Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person PDF

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of t...

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: Doing Philosophy First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition, payment of royalty.” This material has been developed in support to the Open High School for Senior High School Program implementation in the Department of Education, Region X- Northern Mindanao. It can be reproduced for educational purposes and can be modified for the purpose of translation into another language provided that the source must be clearly acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original works are acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit. Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by the respective copyright holders. Effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Published by the Department of EducationTeam of theXModule: – Region – Northern Mindanao RegionalAuthors: Director: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, DyannaCESO V I. Fabre Rose Evaluators: Milyn S. Tablon Mary Ann S. Engrecial Illustrator: Development Team Jay of the Michael A.Module Calipusan Author: Dyanna Rose I. Fabre Co-Author:Management Team: Evaluator: Milyn S. Chairperson: Tablon Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Mary Regional Ann S. Engrecial Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V Reviewers: Asst. Regional Director Mala Epra B. Magnaong Illustrator: CES, CLMD Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr. Layout Artist: Regional ADM Coordinator Ray Butch M. Mahinay Printed in EPS-Designate- the Philippines by: Department of Education AP– Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Regional Office 10 Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de Oro City, Office Address: Zone 1, Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Cagayan de Telefax: (088) 880-7071, Oro, (088) Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental 880-7072 E-mail Address: [email protected]  12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1 – Module 13 Doing Philosophy This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and universities. We encourage teachers and other education stake holders to email there feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action @deped.gov.ph We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education Republic of the Philippines  What I Can Do? - Application Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS - Post-Assessment Overview i Pre – Assessment iv iii Lesson Proper Lesson 1: Philosophy in General 1 Lesson 2: Philosophical Reflection 12 Generalization 18 Application 19 Post – Assessment 20 References 22 i  OVERVIEW Name: TABLE OF CONTENTS Date: Score: Subject: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Topic: Doing Philosophy Content Overview i Standards: The learner understands the process of doing Pre – Philosophy. Assessment iv PerformanceLesson Proper The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical Standards: Lesson 1: Philosophy in General 1 way Lesson 2: Philosophical Reflection 12 Learning 1.1 Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view. Generalization Competencies: ( PPT11/12-Ia-1.1) 18 1.2 Recognize human activities which emanated Application 19 from deliberate Post –reflection. Assessment 20 ( PPT11/12-Ib-1.2) References 1.3 Realize the value of doing philosophy 22 in obtaining a broad perspective in life. ( PPT11/12-Ib-1.3) 1.4 Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective.. ( PPT11/12-Ic-1.4) What is this This module is all about your everyday life encounters, how you module all see things in a general point of view. You may wonder about about: many things that lead you to ask a lot of questions. By nature, human beings are inquisitive. You asked questions to try and make sense of your world and experiences. As you grow older, your questions are influenced by your experiences and circumstances. In this module, you will be able to answer questions that may be bothering you. Concepts like Holistic Perspective, Value of Doing Philosophy and Philosophical Reflection will be discussed here: Module Content: Lesson 1: Philosophy in General Lesson 2: Philosophical Reflection iii  OVERVIEW Components in each Lesson Name: What I Need to Know Date: Score: Subject: Introduction to theObjectives Philosophy of the Human Person - Learning Topic: Doing Philosophy Content What I Know? Standards: The learner understands the process of doing Philosophy. - Pre-Assessment Performance The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical Standards: What’s In? way Learning 1.1 Distinguish - Review aActivity holistic perspective from a partial point of view. Competencies: ( PPT11/12-Ia-1.1) 1.2 Recognize human activities which emanated from deliberate What’s New? reflection. ( PPT11/12-Ib-1.2) - Motivational Activity 1.3 Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective in life. What is It?