructure. SHALLOW FOUNDATION RAFT/MAT FOOTING - type of shallow foundation where a concrete slab is spread over a large area to support the walls and columns above it. SHALLOW FOUNDATION RAFT FOOTING - they are well suited for soils with low bearing capacity and allow for better load distribution for large structures. It is also the kind of foundation that is used for large basements such as underground parking lots. DEEP FOUNDATIONS PILE FOUNDATIONS - use ground-drilled cylinders to support the structures built on top of it. Piles can either be timber, concrete, or steel. The type of pile foundation to use will depend on the quality of soil underneath. DEEP FOUNDATIONS DRILLED SHAFTS - a popular deep foundation type that is used for most large-scale projects. It consists of drilling cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling them with concrete to help resist the overall load of a building. SHEET PILING   Sheet piling is an earth retention and excavation support technique that retains soil, using sheet sections with interlocking edges. Sheet piles are installed in SHEET PILING sequence to design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment.  Sheet pile act as a temporary supportive wall that been driven into a slope or excavation to support the soft soils collapse from higher ground to lower ground. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS DREDGE THE SITU SOIL IN FRONT AND BACK OF THE PROPOSED STRUCTURE. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS DRIVE THE SHEET PILES. ADVANTAGES TO SHEET PILES  Sheet piles are recyclable and reusable.  Piles can come in a wide range of lengths, size, and steel options.  They can be used for temporary and permanent structures.  They can be installed using silent and vibration- free methods.  The work is neat, clean, and creates no spoil arisings. The supervision of work on-site can be reduced, and minimal storage space is required. ADVANTAGES TO SHEET PILES  Sheet piling is a more cost effective and quicker installation than contiguous or secant walls.  Cofferdams can be constructed in almost any desired shape, however, for practical and economy reasons, most cofferdams are either rectangular or circular.  Sheet piles can provide a close-fitting joint to form an effective water seal.  They have a long life above and below water, making them advantageous for marine and coastal projects.  Anchored sheet piled walls can provide even more flexibility for installation purposes. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT There are several machines and equipment which are employed for pile driving during construction. PILING RIGS It composed of a series of leaders, which are consist of tubular element or hard box, placed and fixed on a crane base PILING WINCHES The prime goal of piling winches is to left the hammer and piles in addition to support tools that responsible for leader raking and rotation. HANGING LEADER Hanging leaders are specifically designed to be hanged from the jib of a crane. A steel strut, provides a stiff connection from the leader foot to the machine bed frame. HAMMER GUIDES When it is intended to remove hanging leaders or piling frames completely, rope suspended leaders which are commonly guided by timber or steel formwork, would be considered. PILING HAMMER Piling hammers are excavator-mounted, hydraulic impact-type hammers for driving load-bearing piles or assisting in sheet pile driving in even the most difficult soil conditions. Helmet is a cast steel that placed over the pile to hold the dolly that placed between the pile and the hammer to avoid pile head HELMET deterioration that may cause by pile driving hammer. It is provided as a protection for steel bearing piles. It is necessary to place the driving cap tightly otherwise the pile cap DRIVING CAP would suffer deterioration. Dolly is square at the bottom and round at the top, is placed in a square recess at the top of the helmet. DOLLY PACKING It is placed between pile top and the helmet in order to protect the former from the hammer blow. Different types of packing include paper sacking, thin timber sheet, coconut mapping, and sawdust in bags. Placed Helmet, Driving Cap, Dolly, and Packing Installed Helmet, Dolly, and Packing DIAPHRAGM WALL   Diaphragm walls are concrete or reinforced concrete walls constructed in slurry-supported, open trenches below existing ground. DIAPHRAGM  Concrete is placed using the Tremie installation WALL method or by installing pre-cast concrete panels (known as a pre-cast diaphragm wall). Diaphragm walls can be constructed to depths of 150 meters and to widths of 0.5 to 1.50 meters.   