History & Terminology: MLSIS 301 Immunology and Serology PDF

MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC)  Variolation (smallpox) History & Terminology  Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Immunology vs Se...

MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC)  Variolation (smallpox) History & Terminology  Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Immunology vs Serology - Nobody knows where it actually originated, but it was always associated with the name Lady Mary Wortley  Immunology studies the entire immune system and its Montagu functions and disorders. - A royal blood (rich and famous) who is among the pioneer on the technique of variolation - The theoretical function. - Variolation: idea that if you take the product of disease from one person and introduce it to another, it will produce  Serology focuses on the properties of antibodies of immunity antibodies and antigens in blood serum. - They made use of scabs from people who suffered - The portion of immunology that involves the study of from smallpox (only disease that we’ve been able to antigen and antibody reactions eradicate from society) - Laboratory will be composed of concepts of serology such - Smallpox: chicken pox/measles na mas malala that as applications, antibody and antigens in the body. really disfigures the person’s skin - Historians suspected that Lady Mary was a very vague person who was scared to acquire smallpox because it can History of Immunology ruin her beauty - Because of this, she was the one of the very first na 1. Origin “tumangkilik” sa variolation - Process of variolation: dried scabs from person who  Latin IMMUNITY (free / exempt) suffered from smallpox → powderize the scabs → - Did not always apply to medicine; it’s was about tax, rules introduce it via inhalation or injection through the skin and regulations - They don’t know if it was administered first into her - Ex: When you are not required to pay tax, it’s a form of children before her immunity (tax exemption) - They noticed that there were some people who were 3. Vaccination exempted from acquiring a particular disease which became more apparent in Peloponnesian war.  Benjamin Jesty (vaccinia)  Plague in Athens during Pelopennesia War - Toyed with the idea of vaccination (Thucydides) - Where the idea of “vaccinia” originated - Even on his tombstone, he claimed that he discovered - Black death / Black plague occurred Vaccination. But based on the books, it was credited to - Hygienic practices back then are not as good as we know Edward Jenner because it was properly documented by them these days, only the rich could take a bath. They Jenner have common areas where they take a bath once a while. - Story: Milkmaids noticed that they were immune to - Bodies of people who died during the Black Death were smallpox because they were already exposed to piled in a corner. They noticed that anyone who goes near cowpox (milder version of smallpox which doesn’t the pile bodies became infected, so they decided to burn leave marks) among cows the bodies - Black death was known as Black because the body will be  *Edward Jenner (8-year old boy named James Phipps filled with “bubos” or elevated scars which starts as from cowpox) blisters before it erupts. These bubos then cause the entire body to turn black. Hence the name bubonic plague. - He documented the case → took some cowpox → injected - A lot of people got the disease but there were some who it to the first documented and vaccinated patient, named did not acquire it. Hence, they thought that there were James Phipps. some kind of immunity but they didn’t understand yet what - The word vaccine came from the old name of cows named it was. “vacca” - Main idea/contribution: Used related organisms (cowpox) → to vaccinate against smallpox 2. Progress th  Girolamo Fracastoro (theory of contagious disease) 4. 19 Century - Believed that there are some diseases that are  Theodore Schwann (physio-chemical basis of life) communicable or diseases that can be transferred from one person to another by means of contact - Used to believe in abiogenesis - They tried to come up with ideas how to prevent these - A (absence) - bio (life) - genesis (origin/start): “life contagious disease, their first ideas was variolation can arise from non-life” - Until such time that they came up with the idea that we are made of cells, and that there are cells not seen with the naked eye - Cell: physio-chemical basis of life/basic unit of life - With this, Schwann came up with the cell theory GUEVARA, QUITON, REYES, & SUANSING| BSMT 3B 1  MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC)  Jacob Henle (germ theory of disease) - Anthrax: disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. - One of the diseases/form of anthrax caused by this is the - Aside from cells, there are also microorganisms that can Wool’s sorters disease (Lung Disease) cause