( PPT11/12-Ib-1.3) 1.4 Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a - perspective. holistic Lesson Proper. ( PPT11/12-Ic-1.4) What is this This module What’s More? is all about your everyday life encounters, how you module all see things in a general point of view. You may wonder about about: many - things Performance that leadTask you to ask a lot of questions. By nature, human beings are inquisitive. You asked questions to try and make sense of your world and experiences. As you grow older, What I Have Learned? your questions are influenced by your experiences and circumstances. In this module, you will be able to answer - Generalization questions that may be bothering you. Concepts like Holistic Perspective, Value of Doing Philosophy and Philosophical What I Can Reflection willDo? be discussed here: - Application Module Content: Lesson 1: Philosophy in General Lesson 2: Philosophical Reflection Assessment - Post-Assessment iii ii  What I Need to Know? Components in each Lesson At the end of Ithis What Needlesson, the learners will be able to: to Know - Learning 1. define Objectives Philosophy; 2. discuss the importance of Philosophy as a means for understanding What I Know? life; 3. differentiate between a holistic perspective from a partial point of - view; Pre-Assessment 4. make reflection as an important aspect of philosophy; and 5. appreciate the value of practicing philosophy in their daily What’s lives In? - Review Activity The following are your guides for the proper use of this module: 1. Follow closely What’s New? the instructions in every activity. 2. Be honest in answering and checking your exercises. 3. Answer- theMotivational Activity pre-test before going over the material to find out what you already know. 4. Answer Whatthe is exercises It? at the end of every lesson. 5. Review the lesson that you find you failed to understand. 6. Seek assistance - Lesson from your teachers if you need help. Proper 7. Ask permission from your parent/guardian whenever you have research and requirements to be conducted outside your home. What’s More? - Performance Task What I Have Learned? - Generalization What I Can Do? - Application Assessment - Post-Assessment iv iii  What I know? I - Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that best corresponds to the right answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook. 1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons which govern all things. a. Philosophy c. Ethics b. Epistemology d. Logic 2. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence. a. Ethics c. Metaphysics b. Logic d. Political Philosophy 3. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning. a. Logic c. Pythagoras b. Ethics d. Epistemology 4. The Philosopher who was among the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atom. a. Democritus c. Aristotle b. Plato d. Socrates 5. The Philosopher who was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. a. Heraclitus c. Socrates b. Epicurus d. Diogenes of Sinope 6. The Philosopher who proposed that everything that exist is based on higher order plan a. Pythagoras c. Aristotle b. Heraclitus d. Democritus 7. What does the Greek word “philosophia” mean?”. a. Love of wisdom c. Love of parents b. Love of knowledge d. Art of questioning 8. It refers to a way of thinking about the world & is made up of a person’s views and beliefs. a. Framework c. Aesthetic b. External questions d. Limit Situation 9. These questions examine personal ideas regarding correctness and values. a. Academy c. Internal Questions b. Partial thinking d. Ethics 10. An activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. a. Reflection c. Framework b. Holistic thinking d. Partial thinking 1 II – Identification: Identify what is asked in the following sentences. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Choose your answer from the box below. Write only the letter of your choice. a. doubt b. Epicureanism c. Karl Jasper d. holistic thinking e. Partial thinking ___1. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at problems situations. ___2. The reason why people philosophize. ___3. He believed that people engaged in philosophy in order to make sense of difficult life experience. ___4. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation. ___5. A school of Philosophy, which believes that wisdom and simple living, will result in a life free of fear and pain. 2 Lesson 1: PHILOSOPHY IN GENERAL Learning Competency: 1.1 Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view. ( PPT11/12-Ia-1.1) 1.2 Recognize human activities which emanated from deliberate reflection. ( PPT11/1 2-Ib-1.2) What’s New? Activity 1: Think and List! Think of 3 simple, serious, and deep questions that you ever asked yourself. Were you able to give answers to those queries? Example: Why is there a night and a day? Why can’t we see the air? Why is it that we cannot hold the water for so long? Do this in your activity notebook. Questions: Day-day Encounter Possible answer: 1. 2. 3. Processing Question: 1. Why did you come up with those questions? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What did you feel in asking yourself those questions? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3  What is It? What is Philosophy? There is no best definition of Philosophy as a discipline. Hence, for the sake of our understanding, we will looked into its etymological and technical definition.. a. Etymological definition Philosophy comes from the two Greek words philo meaning “love” or “friendship” and sophia meaning “wisdom.” Thus, philosophy means “love of wisdom.” Love is an urge or a drive of a will towards a particular object. As a drive, love always seeks unity with its object and desires to possess its object. Thus, wisdom cannot be dissociated from knowledge. Truth is the ultimate object of knowledge. Philosophy is absolutely committed to the truth, “the whole truth and nothing but the truth.” Hence, truth is being shown and practiced by a man of wisdom. Now, if philosophy means love of wisdom, to philosophize, therefore, is to be in quest, or to have a desire towards loving and living the truth (Babor, 2007) b. Technical definition Philosophy is defined as “the science of beings in their ultimate reasons, causes, and principles acquired by the aid of human reason alone (Bittle, 1984).” To better understand Philosophy, let us break down the statement into the following: 1) Philosophy is a science. - Science is about acquiring a certain kind of knowledge. Philosophy is a science because the questioning is given more importance than the answers to the questions, since answers can become questions themselves. (Babor,2007) 2) Philosophy is a science of beings. - As a science of beings, it covers all the things that can be reached by the human mind. This includes man, the world, God, everything that is, or becomes, or is known. 