Module 1 Questions Part 1 PDF

**Section 1: Functions and Characteristics of the Endocrine System** 1. **Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system?**\ a) Regulation of metabolism\ b) Control of food intake\ c) Generation of nerve impulses\ d) Regulation of water balance\ e) Control...

**Section 1: Functions and Characteristics of the Endocrine System** 1. **Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system?**\ a) Regulation of metabolism\ b) Control of food intake\ c) Generation of nerve impulses\ d) Regulation of water balance\ e) Control of blood glucose levels\ **Answer: c) Generation of nerve impulses** 2. **Which characteristic is specific to hormones in the endocrine system?**\ a) Produced in large quantities\ b) Transported through interstitial fluid\ c) Acts on target tissues elsewhere in the body\ d) Secreted by nerve endings\ e) Restricted to local effects only\ **Answer: c) Acts on target tissues elsewhere in the body** 3. **Ligands in the endocrine system refer to\...**\ a) Large molecules acting as enzymes\ b) Chemical signals that bind receptors\ c) Structural components of hormones\ d) Ions that balance blood pH\ e) Secondary messengers in signal amplification\ **Answer: b) Chemical signals that bind receptors** **Section 2: Nervous vs. Endocrine System** 4. **What is a similarity between the nervous and endocrine systems?**\ a) Both use axons for transport\ b) Both work instantaneously\ c) Both use epinephrine as a chemical messenger\ d) Both regulate only long-term responses\ e) Both depend on direct physical connections\ **Answer: c) Both use epinephrine as a chemical messenger** 5. **Which is a unique feature of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?**\ a) Uses neurotransmitters for signaling\ b) Delayed response time\ c) Acts through axon terminals\ d) Requires constant physical connections\ e) Instantaneous response duration\ **Answer: b) Delayed response time** 6. **How is the duration of response different between the nervous and endocrine systems?**\ a) Nervous system acts for seconds, endocrine for milliseconds\ b) Nervous system acts for milliseconds, endocrine for minutes to days\ c) Both systems act for an identical duration\ d) Endocrine system acts for milliseconds, nervous system for days\ e) Both act in bursts only\ **Answer: b) Nervous system acts for milliseconds, endocrine for minutes to days** **Section 3: Classes of Chemical Messengers** 7. **Autocrine chemical messengers\...**\ a) Affect the same cell type that releases them\ b) Travel through the blood to target cells\ c) Are secreted by neurons into synapses\ d) Affect other cell types locally\ e) Have no effect on hormone-producing cells\ **Answer: a) Affect the same cell type that releases them** 8. **Which is an example of a paracrine chemical messenger?**\ a) Estrogen\ b) Acetylcholine\ c) Somatostatin\ d) Prostaglandin\ e) Thyroxine\ **Answer: c) Somatostatin** 9. **Endocrine chemical messengers differ from neurotransmitters because\...**\ a) They act on local targets\ b) They travel in the blood to distant targets\ c) They function only during stress responses\ d) They are not affected by receptors\ e) They have immediate, short-term effects only\ **Answer: b) They travel in the blood to distant targets** **Section 4: Hormonal Regulation** 10. **Chronic hormone secretion maintains\...**\ a) Rapid spikes in hormone levels\ b) Stable, long-term hormone concentrations\ c) Cyclical patterns of hormone release\ d) Secretion only in response to stress\ e) Minimal hormone levels in the blood\ **Answer: b) Stable, long-term hormone concentrations** 11. **Which hormone is released in response to acute stress?**\ a) Estrogen\ b) Insulin\ c) Epinephrine\ d) Parathyroid hormone\ e) Progesterone\ **Answer: c) Epinephrine** 12. **Cyclic hormone secretion is exemplified by\...