Biotechnology: Grade 8 Past Paper PDF

8 BIOTECHNOLOGY Quarter 2 – Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY a BIOTECHNOLOGY– Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work o...

8 BIOTECHNOLOGY Quarter 2 – Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY a BIOTECHNOLOGY– Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region II Office Address: ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Telefax: ____________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________________ Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Biotechnology – Grade 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. 2 For the learner: Welcome to the Biotechnology Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module om DEFINITION SCOPE AND HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Through our hands we may learn, create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: This will give you an idea of the skills or What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the module. This part includes an activity that aims to What I Know check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. This is a brief drill or review to help you link What’s In the current lesson with the previous one. In this portion, the new lesson will be What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity, or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. 3  This includes questions or blank What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the lesson. This section provides an activity which will What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. This is a task which aims to evaluate your Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. In this portion, another activity will be given Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. This contains answers to all activities in the Answer Key module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it 4  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master definition and scope and history of biotechnology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module is all about the Cellular Respiration. After going through this module, you are expected to: Define biotechnology Trace the historical development of biotechnology Describe and explain the contributions of famous Filipino and foreign biotechnologists to the products useful to mankind. Recognize the major scientists and their discoveries and contributions to modern biotechnology. Link the discoveries in light with other developments in the sciences and understands how a person’s or a group of person’s discoveries could have profound impact on people’s lives. What I Know Directions: Read the statements/ questions carefully. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is a simple definition of biotechnology? A. The use of non-living organisms to make other products, or to improve animals or to develop microbes. B. The use of living organisms to make other products, to improve animals or to develop microbes. 5  C. The use of chemicals to make other products, to improve animals or to develop microbes. D. The use of computers makes other products, to improve animals or to develop microbes. 2. Which are the most closely related to biotechnology? A. Medicine and agriculture. C. Construction and engineering. B. Water treatment and electricity. D. Communication and information. 3. Which of the following is a product made by biotechnology? I. Cheese II. Penicillin III. Bread IV. Cellphone A. I and II B. I and III C. I, II and III D. I.II, and IV 4. Who among the following develops grafting techniques for plant breeding in 300 B.C? A. Babylonians B. Egyptians C. Greeks D. Sumerians 5. Who among the scientists concluded in 1861 that all fermentation are the results of microbial activity? A. Charles Darwin C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck B. Gregor Mendel D. Louise Pasteur Lesson Biotechnology: Definition 1 Scope of Biotechnology Biotechnology has emerged as a wonder technology with immense potential innumerable applications in almost all walks of our life by providing tangible solution to the problems confronting human life. This technology holds a great promise to improve the quality of life on earth by poverty alleviation and raising the standard of living at the global level particularly in third world countries including Philippines. Biotechnology can help us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing shelter, health, and safety. What’s In ACTIVITY 1. DO YOU STILL REMEMBER ME? Directions: Supply the appropriate word in the puzzle based on the clues below. DO YOU STILL REMEMBER ME? 1 6  2 3 4 5 Across Down 3. It codes genetic information for the 1. It is a threadlike structure of transmission of inherited traits. nucleic acids and protein found in the 4. It is the basic unit structure of life nucleus of most living cells, carrying 5. It is basic physical and functional unit genetic information in the form of of heredity. genes. 