4  3) Philosophy searches for the ultimate reasons, causes and principles of beings. - This means that philosophy studies the ultimate “whys and wherefores” of beings. To illustrate: Philosophy does not investigate plant life, but rather, it seeks an answer to the question: “What does it mean to be a living thing as opposed to a non-living thing?” 4) Philosophy uses the power or natural light of reason. - The study of philosophy help us acquired by the aid of human reason alone. Meaning, philosophy doesn’t base its knowledge on authority, but solely on the reasoning power of the human mind. Hence, divine revelation is formally excluded as a source of information although it can and should assist the mind of man by pointing out the proper direction for the philosophic solution of a problem along purely natural line. What are the divisions of Philosophy? Philosophy is classified into practical and speculative. Man’s philosophical questions tend to fall into any of the following fields: 1. Practical Divisions of Philosophy - is composed of philosophical fields, which study not only to obtain knowledge and wisdom but also to use that knowledge and wisdom for practical purposes. It includes logic, ethics, axiology, aesthetics, and semantics. a) Logic (Questions related to Reasoning). Logic studies the laws of thought. It is the science of correct reasoning. This covers the study of simple apprehension and ideas, judgment and proposition, reasoning and arguments. Logic attempts to resolve the following questions: “What makes good arguments good and bad arguments bad?” b) Ethics (Questions related to Morality). Ethics deals with development of a virtuous and moral character. It is the science of the morality of human acts as ordained to the end. Ethics attempts to resolve questions like: “What makes my action right or wrong, and how could I know it?”. “Is there a norm good and evil? 5  c) Axiology (Questions related to Values). It is the science of value. It is the study of the origin, nature, functions, types, and interrelations of values. Axiology attempts to resolve questions like: “How are values experienced?” “What are the kinds of value?” d) Aesthetics (Questions related to Beauty and Taste). It is the science of beauty and art. Beauty means the quality attributed to whatever pleases the beholder such as form, color, and behavior. Art is creativeness and skill in making or doing things that have form and beauty. It includes the concept of creativity, expression, representation, form, and style. Aesthetics attempts to resolve questions like: “What are the essential characteristics of beauty?” “What is aesthetic value?” “Do the arts provide knowledge?” e) Semantics (Questions related to Meaning). It is the science of meaning. It studies the natural and artificial language scientifically. This includes the study of the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax). Semantics attempts to resolve questions like: “What sorts of meanings do human grammars yield, and by what rules are these meanings assembled?” “How does grammatical knowledge develop in children?” 2. Speculative Division of Philosophy - is made up of philosophical fields whose main concern is the acquisition of knowledge without any thought of applying it for any practical use. It includes epistemology, theodicy, cosmology, philosophical psychology, and metaphysics. a) Epistemology (Questions related to Truth and Knowledge). Epistemology is the science of knowledge. This includes the statement and solution to the critical problem, nature, origin, objectivity, and validity of knowledge, truth and certitude. Epistemology attempts to resolve questions like: “What is knowledge?” “What is fact?” “What is truth?” 6  b) Theodicy (Questions related to God). Theodicy is the science of God - His nature, existence, essence, attributes and operations. Theodicy attempts to resolve questions like : “Does God exist?” “Why God allows evil?” c) Cosmology (Questions related to Universe). Cosmology is the science of the universe – its origin and development with its parts, elements, laws, especially its characteristics with regard to space, time, causality and freedom. Cosmology attempts to resolve question like: “How did the world begin and where will it end?” d) Psychology (Questions related to Soul). Psychology is science of soul. The study deals man not only as a sensing or thinking subject but also as a being composed of body and soul. Psychology attempts to resolve question like: “Is there really a soul?” e) Metaphysics (Questions related to Being and Existence). It studies the nature of the mind, the self, and consciousness. It is the science which deals with the nature of being, its attributes, constituent principles, and causes. Metaphysics attempts to resolve the following questions: “What is being?” “Why is there being rather than non-being?” “What is existence?” “What is essence?” Why the study of Philosophy is important? According to Zunjic (2011) studying or doing philosophy could be beneficial in many regards such as: 1. Philosophy enlarges our understanding of the world. It expands our intellectual horizons and freedom of thought. 2. Philosophy raises public awareness and helps in forming engaged and responsible citizens. 3. Philosophy can increase our sensitivity for universalistic moral values and stimulate our readiness to stand up for the principles of justice and fairness. 