Module 1 Questions Part 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system?

  • Generation of nerve impulses (correct)
  • Regulation of water balance
  • Control of food intake
  • Control of blood glucose levels
  • Regulation of metabolism

Which characteristic is specific to hormones in the endocrine system?

  • Produced in large quantities
  • Transported through interstitial fluid
  • Acts on target tissues elsewhere in the body (correct)
  • Restricted to local effects only
  • Secreted by nerve endings

Ligands in the endocrine system refer to...

  • Chemical signals that bind receptors (correct)
  • Structural components of hormones
  • Secondary messengers in signal amplification
  • Ions that balance blood pH
  • Large molecules acting as enzymes

What is a similarity between the nervous and endocrine systems?

<p>Both use epinephrine as a chemical messenger (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a unique feature of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

<p>Delayed response time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the duration of response different between the nervous and endocrine systems?

<p>Nervous system acts for milliseconds, endocrine for minutes to days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autocrine chemical messengers...

<p>Affect the same cell type that releases them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a paracrine chemical messenger?

<p>Somatostatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine chemical messengers differ from neurotransmitters because...

<p>They travel in the blood to distant targets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic hormone secretion maintains...

<p>Stable, long-term hormone concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to acute stress?

<p>Epinephrine (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyclic hormone secretion is exemplified by...

<p>Female reproductive hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humoral stimuli regulate hormones based on...

<p>Changes in blood composition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The release of epinephrine during stress is an example of...

<p>Neural stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is the most common regulatory method for hormonal secretion?

<p>Negative feedback (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipid-soluble hormones...

<p>Are bound to transport proteins in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone binds to nuclear receptors?

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signal amplification is faster with...

<p>Hormones using second messengers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A G protein is activated when...

<p>A GDP molecule is replaced by GTP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of cGMP in second messenger systems?

<p>Activates specific enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Down-regulation occurs when...

<p>Receptor numbers decrease due to hormone exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Up-regulation increases...

<p>Hormone receptor sensitivity and synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Up-regulation of LH receptors in ovarian cells is an example of...

<p>Increased hormone sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of humoral regulation?

<p>Parathyroid hormone release in response to low blood calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormonal stimuli involve...

<p>Release of a hormone in response to another hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural regulation of hormones is exemplified by...

<p>Epinephrine release during stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that...

<p>Positive feedback amplifies a process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

<p>Oxytocin release during childbirth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones with a long half-life are typically...

<p>Lipid-soluble and bound to plasma proteins (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water-soluble hormones bind to...

<p>Membrane-bound receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is an example of a lipid-soluble hormone?

<p>Cortisol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short half-life hormones are effective for...

<p>Rapid onset and short-duration activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signal amplification allows...

<p>Hormones to act at lower concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which second messenger is activated by G protein-coupled receptors?

<p>cAMP (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary messenger in signal amplification is...

<p>A hormone binding to its receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A guanylate cyclase receptor produces...

<p>cGMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipid-soluble hormones regulate cellular activity by...

<p>Directly affecting gene transcription and protein synthesis (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water-soluble hormones act faster because...

<p>They use second messenger systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormones are classified as...

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone uses a nuclear receptor?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones bind to specific receptors because...

<p>Hormone binding sites are specific to one or a few hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response occurs when hormone-receptor complexes degrade?

<p>Reduced hormone influence duration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback is self-limiting because...

<p>Hormone secretion inhibits further secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback is self-perpetuating because...

<p>The hormone stimulates its own secretion (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is regulated by positive feedback?

<p>Oxytocin release during childbirth (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the specificity of a hormone's action on a target cell?

<p>The presence of specific receptors on the target cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is an increase in the number of receptors for a hormone?

<p>The target cell becomes more sensitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in negative feedback regulation when hormone levels are high?

<p>Hormone secretion decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of hormonal regulation by feedback mechanisms?

<p>Negative feedback maintains homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System Function

Regulates metabolism, food intake, water balance, and blood glucose levels.

Hormone Action

Hormones act on target tissues throughout the body.

Endocrine Ligand

Chemical signal that binds to a receptor.