2. What is the control center of the cell that contains coded directions to produce proteins and cell division What’s New Activity 2. HOW FAR DO YOU KNOW! What do you think you already know the science called biotechnology? Write at least one word or phrase for each letter in the word below that you think describes something about biotechnology. The letter may begin the word you choose, or it may appear in the middle or end of the word. For example, if you choose science, the letter “sc” could go before the letter “i” and the letters “ence” would follow. B I O T E 7  C H N O L O G Y What is It What is Biotechnology? The word biotechnology can be broken into two parts: bio- is a prefix ( a word that is attached in front of a word) that means “life” or “living things”; technology refers to the use of specific knowledge to change or develop processess and items that benefit people. So when we combine the two, we get our definitionof biotechnology. It is the practical use of new procedures and devices based on discoveries about living things (biology). BIOTECHNOLOGY Life practical use Or living things of knowledge Here are two other ways to define biotechnology: 1. Biotechnology is a science that uses living things ( or parts of them, such as genes) to change other living things to make products for human use. 2. A simpler definition is that biotechnology is the science of using or changing living things to improve or benefit people’s live. In both of these definitions you see the term living things. Throughout the module you will often see the word organisms used instead of living things. “ 8  An organism is more scientific word used to refer to any living things. A tree is an organism. A fish is an organism. You are an organism. You will also be reading about very small living things. These things are so small that yiou can see them only by viewing through the microscope. These very small things are called microorganisms ( the prefix micro-means “very small”). Some examples of the microorganisms that you will be encountering throughout in this module are bacteria and yeast. SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnolgy is a multi-disciplinary concept involving many disciplines or branches of learning including all areas of life sciences such as Microbiology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Fermentation technology or Bio- process engineering and Bioinformatics etc. Biotechnology is not a new technology as it had been traditionally used by man since time immemorial without knowing the scientific principles involved in the process. The basics and advanced principles behind this powerful technology were unraveled and recognized only during the last few decades due to tremendous progress and advancements made in the area of genetics, molecular biology that included the discovery of restriction endonucleases, polymerase chain reaction and completion of human genome project.etc. Biotechnology as explained above has the newest roots in the science of molecular biology, genetic engineering and microbiology. Advances in these areas have been exploited in a variety of ways both for production of industrially important bio- chemicals including enzymes and pharmaceutically important proteins, hormones etc. and for basic studies in molecular biology. As a result of its endless potentials, the scope and propsects of biotechnology have widened dramatically for commercial exploitation. By integrating biotechnology in the process an dproduct development at commercial scale, biotech based industries have grown enermously all over the world including Philippines and in the process, have created new job opportunies, human resource development, and poverty alleviation. Biotechnolgy has now become a key issue to boost the economy and health indrustries of different nationalities including both the developed and developing countries especially now that we are facing a global health pandemic due to Corona Virus-19 or COVID-19 What’s More Activity 3. TRUE OR FALSE Directions: Read each statement and indicate whether it is TRUE or FALSE. 1. Technology means something that helps us. 1. ________ 9  2. A tree is not an organism. 2. ________ 3. Microorganisms can only be seen with microscope. 3. ________ 4. The prefix micro means very large. 4. ________ 5. Within the past 75 years, scientist made the greatest advances in biotechnology. 5. ________ 6. Biotechnology cannot help us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing shelter, health, and safety. 