7  4. Philosophy can give one self-knowledge, foresight, and a sense of direction in life. Why is there a need to philosophize? 1. Men have the tendency to wonder (Plato). For example: we asked questions about our existence 2. Men also have the tendency to doubt ( Rene de Cartes). For example: Men have to test and verify information before accepting it. 3. Men do philosophize because of his/her experience ( Karl Jaspers). Our daily experience challenged our ideas and way of thinking. For example: Giving money to a beggar, and found out that he uses it for gambling. 4. Men’s love for wisdom (Socrates). Men’s desire for truth or seeking of knowledge is not to claim ownership of it but to get the bottom of things. Who are the most notable ancient Greek philosophers? The most notable ancient Greek Philosophers 1. Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE) – He is a mathematician and a scientist, and he was credited with formulating the Pythagorean theorem. 2. Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)- He proposed that everything that exist is based on a higher order or plan which he called logos. 3. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE) – He primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. He was the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atom. 4. Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He was known as advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. His teachings and views influenced the development of several schools of philosophy such as Cynicism and Stoicism. 5. Epicurus ( 341 BCE to 270 BCE) – He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. His perspective gave rise to Epicureanism – a school of philosophy which believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain. 6. Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE) – He was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times. He contributed much to the field of ethics. He was known of developing Socratic Method - a means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic 7. Plato (427 to 347 BCE) –A student of Socrates, he wrote some of his mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of his own ideas. a) Plato’s most significant ideas included his Theory of Forms, which proposes that 8 everything that exist is based on the idea that can only be perceived in mind. b) He is famous for his dialectic - a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive in a new knowledge. 8. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE) – He attended the Academy and was a prominent student of Plato. He go against the idea of Plato’s theory of forms and took a different stance in interpreting reality.  For him, all ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. Aristotle was involved in a great variety of discipline such as zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics.  He formulated a formal process of analyzing reasoning – deductive reasoning – the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization. What’s More? Activity 2: Let’s Do This! Write a short essay of the philosophy of your life as a student. Write your essay in your notebook. ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9  Rubrics for the essay Writing Criteria Rating 5 4 3 2 1 The paper relates entirely to the assigned topic or issue. 5 4 3 2 1 The paper conveys a genuine personal view of the topic or issue 5 4 3 2 1 Mechanics Spelling, punctuation& capitalization 5 4 3 2 1 The work is original Total 10 Lesson 2: PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION Learning Competencies: Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective life (PPT11/12-Ib-1.3) Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective. (PPT11/12-Ic-1.4) The statement “life is not a bed of roses” implies that as human beings we live life confronted with issues, challenges, problems and concerns, big or small, that affects our way of thinking. It is in this premise that men are seeking ways on how to deal with life situations. In this lesson, you will be enlightened with the ways on how to view the issues, challenges, problems and concerns that is pressing on you. What’s In? Activity 1. Let’s Remember! Complete the table below by writing the Greek Philosopher’s contributions. How these contributions applied in your life. Do this in your activity notebook. Greek Philosopher Contribution Application in your life 1. Aristotle 2. Socrates 3. Epicurus 4. Diogenes of Sinope 11  What’s New? Activity 1: Sense It! Write down the functions and uses of the senses below. Write your answers in your notebook. EYES NOSE EARS YOU ARMS TONGUE &LEGS Process Questions 1. If one of the senses will malfunctioned, do you think you will still appreciate the entire “YOU” as a person? Why or why not? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. How did you find this activity? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 12  What is It? What is Philosophical Reflection? Philosophical Reflection Refers to the careful examination of life situation. This involves the weighing of alternatives and using specific standards to evaluate one’s action. An individual reflects philosophically when he builds on previous actions, events and or decisions. According to the words of Socrates, the great Greek philosopher,” the unexamined life is not worth living.” One of the major things that distinguishes man from other animals is his ability to think, use his creativity and his critical thinking. Reflection It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thought, feelings and actions and learn more about one’s life and experiences. One can reflect on almost any subject. For instance, the moment you go to bed, you can already reflect upon the things that you plan to do for the next day. Reflection helps you sort your priorities in life. Simple actions take a whole new meaning when one engages in reflection. When buying clothes, for example, think of the questions that you ask yourself as you consider buying the t-shirt or blouse you are holding. You may start with simple questions: “Will these fit me?”, “Do I look good in these colors? Can I afford to buy these stuffs?” Any buyer would ask these usual questions himself or herself. However, since we are in a reflective and philosophizing mood, let us now try to think of “deeper” questions and reflect on the situations. You may find yourself asking the following questions. o “Why will I buy this shirt?” o “Is it reasonable to buy this shirt?” Notice the difference when you engage in reflection. The simple task of buying new shirt becomes something much more. If you concentrate only on the simple questions, you would just buy that shirt immediately. But, your reflection allows you an opportunity to think deeply about your action, your motivations for doing such an action, and even its possible consequence. 13  Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on others, our surroundings, and ourselves. Is holistic and partial thinking the same? Partial thinking A way of thinking that focuses on the specific aspects of the situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking, on certain areas or aspects of the problem in order to understand it. Holistic thinking Refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. This is often described as looking at the “big picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or a problem. A holistic perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and an ability to get a general sense or impression regarding a situation. Look at how these two concepts are differentiated. a. Partial Perspective People tend to apply an partial perspective when looking at problems or situation. For instance, doctors often focus on a specific set of symptoms to determine the cause of the patient’s illness. Once a particular cause has been identified, the doctor then prescribe the appropriate Source:freepik.com medicine and other treatments to address the illness. In case of a person who experiences a stomachache, a doctor may prescribe the appropriate medicine that will address the physical causes of the problem. 14  b. Holistic Perspective Looking the same picture in the partial perspective, a holistic thinking can be shown in this manner. In this view, the doctor will be able to identify the underlying causes of the illness by digging into the patient’s habits and lifestyle, which would lead to the discovery of fatigue and stress as factors that cause the illness. Hence, the doctor can advise the patient to make changes in his or her habits to reduce stress and Source:freepik.com Freepik.com eventually improve his or her well-being. In addition, a holistic perspective also enable a person to step back and SourceFreepik.comm consider the general aspects of a certain problem. It gives rise to a more appreciative aspect about life, as we are able to look at life in its totality. This means that we try to understand a situation from different advantage points so we can see it more clearly. Just as we savor food in its entirety and not to pick out each ingredient and taste it. We experience and appreciate life in its entirety and not just its specific “flavors” of happiness, sadness, sorrows, etc. We learn to value and recognize our individual experiences as important aspects of a larger and more meaningful life. Think! 1) From the above discussion, how can holistic view help us become a better person? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 15  Our ability to engage in philosophical reflection helps us develop beneficial skills, which are deemed important in our daily situations such as: 1. Philosophy enables a person to develop a critical and analytical mindset in processing information and addressing certain issues encountered in life. - Our ability to critically think helps us from being tricked by false claims and manipulative schemes. 2. Philosophy helps us develop problem solving and decision-making skills. - It is through our engagement with philosophy that we learn how to analyze a problem and come up with alternative solutions is very important skill learned through philosophy. 3. Philosophy trains us to become precise and clear in presenting our ideas and thoughts. - As we engage in discussion and debate, philosophy enables us to convey our ideas precisely and clearly. 4. Philosophy contributes greatly to the self-development of a person. - In our quest to become a better version of our self, philosophy encourages us to understand our self, our strength and weaknesses, our identity and our very purpose in life along with our engagement in the community, the nation and the world. 16  What’s More? Activity 2: Get Engage! Engage in reflection on the following situations. List down the simple, serious, and deep questions you would ask yourself in these situations. Write your answers on your notebook. Possible questions Situations ( simple, serious, and deep) 1. You go to the market, and several vendors are calling you to buy the fish that they sell. You are deciding which vendor you will choose to buy fish. 2. You and your friends are deciding to go window shopping and you decide which shop you will go first. 3. You open your wallet and saw P50.00 left from your weekly allowance. 