Nervous vs. Endocrine Similarity

Both may use the same chemical messengers, such as epinephrine.

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Endocrine Response Time

Slower than the nervous system; acting in minutes to days.

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Autocrine Messengers

Affect the same cell that released them.

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Paracrine Messengers

Affect nearby cells.

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Endocrine vs. Neurotransmitters

Endocrine hormones travel through the bloodstream, neurotransmitters cross synapses.

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Chronic Hormone Secretion

Maintains stable hormone levels.

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Acute Stress Hormone

Epinephrine.

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Cyclic Hormone Secretion

Hormonal release patterned in cycles.

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Humoral Stimulus

Hormonal release triggered by changes in blood composition.

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Neural Stimulus

Hormonal release triggered by nervous system impulses.

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Negative Feedback

Self-limiting regulation; hormone inhibits further release.

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Lipid-Soluble Hormone Transport

Bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream.

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Lipid-Soluble Hormone Receptor Type

Binds to intracellular receptors (nuclear or cytoplasmic).

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Signal Amplification

Small hormone signals create large cellular responses.

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Second Messenger

Molecule that triggers a cellular response.

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Down-regulation

Decreased receptor number due to sustained hormone exposure.

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Up-regulation

Increased receptor number, boosting sensitivity.

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Positive Feedback

Amplifies a response; hormone stimulates its own release.

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Hormone Half-Life

Time for hormone concentration to decrease by half.

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Water-Soluble Hormone Receptor

Membrane-bound receptors.

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Hormone Specificity

Hormones bind to specific receptors based on shape.

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Hormone Receptor Degradation

Reducing hormone action duration.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Functions and Characteristics

  • Endocrine system is responsible for regulating metabolism, food intake, water balance, and blood glucose levels; it does not generate nerve impulses.
  • Hormones, produced in the endocrine system, are transported through interstitial fluid and act on target tissues throughout the body.
  • Ligands in the endocrine system are chemical signals that bind to receptors.

Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems

  • A similarity between nervous and endocrine systems is that they both utilize epinephrine as a chemical messenger.
  • Endocrine system responses are typically slower (minutes to days), unlike nervous system responses (milliseconds).
  • A unique feature of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system is its delayed response time.

Chemical Messengers

  • Autocrine chemical messengers affect the same cell type that released them.
  • Paracrine chemical messengers like somatostatin affect nearby cells.

Hormonal Regulation

  • Chronic hormone secretion maintains stable, long-term hormone concentrations in the blood.
  • A hormone released in response to acute stress is epinephrine.
  • Cyclic hormone secretion, such as that of female reproductive hormones, is an example of cyclical patterns of hormone release.

Hormonal Secretion Stimuli

  • Humoral stimuli regulate hormones based on changes in blood composition.
  • Neural stimulation is evidenced by the release of epinephrine during stress responses.
  • Negative feedback is the most common method of regulating hormonal secretion.

Water-Soluble vs. Lipid-Soluble Hormones

  • Lipid-soluble hormones are bound to transport proteins in the blood.
  • Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones, such as cortisol, bind to nuclear receptors.

Signal Amplification

  • Signal amplification allows hormones to act at lower concentrations.
  • The amplification is facilitated by hormones using second messengers.
  • cAMP is a second messenger activated by G protein-coupled receptors.

Hormone-Receptor Interactions

  • Hormones bind to specific receptors due to specific binding sites.
  • Degradation of hormone-receptor complexes reduces hormone influence duration.
  • Increased hormone receptors lead to increased hormone sensitivity.

Feedback Regulation

  • Negative feedback is a self-limiting mechanism where hormone secretion inhibits further secretion, helping maintain homeostasis.
  • Positive feedback is self-perpetuating, stimulating its own secretion until a stimulus ends the cycle.
  • Examples of positive feedback include oxytocin release during childbirth.

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Module 1 Questions Part 1 PDF

Description

Explore the intricate functions and characteristics of the endocrine system. This quiz covers the roles of hormones, the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems, and the types of chemical messengers involved in hormonal regulation. Test your understanding of how the endocrine system maintains homeostasis.

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