6. ________ 7. Biotechnology is a science that uses living things. 7. ________ 8. Biotechnolgy is a multi-disciplinary. 8. ________ 9. Biotechnology is any technique that uses living organisms Or substances from these organisms to make or modify A product. 9. _______ 10.Genetic Engineering is one of the known scope of Biotechnology 10. ______ What I Have Learned Activity 4. VOCABULARY CHECK Directions: For each of the following terms, give a complete definition 1. Biotechnology 2. Organism 3. Microorganism 4. Microbiology 5. Fermentation What I Can Do Activity 5. BUBBLE MAP Directions: Create a bubble map to show and describe the scope of biotechnology. Sample bubble map is shown below, you may add more bubbles from the central bubble. 10 Describe in one or two sentences the different areas/scope of biotechnology. You may add more rows SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AREA/FIELD FUNCTIONS/DESCRIPTIONS Assessment I.MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. 1. Joan loves to solve problems using computers and she also likes biology. What field of biotechnology would be good for Joan? A. Bioinformatics C. Fermentation B. Genetic Engineering D. Bioprocessing 11  2. Which are the oldest microbes that have been exploited by humans for their benefit in the ancient times? A. Bacteria C. Protozoa B. Molds D. Yeast 3. How can agricultural biotechnology have a positive impact on the environment? A. By developing agricultural biotechnology have a positive impact on the environment. B. Planting crops in shaded C. Harvesting crops that have thick stems and leaves. D. Water crops with recycled irrigation system. 4. Which is a genetic engineering advancement directly related to a career in biotechnology? A. Improving solar energy collection. B. Transporting textiles at higher rates. C. Creating crop foods that resist insect pests. D. Repairing historical sites with quality materials 5. In what way is biotechnology useful to law enforcement agencies such PNP or NBI? A. It can help identify who was present at the scene of a crime. B. It can help undercover officers disguise themselves C. It might help determine the victims of a future crime. D. It can help determine who is most likely to become a criminal in the future. Additional Activities Do research on the internet, identify at least five processes or products of biotechnology that benefit you in your daily life. Answer Key What I know Activity 2. 1. B Answers varies 2. A 3. C 12 4. B 5. D ACTIVITY 1 ACROSS 3. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 4. CELL 5. GENE DOWN 1. CHROMOSOME 2. NUCLEUS ACTIVITY 3. TRUE OR FALSE 1. TRUE 3. TRUE 5. FALSE 7. TRUE 9. TRUE 2. FALSE 4. FALSE 6. FALSE 8. TRUE 10. TRUE Activity 4. VOCABULARY CHECK Possible answers 1. Biotechnology- is a science that uses living things ( or parts of them, such as genes) to change other living things to make products for human use. 2. Organism- is a living thing 3. Microorganism- an organism such as bacterium seen microscopically 4. Microbiology- a branch of biology dealing with microscopic forms of organisms 5. Fermentation- anaerobic breakdown of an energy-rich compound such as carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and alcohol or to an organic acid Activity 5. BUBBLE MAP Answers varies ASSESSMENT: 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5.A References Johnson, L. M. (2011). Biotechnology With Students Activities. New York, United States: Amsco School Publications. Unit1 Biotechnology Timeline Https://Www.Slideshare.Net/Melodiekernahan/Unit1-Biotechnology-Timeline December 12, 2014 Https://Www.Google.Com/Search?Q=Closer+Look+At+Biotechnology 13 Lesson Biotechnology: HISTORY OF 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is a term used to indicate the process by which raw materials could be biologically upgraded into useful products. You may not know it, but biotechnology has already made our lives better and can continue to do so in the future. What’s In ACTIVITY 1. SEARCH AND FIND Search this puzzle to find 20 words related to biotechnology and biological products. You can form the words forward, backward, upside down or diagonally. Circle the words you find. BIOLOGY CROP INSECT SCIENTIST TRAIT BIOTECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT MICROSCOPE SOIL WATER CORN FOOD POTATO SOYBEAN WHEAT COTTON GENE RICE TECHNOLOGY DAIRY 14  T B Z T G O R F O O D Q E Y S I M I R N E T T C V D P C G O A K E O T E L A U R O C E O Y R K A A L I M F T C O S K L B T J W R N O J N S O Y P U O E I J I S Q Y G O O I P E W N A N C E N E G R Y Z R L T Z H N E C J C S C I E N T I S T C O T L W I I Z M E L Y Q V H E R Q T E M M C W I L P R D N T C W C W H E A T L N I G I E E O N U G I J N M V X H O H A