Module 1 Introduction to Philosophy PDF

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Learning Competency: 1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view (Ia1.1) 2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on (Ib-...

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Learning Competency: 1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view (Ia1.1) 2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on (Ib-1.2) 3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective (Ib-1.3) Nature of Philosophy Etymological Definition of Philosophy A. States the origin of the origin of the term, and also a real definition, which explains what it actually studies. B. The term philosophy comes from the Greek words philo, meaning “love,” and sophia meaning “wisdom.” Literally, philosophy means wisdom.” Thus, a philosopher is a lover of wisdom. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Common Meaning of Philosophy A. Science It is called science because the investigation is systematic. It follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures. In other words, it is an organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences. B. Natural Light of Reason Philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply human reason alone or so-called unaided reason. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Common Meaning of Philosophy C. Study of All Things The reason is that philosophy is not one dimensional or partial. In short, a philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions almost anything, if not everything. It is multidimensional or holistic. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Common Meaning of Philosophy D. First Cause or Highest Principle A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever. The First Principles are the following: Principle of Identity – whatever is is; and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being. Principle of Non-Contradiction – it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Common Meaning of Philosophy D. First Cause or Highest Principle Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and non-being, there is no middle ground possible. Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Most Notable Philosophers Socrates an ancient Greek philosopher whose way of life, character, and thought exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy. He was widely recognized and controversial figure in his native Athens. Plato Ancient Greek Philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparallel influence Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Most Notable Philosophers Aristotle ancient Greek Philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Thomas Hobbes English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political philosophy in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651). Hobbes viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective security Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Most Notable Philosophers Thomas St. Thomas Aquinas, canonized July 18, 1323; feast day January 28, formerly March 7), Italian Dominican theologian, the foremost medieval Scholastic. He developed his own conclusions from Aristotelian premises, notably in the metaphysics of personality, creation, and Providence. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy A. Metaphysics ØBranch of philosophy that deals with the examination of existence ØCame from the Greek words meta and physika, where meta is beyond off after and physika means physical and nature Øwhether reality consist of physical objects only, of nonphysical objects, or of both physical and non- physical ØIt answers queries like “What is the meaning of life? What is the purpose of life? Does God exist? Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy B. Logic ØReasoning Øcomes from the Greek word “ logike” – means a treatise on matters pertaining to human thought. The distinction between correct and incorrect forms of reasoning Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy C. Epistemology ØStudies the process of attaining knowledge ØCame from the Greek word “Episteme” and “Logos” meaning knowledge and study. ØThe kinds, sources, and conditions of knowledge. ØIt explains the following: How we know what we claim to know? How can we find out what we wish to know? How can we differentiate truth from falsehood? Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy C. Epistemology ØIt is also concerned with how the human person’s mind is associated with reality; and whether these relationships are valid or invalid Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy D. Ethics Øa branch of philosophy dealing with correct judgement ØMorality ØCame from the Greek Ethos means custom or habit. It is the morality of human actions. -The appropriate moral principles, meaning of moral judgements. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy D. Ethics ØIt answers the question “What ought to do?” ØIt is the study of right or wrong in human actions. ØIt is concerned about human conduct. ØIt deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy E. Aesthetics ØA branch of philosophy that delves into art ØThe study includes what art is and the pupose behind it ØBeauty ØCriteria for judgements about beauty ØThe philosopher is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is beautiful. ØIt attempts to answer questions like “Is art subjective?” Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Nature of Philosophy Branches of Philosophy E. Aesthetics ØImportance of Aesthetics of which learners need to consider: o It vitalizes knowledge makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful. o It helps us to live more deeply and richly. o It brings us in touch with our culture. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 1: Nature of Philosophy Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Importance of Doing Philosophy o Doing philosophy can be applied in day-to-day activities and perspective. o Doing philosophy enables reflective thinking which greatly influences a person’s view of life, challenges, and relationships. o Doing philosophy directs how a person will perceive these factors in life and how they will be faced. o In any setting, wisdom is always gained when philosophy is applied to formula conclusion about a certain concern Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Importance of Doing Philosophy q What do you think? q Is doing philosophy possible without engaging in philosophical reflection? Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Characteristics of Partial Point of View 1.Looks at only a limited number of aspects of the given problem or situation. 2.Conclusions are made based on considering some, but not all, sides the problem or situation. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Characteristics of Holistic Points of View 1.Looks at all the aspects of the given problem or situation 2. All aspects are given importance when making conclusion. 3. All aspects are tied in together to form a general overview of the problem or situation. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Letʼs try. True or False 1.In doing Philosophy, day to day activities and perspective is applied. 2. The process of doing philosophy should not be mistaken for the Filipino activity of pamimilosopo. 3. One of the characteristics of partial point of view is look all the aspects of the given situation. 4. Before engaging in philosophical inquiry, one must be able to distinguish between a holistic and partial point of view. 5. Truth is always gained when Philosophy is applied to a certain situation. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy in Obtaining Broad Perspective in Life Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection Do you reflect? How often? Where? Why? Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflectiona as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Reflection An activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings, and actions and learn from experience. Its trajectory is to see the bigger picture about everything. This process is called philosophical reflection. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions, and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection One can reflect on almost any subject. For instance, the moment you wake up, you can already reflect upon the things that you plan to do for the day. This will enable you to set your daily goals and set you on the path of thinking of ways to achieve them. Philosophical Reflection allow us to have opportunities to think more deeply about our action, our motivations for doing such as action, and even its possible consequences. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection Philosophical Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on ourselves, others, and our surroundings. Philosophical Reflection helps us understand ourselves and our actions better. When we reflect, we can judge whether our actions or decisions are reasonable or not. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy Two Types of Philosophical Reflection PRIMARY REFLECTION The ability to think logically. The ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. It examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy PRIMARY VS SECONDARY REFLECTION Primary Reflection Secondary Reflection Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy PRIMARY VS SECONDARY REFLECTION Secondary Reflection Primary Reflection Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy PRIMARY VS SECONDARY REFLECTION Primary Reflection Secondary Reflection Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy PRIMARY VS SECONDARY REFLECTION Secondary Reflection Primary Reflection Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy Philosophical Reflection as a Way of Doing Philosophy PRIMARY VS SECONDARY REFLECTION Secondary Reflection Primary Reflection Module 1 : Doing Philosophy Lesson 3: Philosophical Reflection as a way of Doing Philosophy