Diaphragm wall construction methods are relatively quiet and cause little or no vibration. Therefore, they are especially suitable for civil engineering projects in DIAPHRAGM densely-populated inner city areas. WALL  Due to their ability to keep deformation low and provide low water permeability, diaphragm walls are also used to retain excavation pits in the direct vicinity of existing structures. TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL Depending on the use of construction materials: a) Rigid Type - Reinforced cement concrete b) Flexible Type - Plastic concrete, - Cement bentonite slurry trench, and - Earth backfilled slurry trench TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL Depending on the function: a) Structural Diaphragm Walls - used as retaining walls for the perimeter walls of deep basements and underground parking facilities, subways, underpasses, etc b) Load Bearing Walls - used in place of drilled piers in foundation of tall buildings, bridge piers, etc c) Cut-off Walls - in hydraulic structures, diaphragm walls are used as impermeable cutoffs to prevent seepage below earth dams, weirs, and sleeve RETAINING WALL CUT & COVER TUNNEL CUT-OFF WALL UNDERGROUND WATER TANKS AND WATER STATIONS SELECTION OF TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL Depends upon several factors such as: a) Site conditions b) Heterogeneity/perviousness of subsurface data c) Geological features d) Depth of overburden features e) Anticipated stress and deformations due to embankment construction and reservoir loading conditions f) Availability of construction materials g) Techno-economic considerations  1) Ordinary Portland Cement 2) Aggregate: Coarse aggregate of size 20mm 3) Sand: Well graded sand consisting of 50% coarse sand 4) Water: Clean water free from impurities MATERIALS 5) Admixtures: if required chemical admixtures shall be USED FOR used as per IS 456:1978 DIAPHRAGM 6) Reinforcement: Mild Steel bars WALL 7) Bentonite: bentonite used shall conform to IS 12584:1989 8) Clay: Clay shall conform to IS1498:1970 9) Concrete Mix: For plastic concrete diaphragm wall the water cement ratio shall not be greater than 0.5. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF CONSTRUCTION The excavation is carried out using a heavy self guided mechanical grab suspended from a large crawler crane. The diaphragm walls were excavated and constructed in discrete panels of between 2.8m and 7.0m lengths, with a depth reaching 30m. As the excavation proceeds, support fluid was added into the excavation to maintain the stability of the surrounding ground and to prevent a collapse. This fluid is called "Bentonite", Which is a poser made of a special type of soluble clay and is mixed at the mixing plant with potable water. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF CONSTRUCTION A heavy chisel may be used if an obstruction of hard strata is encountered, to break up the obstruction for removal by the grab. When the excavation is completed, a submersible pump connected to tremie pipes will be lowered into the panel excavation down to the toe level. This pumped the fluid down to the toe level and then from the bottom of the excavation back to a descending unit, in order to separate the bentonite from the suspended particles contained in it. At the same time, fresh fluid will be added to the top of the excavation to maintain the stability of the ground. UNDERPINNING UNDERPINNING Underpinning is a method for repair and strengthening of building foundations. Underpinning methods, procedures and their applications in strengthening of different types of foundations is discussed in this article. Following are the different underpinning methods used for foundation strengthening:  Mass concrete underpinning method (pit method)  Underpinning by cantilever needle beam method METHODS OF  Pier and beam underpinning method UNDERPINNING  Mini piled underpinning  Pile method of underpinning  Pre-test method of underpinning MASS CONCRETE UNDERPINNING METHOD (PIT METHOD) Mass concrete underpinning method is the traditional method of underpinning, as it has been followed by centuries. The method involves extending the old foundation till it reaches a stable stratum. UNDERPINNING BY CANTILEVER NEEDLE BEAM METHOD This figure represents the arrangement of cantilever pit method of underpinning, which is an extension of pit method. If the foundation must be extended only to one side and the plan possess a stronger interior column, this method can be used for underpinning. PIER AND BEAM UNDERPINNING METHOD It is also termed as base and beam method which was implemented after the second world war. This method progressed because the mass concrete method couldn’t work well for a huge depth of foundation. PILE METHOD OF UNDERPINNING In this method, piles are driven on adjacent sides of the wall that supports the weak foundation. A needle or pin penetrates through the wall that is in turn connected to the piles  ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Step 1: Shore existing construction, excavate approach pit, and expose existing timber piles. Remove top portion of the piles and cut piles at new cut- off elevation.  ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Step 2: Install steel plates, dry pack, and wedging strut. Transfer load into pile by means of steel wedges. Step 3: Placement of concrete encasement, backfill approach pit. PROCEDURE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE PROCEDURE The concrete acts as the new, enlarged, and improved foundation. UNDERPINNING Underpinning Replaced Bearing Plate Elastomeric Bearing UNDERPINNING WORKS IN CONSTRUCTION OF MRT CHANGI AIRPORT STATION IN SINGAPORE