K R N O T T O C M U R L U S X D N Y G O L O N H C E T O I B S J B N H K A V B L Z X L Q S A I What’s New Activity 2. Let us Decode Directions: You may not know it, but biotechnology has already made our lives better and can continue to do so in the future. Look closer and use the decoder in the box to figure out three ways that biotechnology help us. A B C D E F G H I J K L M 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 25 18 12 7 22 24 19 13 12 15 12 20 2 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 24 26 13 19 22 15 11 6 8 20 9 12 4 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 14 12 9 22 21 12 12 23 15  ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 11 9 12 7 22 24 7 7 19 22 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 22 13 5 18 9 12 13 14 22 13 7 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 20 9 12 4 14 12 9 22 13 6 7 9 18 7 18 12 6 8 ___ ___ ___ ___ 21 12 12 23 What is It BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE YEAR EVENT 10,000 C.E- Biotechnology was used for the first time when the 2000 C.E Egyptians use yeast to leaven bread and ferment beer. Early domestication of animals and crops, cheese, wine bread use yeast and bacteria for fermentation process. It occurred in Sumeria, China and Egypt 500 C.E Chinese use the first antibiotic: Moldy soybean curds for treating boils. 100 C.E First insecticide was used, the powdered chrysanthemums (China) 16 1600 C.E- 1590- Zacharias Janssen invents the microscope. 1700 1663 – Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. 1675- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek first observations of protons and bacteria. 1700 1786 Edward Jenner invents the small smallpox C.E-1800 C.E vaccine. He inoculates a child with a vial vaccine to protect him from small pox In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox to be eradicated. 1800 1830- Proteins are discovered C.E-1850 C.E 1833- First enzyme was discovered and isolated 1838-1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann propose all living things are made up of cells 1850 1859- Charles Darwin writes C.E.-1900 C.E “Origin of Species” 1861 Louis Pasteur proposes the “Germ Theory of Disease” 1865-Gregor Mendel studies principles of genetics 1900 C.E-1950 C.E 1911- Thomas Hunt Morgan studying fruit flies discovered chromosomes that carry genes. 1915- Production of baker’s yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1919- The word “biotechnology” is used in print for the first time 1928- Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin by chance when he 17  realizes that penicillium molds kills bacteria. 1944- DNA was proven to carry genetic information by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and McCarty as the hereditary material. 1950 1953- James Watson and Francis C.E.-1970 C.E Crick describe DNA as a double helix. They shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine or Physiology with Maurice Wilkins 1958- DNA is made in a test tube for the first time. Sicle cell disease is shown to occur due to a change in anoe amino acid. 1966- The genetic code for DNA is cracked, demonstrating that a sequence of three nucleotide bases ( a codon) determines each 20 amino acids. 1969- An enzyme is synthesized in vitro for the first time 1970 1973- Staley Cohen, Henry Boyer C.E-1980 C.E develop ways to cut and splice genetic materia or DNA, opening the way for gene cloning. Recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes was discovered. Restriction enzymes cut DNA 1977- Genetic engineering is done for the first time, when the first expression of a human gene in bacteria occurs. 1980 C.E 1981- The first transgenic animals are produced 1990 C.E by transferring genes from other animals to mice. The first patent for a genetically modified organism is granted for bacteria that can break down crude oil 18  1982- Human insulin gene inserted into bacterial plasmid. Diabetes was treated with genetically engineered insulin instead of pig insulin. First genetically modified vaccine- Hepatitis The first biotech drug approved by the FDA 1983- The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which makes unlimited copies of genes fragmnets, is conceived. Karry Mullins. Who was born in Lenoir, NC. Later would win 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemsitry for the discovery. 1986- First anti-cancer drug is produced through biotech: interferon 1990 C.E 1990- Human Genome Project funded by -2000 C.E. Congress. 1990- Golden Rice, which was developed in the hopes of combatting that problem by a team of European scientists in the late '90s, was genetically modified to provide an essential nutrient that white rice lacks: beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. The project sets out to map the genes in human chromosomes and other species. 