Intellectual Revolution PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ENGR. CESAR O.VILORIA BSCE,MS MAN ENG., MBA Intellectual Revolution ENGR. CESAR O. VILORIA BSCE, MS MAN ENG. MBA UNIT EXPECTED OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, the students are expecte...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ENGR. CESAR O.VILORIA BSCE,MS MAN ENG., MBA Intellectual Revolution ENGR. CESAR O. VILORIA BSCE, MS MAN ENG. MBA UNIT EXPECTED OUTCOMES At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: Explain the paradigm shifts through the history. Identify important figures of Intellectual Revolutions. Outline key events in the Intellectual Revolutions. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PARADIGM SHIFT??? SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people. There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views. The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth. A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages. Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer. Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe. People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the physical world. Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized by the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy. GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The remarkable achievements of specific individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton. The philosophy of new science, a new way of doing science using what is known as the scientific method advocated by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes among others. The desire to break away from the ideas of the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian view. GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION The establishments of the universities from the 12th century which were later engaged in the critical analysis of the Aristotelean views. The Renaissance hopeful period of concerned with the present life as well as the empirical and mundane interest in the natural world and humanity. Important inventions such as mechanical clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc. The combinations and cooperation’s of the skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual, computational and logical method of the scholars. GENESIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Printing press spread new ideas Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy. In 1543 Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or sun- centered. The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Copernicus came to these conclusions using mathematical formulas. The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy. Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets, moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa... The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory. Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because it called for the Earth to rotate on its axis. Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong.  TYCHO BRAHE n the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets.  JOHANNES KEPLER After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. His calculations also showed that the planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and Copernicus believed. Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today. GALILEO GALILEI Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus and Kepler. Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun. He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around the sun. Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight. GALILEO GALILEI The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and forced to confess that his ideas were wrong. The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving. When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved. Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas. SIR ISAAC NEWTON Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo. Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution. He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth. SIR ISAAC NEWTON Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion: A body at rest stays at rest Acceleration is caused by force For every action there is an equal opposite reaction He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis. ORGANIC EVOLUTION the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today. CHARLES DARWIN Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge Interest in natural history Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting tales of the South American Rainforest Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life. CHARLES DARWIN Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell corresponds to different habitats. Darwin thought about the patterns he’d seen on his voyage He realized that there were many similarities between the animals he’d seen. There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by some natural process. CHARLES DARWIN: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied the changes produced by plant and animal breeders Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others Some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd This told Darwin that variation could be passed from parents to offspring and used to improve crops and livestock In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select the ones they find useful Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as well as domesticated species CHARLES DARWIN: ARTIFICIAL SELECTION He realized that that natural variation provided the raw material for evolution Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he could to support his ideas before he made them public n 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose thoughts about evolution were almost identical to his! In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858 along with some of Wallace’s essay The next year, Darwin published his complete work on evolution: On the Origin of Species CHARLES DARWIN: STRUGGLE OF EXISTENCE From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life Darwin described this as the struggle for existence CHARLES DARWIN: VARIATION AND ADAPTATION Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others Fast predators capture prey more efficiently Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught. CHARLES DARWIN: VARIATION AND ADAPTATION Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation Examples of Adaptations: Tiger’s claws Camouflage colors Plant structures Avoidance behaviors CHARLES DARWIN: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Darwin felt that there must be a connection between an animal’s environment and how it survives Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called FITNESS Fitness depends upon how well an organism is suited for its environment Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring. CHARLES DARWIN: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Good fitness: Reproduce Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction Darwin thought that this seemed very similar to artificial selection He referred to “survival of the fittest” as Natural Selection Survival means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next generation CHARLES DARWIN: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Natural Selection: Nature chooses Artificial selection: Man chooses Favorable characteristics are inherited over several generations. Natural Selection is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring Natural Selection occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive  CHARLES DARWIN: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment. A single “tree of life” links all living things This is known as the principle of common descent. Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years. Today, fields like genetics and molecular biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about evolution DARWIN’S FOUR POSTULATES Individuals within species vary Some of these variations are passed on to offspring Individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce. Natural selection produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different niches, and new habitats. Each living species has descended, with changes, over time. LAMARCK’S EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time. These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation. Suggest that species are not fixed Explain that evolution uses natural processes Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin. THOMAS MALTHUS In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying He reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there would not be enough living space and food for everyone The forces that work against human population growth are war, famine and disease THOMAS MALTHUS He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things. He observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive. He wondered which individuals would survive. If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they would overrun the world. SIGMUND FREUD An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria. Father of psychoanalysis. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains human behavior. LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: ICEBERG THEORY Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us. Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious, but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back & forth easily between conscious & unconscious. Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious). LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: ICEBERG THEORY STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment. Original Core of an Individual personality Biological Driven Primarily Unconscious Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses while minimizing punishment & guilt.- Self- Identity which arises out of ID It controls voluntary motion and self- reservation behavior Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience. Developing out of the Ego Serves as conscience REFERENCES https:www.britannica.com https:en.m.wikipedia.org Standford Encylopedia of Philosophy Nicolaus Copernicus. November 30,2004 substantive revision September 13,2019.plato.standford.edu Sulloway, Frank. The Evolution of Charles Darwin. December 2005.Smithsonian Magazine. www.smithsonianmag.comWalinga Jennifer.. https://opentextbc.ca.Introduction to Psychology 1st Canadian Edition. Psychodynamic Psychology Kerry Cherry and Steven Gans,MD. The Preconscious, Conscious and Unconscious Minds. September 28,2019. Very well mind.https://www.verywellmind.com 3 Levels of awareness-Freud: History and Concepts. Freudhistoryand concepts.blogspot.com.