Construction Methods & Techniques PDF

BSCE - 4B CONSTRUCTION METHODS & TECHNIQUES Advanced Construction Methods and Equipment BSCE - 4B INTRODUCTION Construction has evolved significantly from manual, labor-intensive methods to modern approaches that integrate advanced...

BSCE - 4B CONSTRUCTION METHODS & TECHNIQUES Advanced Construction Methods and Equipment BSCE - 4B INTRODUCTION Construction has evolved significantly from manual, labor-intensive methods to modern approaches that integrate advanced machinery, data-driven processes, and innovative materials. The need for faster, safer, and more sustainable construction practices has led to the adoption of advanced methods across different types of projects.  BSCE - 4B EARTHWORK & EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES BSCE - 4B EARTHWORK Earthwork involves activities like site clearing, grading, and compacting soil, forming the groundwork for all subsequent construction. BSCE - 4B STAGES Site Preparation Grading Soil Compaction BSCE - 4B SITE PREPARATION Earthwork typically starts with site preparation, where vegetation, debris, and other obstacles are cleared. BSCE - 4B GRADING Grading shapes and levels the site as needed. BSCE - 4B SOIL COMPACTION Soil compaction is performed to increase the ground’s load-bearing capacity and prevent future settlement. BSCE - 4B EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL EXCAVATION MECHANICAL EXCAVATION VS Manual methods, using hand Mechanical excavation is faster tools, are best for small, and suited to large-scale precise tasks. projects. BSCE - 4B EXCAVATION TYPES Trenching Cut-and-Fill Dredging Basement Excavation BSCE - 4B TRENCHING Used for utilities like pipes and cables, where trenches must be deep and narrow. Shoring is often needed to support trench walls. BSCE - 4B CUT-AND-FILL Material from higher areas is excavated and used to fill lower areas, often in road or rail construction. BSCE - 4B DREDGING Used for underwater excavation in ports or river channels, removing sediment and debris. BSCE - 4B BASEMENT EXCAVATION Involves deep digging for foundations in urban areas, requiring support systems like sheet piling to stabilize excavation walls. BSCE - 4B EQUIPMENT Excavators Bulldozers Trenchers BSCE - 4B EXCAVATORS Involves deep digging for foundations in urban areas, requiring support systems like sheet piling to stabilize excavation walls. BSCE - 4B BULLDOZERS Primarily used for pushing and leveling large volumes of soil. BSCE - 4B TRENCHERS Specialized equipment for digging narrow trenches, useful for pipelines and utilities. BSCE - 4B SOIL STABILIZATION PURPOSE AND NECESSITY Soil stabilization is necessary when the natural soil is too weak to support structures. Stabilization enhances load- bearing capacity, reduces shrink-swell behavior, and improves overall durability. BSCE - 4B METHODS Lime and Cement Geotextiles Grouting BSCE - 4B LIME AND CEMENT STABILIZATION Chemicals are mixed with soil to increase strength and stiffness. BSCE - 4B GEOTEXTILES These are synthetic fibers placed in or over soil layers to reinforce and prevent erosion. BSCE - 4B GROUTING Injecting stabilizers, such as cement or chemical solutions, into the soil to increase strength, commonly used in foundation stabilization.  BSCE - 4B CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHODS BSCE - 4B CONCRETE Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, valued for its strength, durability, and versatility. BSCE - 4B CONCRETE FORMING AND SHORING Formwork holds concrete in the desired shape until it sets. High-quality formwork ensures dimensional accuracy and surface quality in concrete structures. BSCE - 4B TYPES OF FORMWORKS Traditional Timber Engineered Modular Shoring and Re-Shoring Methods BSCE - 4B TRADITIONAL TIMBER FORMWORK Cost-effective but labor-intensive, suitable for smaller projects. BSCE - 4B ENGINEERED FORMWORK Made from metal or plastic, reusable, and provides better finish quality; ideal for large or repetitive projects. BSCE - 4B MODULAR FORMWORK Prefabricated sections save time and provide uniformity, used in high-rise and infrastructure projects. BSCE - 4B SHORING AND RE-SHORING METHODS Temporary supports stabilize formwork during concrete pouring and curing. Re-shoring may be applied after initial shoring removal to allow concrete to gain strength. BSCE - 4B PLACEMENT AND CURING TECHNIQUES BSCE - 4B CONCRETE