1994-“ Flavr Savr” tomato approved by the FDA. The tomato was genetically engineered to resist rotting. 1996- Sequencing of the baker’s yeast genome is completed 1996- Dolly the sheep was cloned by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (Scotland) from adult sheep cells. 1996- Several genetically modified or biotech crops are introduced into the market- herbicide tolerant soybean, corn, rapeseed and cotton and insect protected Bt corn and cotton 19  1998- Human embryonic stem cell lines are established. They offer hope to many because they may be able to to replace diseased ar dysfunctional cells. 2000 C.E- 2002-Draft version of the complete map of the PRESENT human genome is published 2003- The SARS (severe acure respiratory syndrome) virus is sequenced three weeks after its discovery. SARS, which began in China, spread quickly- and spreads fear throughout the Far Esat and the world. The last reported cases occurred 2004 and resulted from laboratory-acquired infections. 2003- A far more precise version of the human genome – one that is 99.999% accurate is piblished 2004- The first cloned pet- a kitten is delivered to its owner. She is called CopyCat or Cc for short 2004- Avastin, a recombinant monoclonal antibody, is the first targeted biological therapy of its kind to receive FDA approval 2006- Avaccine against the huma papilloma virus causes cancer of the cervix receives FDA approval. 2007- Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embronic stem cells. 2008- Japanese scientists create the first DNA molecule made almost entirely artificial parts. This advances the field of gene theraphy and brings scientists one step closer to creating an artificial organism. 2009- U.S. Congress frees up federal funding for broader embryonic stem cell research. Canadian -owned Medicago produces the first plant-based influenza vaccine, in tobacco leaves. 20 Medicago has built a manufacturing facility in Durham, N.C., to scale up production. 2010- Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute create the first synthetic cell. 2011- A trachea derived from stem cells is transplanted into a human recipient. Advances in 3D printing technology lead to “skin printing” European scientists begin clinical trials for an anti HIV biotech medicine produced using genetically modified tobacco. This increases the potential for cost-effective HIV/AIDS theraply in the dveloping world. 2012- The FDA issues draft guidelines for biosimilar drugs (follow-on-biologics) as a growing percentage of biopharmaceuticals reach the end of patent protection. Novartis, which has manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, N.C receives FDA approval for Flucelvax, the first cell- culture vaccine in the U.S. 2013- The U.S Supreme Court rules that naturally Occuring genes cannot be patented. 21  What’s More Activity 3. MATCH MAKER Directions: Match the biotechnology timeline in Column A with the events or breakthroughs in Colum B. COLUMN A COLUMN B ______1. 1786 A. The SARS (severe acure ______2. 1973 respiratory syndrome) virus is ______3. 1982 sequenced three weeks after its ______4. 1994 discovery. ______5. 1996 B. Diabetes was treated with ______6. 2003 genetically engineered insulin ______7. 2004 instead of pig insulin. ______8. 2007 C. Edward Jenner invents the ______9. 2008 small smallpox vaccine, where ______10. 2012 he inoculates a child with a vial vaccine to protect him from smallpox. D. Avastin, a recombinant monoclonal antibody, is the first targeted biological therapy of its kind to receive FDA approval E. Dolly the sheep was cloned by Ian Wilmut (Scotland) from adult sheep cells. F. Recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes was discovered. G. The tomato “ Flavr Savr” was genetically engineered to resist rotting and approved by the FDA. H. Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embronic stem cells. I. Novartis, receives FDA approval for Flucelvax, the first cell- culture vaccine in the U.S. J. Japanese scientists create the first DNA molecule made almost entirely artificial parts. K. A trachea derived from stem cells is transplanted into a human recipient. 22  What I Have Learned 1. Who are the early biotechnologists? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2. Give the contribution of the following scientist in the field of biotechnology: a. Robert Hooke b. Antione van Leeuwenhoek c. Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden d. Louise Pasteur e. James Watson and Francis Crick f. Alexander Fleming g. Thomas Hunt Morgan 3. Give two significant contributions in the field of biotechnology in the early 21st Century ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do Directions: In a 1 whole bond paper, encode your reaction in the situation below. We are facing a current situation which have change our world today, which is the COVID-19 pandemic. Where is the Philippine biotechnology now in looking for the vaccine? You may surf or find an article in the net to back up your answer. Assessment I.MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. 23 1. Who among the scientists concluded in 1861 that all fermentations are the results of microbial activity? A. Charles Darwin C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck B. Gregor Mendel D. Louis Pasteur 2. When did biotechnologists publish the human genome project? A. 2000 B. 2003 C. 2006 D. 2008 3. Which are the oldest microbes that have been exploited by humans for their benefit in the ancient times? A. Bacteria C. Protozoa B. Molds D. Yeast 4. Louis Pasteur is a French microbiologist, renowned for discoveries of different principles. Which of the following are his innovations? I. Incubation III. Pasteurization II. Microbial fermentation IV. Vaccination A. I only C. I, II and III B. I and II D. II, III and I 5. When they talk about cloning on the news, they are usually talking about reproductive cloning- making a baby animal that is the twin of an existing animal. Who are the scientists who cloned the first animal Dolly? A. Ian Wilmut and James Watson B. Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut C. James Watson and Francis Crick D. Keith Campbell and Gregor Mendel 6. Which molecule from humans is inserted into bacteria to cause them to produce insulin? A. DNA C. Lipids B. Carbohydrates D. Proteins 7. What are restriction enzymes? A. Enzymes that turn off genes. B. Enzymes that change genes. C. Enzymes that restrict the use of genes. D. Enzymes that cut DNA and specific sequences. 8. Which describes a way a scientist use biotechnology in the field of agriculture? A. Bacteria are created to clean up soil. B. DNA evidence is used to convict criminals. C. Vaccines are developed to help us live longer. D. Fruits and vegetables are altered to be more nutritious 9. What was the key to the emergence of the biotechnology industry in the 1900’s? A. Discovery of cells B. Genetic engineering C. Crop and animal breeding D. A new recombinant DNA technique 10.Who discovered the DNA molecular structure? A. Louis Pasteur C. Linus Puling 24  B. George Washington Carver D. James Watson and Francis Crick Additional Activities Do research on the internet, enumerate 5 Filipino and Foreign Scientist who contributed to the field of biotechnology. Identify and describe their contribution Answer Key Activity I- Search and Find: The following terms will be found BIOLOGY CROP INSECT SCIENTIST TRAIT BIOTECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT MICROSCOPE SOIL WATER CORN FOOD POTATO SOYBEAN WHEAT COTTON GENE RICE TECHNOLOGY DAIRY Activity 2 Let us Decode BIOTECHNOLOGY CAN HELP US GROW MORE FOOD, PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, GROW MORE NUTRITIOUS FOOD Activity 3. MATCH MAKER WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 1. C 6. An ANSWER VARIES 2. F 7. D 3. B 8. H 4. G 9. J 5. E 10. I ASSESSMENT 1.D 3. D 5. A 7. D 9. D 2. B 4. C 6. A 8. D 10. D References Johnson, L. M. (2011). Biotechnology With Students Activities. New York, United States: Amsco School Publications. 25  Unit1 Biotechnology Timeline Https://Www.Slideshare.Net/Melodiekernahan/Unit1-Biotechnology-Timeline December 12, 2014 Https://Www.Google.Com/Search?Q=Closer+Look+At+Biotechnology Lesson Biotechnology: Filipino and 3 Foreign Biotechnologists There are several events that led to the birth of biotechnology. Behind these events there are scientists or entrepreneurs. For every major discovery, an additional procedure is developed which could further help study living organisms in order to elucidate more of their structures and functions. What’s In ACTIVITY 1. WORD SCRAMBLE Directions: Unscramble each word related to biotechnology and write it on the blank provided opposite the word. 1. GOONELCHIYOTB 2. ESZENMY 3. BT ORNC 4. ROEIICUEYCLDONXB CADI 5. UINILNS 6. DLYOL TEH EPSHE 7. GLNINOC 8. REFTIEMTNNOA 9. VESNCICA 10.SYETA 26  What’s New What is It Biotechnology is not new. It has been used for thousands of years for food and production and improvement of health. The birth of modern biotechnology is widely considered to have been ushered in by the landmark-discovery and application of recombinant DNA technology by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer, co founders of pioneering biotech firm, Genentech to produce the first human protein manufactured in a bacteria:somatostatin. A human growth hormone-releasing inhibiting factor. This part of the module, lesson 3 