**\ a) Thyroid hormones\ b) Insulin secretion after meals\ c) Female reproductive hormones\ d) Adrenal medulla responses\ e) Growth hormone regulation\ **Answer: c) Female reproductive hormones** **Section 5: Hormonal Secretion Stimuli** 13. **Humoral stimuli regulate hormones based on\...**\ a) Neural inputs\ b) Changes in blood composition\ c) Hormone feedback loops\ d) Cyclic secretion patterns\ e) Mechanical triggers\ **Answer: b) Changes in blood composition** 14. **The release of epinephrine during stress is an example of\...**\ a) Humoral stimulation\ b) Neural stimulation\ c) Hormonal stimulation\ d) Negative feedback inhibition\ e) Positive feedback activation\ **Answer: b) Neural stimulation** 15. **Which mechanism is the most common regulatory method for hormonal secretion?**\ a) Positive feedback\ b) Negative feedback\ c) Neural inhibition\ d) Chemical degradation\ e) Cytoplasmic recycling\ **Answer: b) Negative feedback** **Section 6: Water-Soluble vs. Lipid-Soluble Hormones** 16. **Lipid-soluble hormones\...**\ a) Are bound to transport proteins in the blood\ b) Bind to membrane receptors only\ c) Act via second messengers exclusively\ d) Have short half-lives\ e) Cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane\ **Answer: a) Are bound to transport proteins in the blood** 17. **Which type of hormone binds to nuclear receptors?**\ a) Water-soluble hormones\ b) Lipid-soluble hormones\ c) Peptide hormones\ d) Catecholamines\ e) Protein hormones\ **Answer: b) Lipid-soluble hormones** 18. **Signal amplification is faster with\...**\ a) Nuclear receptors\ b) Lipid-soluble hormones\ c) Hormones using second messengers\ d) Thyroid hormones\ e) DNA transcription factors\ **Answer: c) Hormones using second messengers** 19. **A G protein is activated when\...**\ a) A hormone binds to a nuclear receptor\ b) A GDP molecule is replaced by GTP\ c) Calcium levels in the cell rise\ d) A neurotransmitter stimulates the axon\ e) DNA transcription is inhibited\ **Answer: b) A GDP molecule is replaced by GTP** 20. **What is a function of cGMP in second messenger systems?**\ a) Transcribes DNA\ b) Activates specific enzymes\ c) Blocks receptor binding\ d) Inhibits G protein activation\ e) Suppresses hormone release\ **Answer: b) Activates specific enzymes** **Section 7: Regulation of Hormone Receptors** 21. **Down-regulation occurs when\...**\ a) Receptor numbers decrease due to hormone exposure\ b) Receptor synthesis increases\ c) Cells become hypersensitive to hormones\ d) Hormone levels decrease in the blood\ e) Receptor binding sites are blocked permanently\ **Answer: a) Receptor numbers decrease due to hormone exposure** 22. **Up-regulation increases\...**\ a) Hormone secretion\ b) Hormone receptor sensitivity and synthesis\ c) Hormone breakdown rates\ d) Negative feedback inhibition\ e) Ligand transport to target cells\ **Answer: b) Hormone receptor sensitivity and synthesis** **Section 7: Regulation of Hormone Receptors (continued)** 23. **Up-regulation of LH receptors in ovarian cells is an example of\...**\ a) Decreased hormone sensitivity\ b) Increased hormone sensitivity\ c) Negative feedback regulation\ d) Chronic hormone secretion\ e) Down-regulation\ **Answer: b) Increased hormone sensitivity** 24. **Down-regulation occurs when\...**\ a) A hormone decreases its own receptor numbers\ b) Receptor synthesis is enhanced\ c) Target cells become more responsive to hormones\ d) The endocrine gland reduces hormone production\ e) Hormones bind irreversibly to target cells\ **Answer: a) A hormone decreases its own receptor numbers** **Section 8: Types of Stimuli** 25. **Which of the following is an example of humoral regulation?