REPLACEMENT Pumped Concrete Shotcrete Tremie Pipe BSCE - 4B PUMPED CONCRETE Useful for high-rise construction, as it transports concrete vertically and over long distances. BSCE - 4B SHOTCRETE Sprayed concrete used for curved or complex shapes like tunnels and pools. BSCE - 4B TREMIE PIPE A method for placing concrete underwater, preventing contamination by keeping concrete in a sealed column. BSCE - 4B CURING TECHNIQUES Water Curing Membrane Curing Steam Curing BSCE - 4B WATER CURING Retains moisture by keeping the surface wet, enhancing strength and durability. BSCE - 4B MEMBRANE CURING Seals moisture within concrete using plastic films or curing compounds. BSCE - 4B STEAM CURING Accelerates curing by applying heat, commonly used in precast concrete production. BSCE - 4B SPECIALIZED CONCRETE TECHNIQUES PRECAST CONCRETE CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE VS Precast elements are Cast-in-Place offers flexibility in manufactured offsite for complex shapes. efficiency. BSCE - 4B SPECIALIZED CONCRETE TECHNIQUES HIGH-STRENGTH AND SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE High-strength concrete is used for projects with demanding load requirements. Self-consolidating concrete flows easily, eliminating the need for vibration and reducing labor.  BSCE - 4B STEEL AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES BSCE - 4B STEEL AND COMPOSITE It combine the best properties of steel and concrete to create structures with excellent mechanical performance, economy, and construction convenience. BSCE - 4B STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING Steel framing is widely used for high-rise buildings and bridges due to its strength, versatility, and durability. BSCE - 4B TYPES Bolted Connections Welded Connections BSCE - 4B BOLTED CONNECTIONS Preferred in prefabricated components, as they allow for quick assembly. BSCE - 4B WELDED CONNECTIONS Provide stronger joints, often used in critical areas but requiring skilled labor. BSCE - 4B ERECTION METHODS Sequential Unitized Column-Slab Construction BSCE - 4B SEQUENTIAL ERECTION Building the structure one section at a time. BSCE - 4B UNITIZED ERECTION Lifting large pre-assembled units into place. BSCE - 4B COLUMN-SLAB CONSTRUCTION Simultaneously erecting columns and slabs, reducing construction time. BSCE - 4B COMPOSITE STRUCTURES Concrete-Steel Composites combine concrete’s compressive strength with steel’s tensile strength, reducing material costs and enhancing load bearing capacity. Accordingly, shear connectors are used to join concrete to steel, enhancing the bond and structural integrity. BSCE - 4B PREFABRICATED AND MODULAR STEEL CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES Reduces time, cost, and environmental impact by manufacturing modules offsite. OFFSITE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Involves creating sections, such as entire rooms, in a factory setting and transporting them to the site for assembly.  BSCE - 4B MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION BSCE - 4B BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) BIM creates a digital twin of the project, allowing for precise planning, scheduling, and data sharing. It helps in cost control, clash detection, enhanced communication, and visualization for stakeholders, improving project coordination and reducing rework. BSCE - 4B 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE CONSTRUCTION 3D printing allows for fast and cost- effective construction of complex shapes and structures, from residential buildings to emergency shelters. 3D-printed houses and bridges are becoming feasible in remote or disaster-prone areas, reducing labor needs and material waste. BSCE - 4B DRONES AND ROBOTICS Drones are used for site surveying, monitoring progress, and inspecting hazardous areas, drones improve safety and efficiency. Robots, on the other hand, can automate tasks like bricklaying and concrete spraying, improving precision and reducing human error. BSCE - 4B SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS Utilizing recycled materials and eco-friendly concrete options reduces environmental impact. ENERGY-EFFICIENT METHODS Solar panels, green roofs, and improved insulation contribute to energy savings. WASTE REDUCTION Efficient use of materials and on-site recycling minimizes waste, reducing the project’s carbon footprint.  BSCE - 4B THANK YOU