presents a summary of the people behind the Science leading to the modern Revolution of biotechnology. SUMMARY OF THE SCIENCE PIONEERS AND LEADING EVENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY FOREIGN SCIENTISTS YEAR INDIVIDUAL/SCIENTIST IMAGE The Early Pioneers leading to the Discovery of DNA 1797 Edward Jenner -Used microorganisms to protect people from disease 1859 Charles Darwin -Hypothesized that animal and plant populations adapt over time to best fit the environment 27 1864 Louis Pasteur - Provided the existence of microorganisms 1865 Gregor Mendel - Investigated how traits are passed from generation and called them factors 1869 Johann Meischer - Isolated DNA from nuclei of white blood cells 1893 Koch and Pasteur - Patented the fermentation process 1902 Thomas H. Morgan - Proved that genes are carried on chromosomes 1910 Walter Sutton - Coined the term “gene”; proposed that chromoosmes carry genes (factors) that Mendel said could be passed from generation to generation. 28 1940.,1943 Oswald Avery - Isolated pure DNA Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod and Maclyn McCurly - Used bacteria to show that DNA carries the cell’s genetic information 1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum - Proposed the one , one enzyme hypothesis 1943-1953 Linus Pauling - Described sickle cell anemia calling it a molecular disease 1945 Max Delbruck - Organized a course to study a type of bacterial virus consisting of a protein-coat containing DNA 1950 Erwin Chargaff - Determined that there is always a ratio of 1:1 adenine to thymine in DNA of many different organisms 1952 Alfred Hershey and Margaret Chase - Used radioactive labelling to determine that it is the DNA , not protein which carries instructions in assembling new phages 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick - Determined the double helix structure of DNA 29 1957 Frederick Sanger - Sequenced insulin (protein) from pork - Bovine insulin 1958 Arthur Kornberg - Discovered DNA polymerase 1966 Marshall Nirenberg and Severo Ochoa - Determined that a sequence of three nucleotide bases determine each of 20 amino acids 1972 Paul Berg, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer - Developed ways to cut and splice DNA by introducing recombinant DNA techniques - Cut sections of viral DNA and bacterial DNA with the same restriction enzyme and spliced viral DNA to bacterial DNA 1973 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer - Produced the first recombinant DNA organism; beginning of genetic engineering considered to be the birth of modern biotechnology 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein - Showed that fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies 1977- PRESENT- The Dawn of Biotechnology 30 1977 Gilbert and Maxam of Harvard University - Devised a method for sequencing DNA using chemicals rather than enzymes 1977-1978 Genentech, Inc. -Reported the production of the first human protein manufactured in bacteria , somatostatin, a human growth hormone- releasing inhibitory factor. For the first time, a synthetic, recombinant gene was used to clone a protein. Many consider this to be the advent of the Age of Biotechnology - Applied genetic engineering techniques top roduce human insulin in E.coli. - The first biotech company in the NY stock exchange. - Co -founders: Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson 1978 - Stanford University performed the first successful transplantation of mammalian gene 1979 John Baxter - Reported cloning the gene for human growth hormone- into a bacterium. 1980 - The U.S Supreme Court ruled in that genetically altered life forms can be patended. - A Supreme Court decision in 1980 allowed the Exxon oil company to patent an oil-eating microorganisms. This ruling opened enormous possibilities for commercially exploiting genetic engineering. 1981 - Chinese scientists became the first to clone a fish ** A golden carp - Scientists at Ohio University produced the first transgenic animals by transferring genes from other animals into mice 31 1982 Elli Lilly and Company - Produced the first genetically engineered product, human insulin by using E.coli bacteria is approved for use by diabetics. 