module-1-nature-and-importance-of-water.pdf

MODULE I NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER Uses and Importance of Water Hydrology – is the science of water, concerned Categories of Fresh Water with the origin, circulation, distribution, and 1. Consumptive water use – is water removed properties of waters of t...

MODULE I NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER Uses and Importance of Water Hydrology – is the science of water, concerned Categories of Fresh Water with the origin, circulation, distribution, and 1. Consumptive water use – is water removed properties of waters of the earth. from available supplies without returning to a water resource system (manufacturing, agriculture, food Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering preparation) profession 1. Flood and Drought Control 2. Non-Consumptive water use – water use that 2. Water Supply can be treated and returned as surface 3. Hydroelectric Power Production water. 4. Water Quality Control 5. Irrigation Engineering Uses of Water under RA 9275- Philippine Clean 6. Structural Issues Water Act of 2004 7. Transportation Issues 8. Geotechnical Issues 1. Domestic – for drinking, washing, bathing, 9. Environmental Issues cooking or other household needs, home gardens and watering of Water lawns or domestic animals. Basic household water requirements have - Most abundant substance on earth. been estimated to average around - Covers more than 70% of the earth’s surface 40 liters per person per day. - Considered as a universal solvent (can 2. Municipal – for supplying water requirements of dissolved almost all organic and inorganic the community. solids and gases) 3. Irrigation – for producing agricultural cops. - Only substance on earth with three physical 4. Power Generation – for producing electrical or state (solid, liquid, and gas) mechanical power. - When freezes, it expands about 9% by volume 5. Fisheries – for the propagation of culture fish as - Lighter than air, it rises up into the a commercial enterprise. atmosphere (in a form of vapor or gas) 6. Livestock Raising – for large herds or flocks of - It floats in liquid water (in a form of ice) animals raised for commercial enterprise. Composition of Water 7. Industrial – for factories, industrial plants and 1. 2 Hydrogen mines, including the use of water as 2. 1 Oxygen an ingredient of a finished product. 8. Recreational – for swimming pools, bath houses, Pure Water golf course and other similar facilities in resorts and other places It is only obtained by special methods of of recreation. distillation and by chemical action in laboratories. 9. Health and Sanitation – for hospitals and other Even rainwater, the purest natural water, contains health and wellness facilities. chemicals dissolved from the air. Pure water is tasteless, odorless and odorless Hydrologic or Water Cycle – is a natural liquid. circulation of water on, above and below the earth’s surface. The sun is the ultimate driver of water cycle. EC Lazarte 1  Factors Altering the Water Cycle 1. Man-Made activities – agricultural and industrial activities. 2. Deforestation and Forestation 3. Construction of Dams 4. Effects of Urbanization 5. Climate Change Philippine Water Basics The Philippines has: - 221 lakes - 421 river basins Hydrological Processes - Average annual rainfall of 2,400 mm - Water availability of 90% 1. Evaporation – water changes from liquid to - Water shed area of 70% of the land area gas. It takes when the humidity of - Access to potable water is 96% of the the atmosphere is less than the population evaporating surface. - Access to basic water services is 91% of 2. Condensation – is the change in state of water the population from vapor to liquid when it cools. 3. Precipitation – natural discharge of water Average Annual Rainfall from the clouds. Manila – 2080 mm 4. Infiltration – the absorption and downward Aklan – 2903.22 mm movement of water into the soil Antique – 3643.63 mm layer. Once infiltrated, the water Capiz – 2802.13 mm becomes soil moisture or Iloilo – 2103.12 mm groundwater. Neg. Occ. – 2791.97 mm 5. Runoff – occurs when rain water flows over the surface of the ground because Groundwater Reservoir the capacity of the soil to absorb 1. Northeast Luzon infiltration has been exceeded. 2. Central Luzon 6. Evapo-transpiration – water from the leaves 3. Laguna Lake basin of the plant evaporates. 4. Cavite-Batangas-Laguna Basin 7. Melting – a physical process of a solid 5. Southeast Luzon becoming a liquid. 6. Mindoro Island 8. Groundwater Flow – the underground 7. Negros Island topographic flow of groundwater 8. Northeast Leyte because of gravity. 9. Ormoc-Kananga Basin 9. Advection – the movement of water in any 10. Agusan-Davao Basin form through the atmosphere. 11. Occidental Misamis Basin Without advection, water 12. Lanao-Bukidnon-Misamis Basin evaporated over the oceans could not precipitate over land. Three Major Groups that Utilizes Water 1. Agricultural Sector – uses about 86% 2. Commerce and Industry – uses about 8% 3. Domestic – uses about 6% EC Lazarte 2 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Bottled Water – water that is placed in a sealed container or package and is offered for sale for human consumption as drinking- water. 2. Potable Water – water suitable (from both health and aesthetic considerations) for drinking and cooking purposes. 3. Raw Water – untreated, undisinfected surface or groundwater. 4. Fresh Water – water containing less than 500 ppm dissolved common salt (sodium chloride) such as in groundwater, rivers, ponds and lakes. 5. Surface Water – all water, which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff. 6. Wastewater – waste in liquid state containing pollutants. 7. Groundwater – a subsurface water that occurs beneath a water table in soils and rocks, or in geological formations. 8. Leachate – water containing contaminants which leaks from a disposal site such as a landfill or dump. 9. Hard Water – water containing minerals especially calcium and magnesium. 10. Polluted Water – water containing one or more impurities that makes water unsuitable for a desired use. 11. Black Water – water drained from toilets and urinals. 12. Gray Water – water drained from lavatories, sinks laundry trays and showers. 13. Storm Water – rainwater drained from roof gutters and downspout. Classification of Water Sources 1. Rain or Atmospheric Water – most common form of precipitation. 2. Surface Water – mixture of surface runoff and groundwater. 3. Groundwater – portion of rain water which has percolated into the ground. EC Lazarte 3