**\ a) Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla\ b) Parathyroid hormone release in response to low blood calcium\ c) Increased oxytocin secretion during labor\ d) LH release triggered by GnRH\ e) Epinephrine\'s action on liver glycogenolysis\ **Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone release in response to low blood calcium** 26. **Hormonal stimuli involve\...**\ a) Regulation of blood pressure\ b) Release of a hormone in response to another hormone\ c) Neural control of hormone release\ d) Feedback inhibition\ e) Receptor desensitization\ **Answer: b) Release of a hormone in response to another hormone** 27. **Neural regulation of hormones is exemplified by\...**\ a) Insulin secretion after meals\ b) Epinephrine release during stress\ c) LH release by the anterior pituitary\ d) Thyroid hormone secretion regulation\ e) Cortisol release from the adrenal cortex\ **Answer: b) Epinephrine release during stress** 28. **Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that\...**\ a) Positive feedback amplifies a process\ b) Positive feedback inhibits hormone secretion\ c) Positive feedback stabilizes hormone levels\ d) Negative feedback enhances target organ activity\ e) Positive feedback prevents hormone synthesis\ **Answer: a) Positive feedback amplifies a process** 29. **Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?**\ a) Insulin secretion after a meal\ b) Parathyroid hormone secretion in response to low calcium\ c) Oxytocin release during childbirth\ d) Inhibition of ACTH by cortisol\ e) Growth hormone secretion regulation\ **Answer: c) Oxytocin release during childbirth** **Section 9: Hormone Transport and Half-Life** 30. **Hormones with a long half-life are typically\...**\ a) Water-soluble and circulate freely\ b) Lipid-soluble and bound to plasma proteins\ c) Water-soluble and rapidly degraded\ d) Lipid-soluble and unbound in the blood\ e) Stored in vesicles for long-term release\ **Answer: b) Lipid-soluble and bound to plasma proteins** 31. **Water-soluble hormones bind to\...**\ a) Cytoplasmic receptors\ b) Nuclear receptors\ c) Membrane-bound receptors\ d) DNA-binding proteins\ e) Plasma proteins for transport\ **Answer: c) Membrane-bound receptors** 32. **Which hormone is an example of a lipid-soluble hormone?**\ a) Insulin\ b) Epinephrine\ c) Cortisol\ d) Glucagon\ e) Growth hormone\ **Answer: c) Cortisol** 33. **Short half-life hormones are effective for\...**\ a) Long-term regulation\ b) Rapid onset and short-duration activities\ c) Promoting protein synthesis\ d) Binding intracellular receptors\ e) Continuous hormone secretion\ **Answer: b) Rapid onset and short-duration activities** **Section 10: Signal Amplification** 34. **Signal amplification allows\...**\ a) Hormones to act at lower concentrations\ b) Decreased sensitivity of target cells\ c) Down-regulation of receptors\ d) Slower cellular responses to hormones\ e) Degradation of second messengers\ **Answer: a) Hormones to act at lower concentrations** 35. **Which second messenger is activated by G protein-coupled receptors?**\ a) Calcium ions\ b) cAMP\ c) Insulin\ d) Thyroid hormone\ e) RNA polymerase\ **Answer: b) cAMP** 36. **The primary messenger in signal amplification is\...**\ a) A hormone binding to its receptor\ b) cAMP activation\ c) Calcium ion release\ d) DNA transcription factors\ e) Receptor down-regulation\ **Answer: a) A hormone binding to its receptor** 37. **A guanylate cyclase receptor produces\...**\ a) ATP\ b) cGMP\ c) ADP\ d) DNA transcription factors\ e) cAMP\ **Answer: b) cGMP** **Section 11: Lipid-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble Hormones** 38. **Lipid-soluble hormones regulate cellular activity by\...**\ a) Binding to membrane receptors\ b) Activating second messenger systems\ c) Directly affecting gene transcription and protein synthesis\ d) Binding to ribosomes for translation\ e) Releasing calcium from intracellular stores\ **Answer: c) Directly affecting gene transcription and protein synthesis** 39. **Water-soluble hormones act faster because\...