1984 Kary Mullis - Developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to mass- produce specific DNA fragments 1985 -Genetic fingerprinting enter the court room - Cal Bio cloned the gene that encodes human lung surfactant protein, a major step forward reducing a premature birth complication. - Cetus Corporation developed the Gene Map Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology - Genetically engineered plant resistant to insects, viruses and bacteria were field tested for the first time. 1986 - First release into the environment of a genetically engineered plant ( a tobacco) 1986 - Orthoclone OKI3 (Muromonab- CD3) approved for reversal of acute kidney transplant rejection - Scientists and technicians at Caltech and Applied Biosystems, Inc. invented the automated DNA fluorescence sequencer - The FDA granted a license for the first recombinant vaccine(for hepatitis) to Chiron Corp. 1988 First living mammal was patented 1990 -Pfizer Inc., introduced Chymax chymosin and enzyme used in cheese making- first product or recombinant DNA technology in the U.S food supply 1993 - U.S. Food and drug Administration (FDA) approves Monstanto Co.’s version of rBGH/rBST (Bovine 32  somatotrophin) to increase milk production 1994 -Calgene, Inc. markets the FLAVRSAVR tomato- first genetically engineered whole food in the U.S. food supply. 1995 -Three human biopharmaceutical products receive approval for AIDS and cancer 1996 -Commercial production of biotechnology crops begin 1997 Birth of Dolly the sheep, announced as the first successful mammal cloned from an adult cell. 2000 Cooton, soybeans sugar beet as well as insect or virus- resistant corn, cotton, papaya, potato, squash approved in the US 2001 “Golden rice,” which may help prevent millions of cases of blindness and death caused by Vitamin A and iron deficiencies, undergoes continued testing. FILIPINO SCIENTISTS Ramon C. Barba Developed of mango flower induction technology. Rapid propagation of tissue culture of sugar cane, rattan and banana Developed seedless Kalamansi or lime. Emerita V. De Spearheaded the University of Guzman Philippines Los Banos team which made a breakthrough in research on propagation of mutant coconut, locally known as "Makapuno" Also did tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of abaca and banana 33 Pedro B. Escuro Gained international recognition for developing the drawf, high yeilding C4 rice varieties for commercial production. which are now being grown in Burma, Thailand and the African countries Eduardo A. Known as the "father of Quisumbing Philippine Orchidology" Also did remarkable researches on Philippine bananas, pepper and some medicinal plants Benito S. Vergara He contributed significantly on rice research, particularly on studies on deep-water rice, flood-tolerant rice, and cold-resistant rice varieties, which are valuable to increased rice production. A recognized authority in rice science, he authored the widely published book "A Farmer's Primer on Growing Rice", which has 35 translated editions, published in 30 languages of Asia, Africa, and Latin America and editions in 20 other languages in progress. William G. Padolina Multi-awarded in the field of Science and Technology as a teacher and administrator. Recognized for his leadership, promotion and excellent pioneering research in biotechnology and chemistry of natural products. 34 Dioscoro Umali He is known for breeding improved varieties of food grains, legumes, fruits, and ornamental plants. He was an active advocate rain fed and upland agriculture, social forestry, environmental conservation, and rural poverty alleviation programs. Evelyn Mae T. She has performed research Mendoza in plant biochemistry, particularly in the makapuno phenotype of coconut and the nutritional worth of certain legumes indigenous to the Philippines, cassava, and sweet potatoes. She also studied the resistance of certain plants to pests or disease. Baldomero Olveria, He conducted research in the Jr fields of molecular biology and biochemistry and he has isolated key DNA enzymes. His discovery of Conus peptides may lead to drugs for pain and nervous system disorders. Asuncion She is a researcher into the Raymundo chemistry of natural products. She applied biotechnology and microbial genetics to agriculture of the Philippines. 35  What’s More What I Have Learned 4. Who are the early biotechnologists? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 5. Give the contribution of the following scientist in the field of biotechnology: h. Robert Hooke i. Antione van Leeuwenhoek j. Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden k. Louise Pasteur l. James Watson and Francis Crick m. Alexander Fleming n. Thomas Hunt Morgan 6. Give two significant contributions in the field of biotechnology in the early 21st Century ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do Assessment I.MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. 36  Additional Activities Answer Key References Johnson, L. M. (2011). Biotechnology With Students Activities. New York, United States: Amsco School Publications. Unit1 Biotechnology Timeline Https://Www.Slideshare.Net/Melodiekernahan/Unit1-Biotechnology-Timeline December 12, 2014 Https://Www.Google.Com/Search?Q=Closer+Look+At+Biotechnology 37 2