4. One of your friends has uploaded embarrassing pictures of another friend on Facebook. It was supposed to be a joke, your other friend is angry for what your other friend did and is telling you to befriend her. 5. You have been saving your allowance in order to buy a new pair of fashion shoes, but your mother is asking you to give your savings for your brother to buy materials for his project. 17  What I have Learned?  Philosophy is the study that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons and principles which govern all things.  The need to philosophize is traced to a person’s sense of wonder and doubt, the need to make sense of challenging experiences, and the love of wisdom.  The study of Philosophy can be considered as a way of analyzing ideas and frameworks. It is also considered as a way of examining a particular area of knowledge. Philosophy itself is a discipline with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing things. Finally, Philosophy can be considered a reflective and meditative activity.  Reflection is an important aspect of Philosophy. One can engage in reflection by engaging one’s thought, feelings and other actions and learning from experience. Reflecting on situations, activities, actions and decisions enable a person to gain insights that will help in effective decision- making.  Holistic thinking is a perspective that considers a larger pattern on the bigger picture when looking at the problems or situations. A holistic view also mean one does not confine one’s understanding of the world to one’s own perspective, but also the perspective of others. This view also enables a person to better appreciate his or her experiences as vital components that give meaning to life.     Partial thinking focuses on the specific aspects of the situation. Partial view is an important component of analytical thinking on areas or aspects of the problem in order to understand it. Through partial thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes holistic thinking in making sense of problems and issues related to the human experience. 18  What I Can Do? 1. As a student, you have encountered and experienced activities wherein you reflect philosophically. Post them on the boxes and write your reflection below. ________________ ________________ _______________ ________________ ________________ _______________ ________________ ________________ _______________ 2. Complete the table below. Write your answer on your notebook. Philosophical actions to be done Situation before accomplishing the situation 1. Buying new clothes 2. Choosing friends 3. Eating foods 4. Deciding where to study for Senior High 5. Going to school 6. Playing computer games 7. Asking permission if you would like o go out with friends. 8. Watching movies that are not allowed with your age. 9. Posting your feelings and opinion in the social media. As a student, what have you realized in this activity? Reflect and explain your answer in your notebook. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 19  Assessment I - Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that best corresponds to the right answer. Write your answer in your activity notebook. 11. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons which govern all things. c. Philosophy c. Ethics d. Epistemology d. Logic 12. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence. c. Ethics c. Metaphysics d. Logic d. Political Philosophy 13. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning. c. Logic c. Pythagoras d. Ethics d. Epistemology 14. The Philosopher who was among the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles called atom. c. Democritus c. Aristotle d. Plato d. Socrates 15. The Philosopher who was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life. c. Heraclitus c. Socrates d. Epicurus d. Diogenes of Sinope 16. The Philosopher who proposed that everything that exist is based on higher order plan c. Pythagoras c. Aristotle d. Heraclitus d. Democritus 17. What does the Greek word “philosophia” mean?”. c. Love of wisdom c. Love of parents d. Love of knowledge d. Art of questioning 18. It refers to a way of thinking about the world & is made up of a person’s views and beliefs. c. Framework c. Aesthetic d. External questions d. Limit Situation 19. These questions examine personal ideas regarding correctness and values. c. Academy c. Internal Questions d. Partial thinking d. Ethics 20. An activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. c. Reflection c. Framework 20  d. Holistic thinking d. Partial thinking II – Identification: Identify what is asked in the following sentences. Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. Choose your answer from the box below. Write only the letter of your choice. b. doubt b. Epicureanism c. Karl Jasper d. holistic thinking e. Partial thinking ___1. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at problems situations. ___2. The reason why people philosophize. ___3. He believed that people engaged in philosophy in order to make sense of difficult life experience. ___4. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation. ___5. A school of Philosophy, which believes that wisdom and simple living, will result in a life free of fear and pain. 21  REFERENCE Books Roberto D. Abella Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City:C & E Publishing, Inc.,2016, 1-15 Brenda B. Corpuz, Corpuz, R.A., Paclibar, M.L.C.,Paclibar, S.O., Introduction of the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: Loremar Publishing Inc.:2016,1-7 Christine Carmela R. Ramos, Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person: Quezon City.Rex Bookstore, Inc.1-12 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit by jefjust24 https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-person-as-an-embodied-spirit/ 01 Dec. 2018 Copyright 2017 Tel. No.: +63 035 422 6002 Mobile: +63 955 214 5319 Email: [email protected] 22