**\ a) They do not bind to transport proteins\ b) They interact directly with DNA\ c) They use second messenger systems\ d) They have longer half-lives\ e) They bypass nuclear receptors\ **Answer: c) They use second messenger systems** 40. **Thyroid hormones are classified as\...**\ a) Peptide hormones\ b) Water-soluble hormones\ c) Lipid-soluble hormones\ d) Glycoproteins\ e) Catecholamines\ **Answer: c) Lipid-soluble hormones** 41. **Which hormone uses a nuclear receptor?**\ a) Epinephrine\ b) Insulin\ c) Testosterone\ d) Glucagon\ e) Growth hormone\ **Answer: c) Testosterone** **Section 12: Hormone-Receptor Interaction** 42. **Hormones bind to specific receptors because\...**\ a) All receptors recognize multiple hormones\ b) Hormone binding sites are specific to one or a few hormones\ c) They only bind to intracellular molecules\ d) They are synthesized in response to hormones\ e) Hormones activate all receptor types\ **Answer: b) Hormone binding sites are specific to one or a few hormones** 43. **Which response occurs when hormone-receptor complexes degrade?**\ a) Increased hormone action duration\ b) Reduced hormone influence duration\ c) Amplified cellular responses\ d) Sustained receptor activity\ e) Enhanced receptor sensitivity\ **Answer: b) Reduced hormone influence duration** **Final Section: Feedback Regulation** 44. **Negative feedback is self-limiting because\...**\ a) Hormone secretion amplifies its own levels\ b) Hormone secretion inhibits further secretion\ c) Receptors increase sensitivity over time\ d) It stops hormone degradation\ e) The target organ releases inhibitory signals\ **Answer: b) Hormone secretion inhibits further secretion** 45. **Positive feedback is self-perpetuating because\...**\ a) It relies on humoral stimuli\ b) The hormone stimulates its own secretion\ c) Hormones prevent receptor degradation\ d) It leads to long-term regulation\ e) It decreases target organ sensitivity\ **Answer: b) The hormone stimulates its own secretion** 46. **Which of the following is regulated by positive feedback?**\ a) Insulin secretion after meals\ b) Parathyroid hormone release\ c) Oxytocin release during childbirth\ d) Epinephrine release during stress\ e) Growth hormone secretion\ **Answer: c) Oxytocin release during childbirth** 47. **What determines the specificity of a hormone\'s action on a target cell?**\ a) The amount of hormone secreted\ b) The type of feedback mechanism involved\ c) The presence of specific receptors on the target cell\ d) The proximity of the target cell to the endocrine gland\ e) The molecular weight of the hormone\ **Answer: c) The presence of specific receptors on the target cell** 48. **What happens if there is an increase in the number of receptors for a hormone?**\ a) The target cell becomes less sensitive\ b) The hormone is degraded faster\ c) The target cell becomes more sensitive\ d) Hormone secretion decreases\ e) The hormone binds to a different receptor\ **Answer: c) The target cell becomes more sensitive** **Section 13: Feedback Regulation (continued)** 49. **What happens in negative feedback regulation when hormone levels are high?**\ a) Hormone secretion increases\ b) Hormone secretion decreases\ c) Target cells up-regulate receptors\ d) Positive feedback is triggered\ e) Hormone synthesis stops permanently\ **Answer: b) Hormone secretion decreases** 50. **Which of the following is a key feature of hormonal regulation by feedback mechanisms?**\ a) Feedback mechanisms prevent receptor activation\ b) Negative feedback maintains homeostasis\ c) Positive feedback is the most common regulatory method\ d) Hormonal regulation is not influenced by receptors\ e) Feedback only occurs in lipid-soluble hormones\ **Answer: b) Negative feedback maintains homeostasis**