disease - Common among workers who sheers sheeps and - Causative agent (CA): there is something that causes a inhales the causative agent disease and certain people are immune because they did - Bacillus: capable of forming spores (spore forming) not encounter the causative agent of disease - Germ theory: No causative agent = no disease - Microorganisms that are spore-forming have two states: 1. Vegetative state: Normal existence (need food,  Ignaz Semmelweis (puerperal fever of childbed fever - nutrients, water, oxygen); they also multiply here. disinfection of hands) 2. Spore-forming state: Energy-saving mode; when their vegetative state is exposed to extreme conditions - Doctor/physician who proposed that in order to eliminate (e.g. drying, extreme heat, or presence of causative agent, you should disinfect / wash hands in antimicrobial), they will enter their spore-forming state between patient or after handling patient even if there’s no and create spores. Spores are resistant to drying, next patient desiccation, high temperature, and lack of oxygen. They also survive for a very long time.  Ernst Haeckel (immune system, phagocytosis) - Spores can be found on the wool of the sheep. - When the wool sorter inhaled the spore, it turns back into - Phagocytosis: cell eating; process by which a cell engulfs its vegetative state because of the favorable condition in another cell in order to eliminate it from the host’s body the lungs for it to cause disease. (usually WBCs) - Aside from the CA, immunity also depend on virulence factors which is the factor possessed by the CA that  Joseph Lister (carbolic acid as aseptic practice makes it more efficient in causing diseases (e.g. ability to during surgery) create spores; ability to create capsule to protect them - Pioneered the aseptic technique from mucus such as in the case of pneumonia) - A (absence) + septic (presence of organisms) = total absence of organisms  Paul Erhlic (Mast Cells) - Sterilised environment or anything that we touch - Mast Cells: WBC fixed in tissues - Aseptic technique was not known until Lister introduced it into surgery  *Louis Pasteur (Final postulation on germ theory) - Back then aseptic technique was drinking alcohol or hot water as anaesthesia or pang linis - Made the final germ theory - Contagious theory: there are substances that make a  Robert Koch (Anthrax and Koch’s Postulates) disease contagious. - Finalized that diseases are caused by germs or - Koch’s postulates: criteria by which you can determine if microorganisms. a certain microorganism causes a certain disease - Example:  Live vaccine for cholera and anthrax - Vaccines / Immunization developed: 1. Variolation (not an actual vax) 2. Related organism: uses cowpox to gain immunity against smallpox - This time, live organisms were used for vaccine. Actual organisms are injected while the person has an active immune system to gain immunity against cholera and anthrax. First Postulate - Cholera: Vibrio cholorae 1. Patient X with disease - Anthrax: Bacillus Anthracis 2. You were able to obtain/isolate microorganism A from Patient X  Louis Pasteur (attenuated vaccine) a. But just because you obtained microorganism A - He proposed the use of attenuated vaccine which means from Patient X, this doesn't mean that the weakening the organism first before injecting it (e.g. microorganism was the cause of disease encapsulating the organism / removing the spores) Second Postulate - Attenuated: Change the characteristics, lower the 3. Inoculate Microorganism A to a new host/patient virulence factors, give only a part of the organism. named Patient Y 4. Observe whether Patient Y experienced the same  Ilya Mechnikov (First full theory of Immunology - Self symptoms Patient X experienced 5. After exhibiting symptoms, you need to be able to vs. Non-self) isolate the same microorganism from Patient Y - Élie Metchnikoff (English name) *If one of these postulates are not fulfilled, then that - First full theory in immunology microorganism is not the causative agent. Knowing the causative agent will help you prevent it better GUEVARA, QUITON, REYES, & SUANSING| BSMT 3B 2  MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC) th 5. 20 Century - Started the Self vs. Non-self: Our body recognize our own (self). Hence, it can also recognize a foreign material  Humoralist vs. Cellularist (non-self). - Humoralist: Immunity is caused by liquids/fluids in the  Robert Koch (CA of TB and Anthrax) body (humor) especially blood (e.g. antibodies, cytokines, interleukins). - CA of TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Cellularist: Immunity is caused by cells in the body (e.g. - CA of Anthrax: Bacillus anthracis WBC). - Both are correct and work synergistically together.  Louis Pasteur - Humoral immunity is possible because of cellular immunity - Uses virus (poison for the first time) since antibodies are B cells which help T cells (responsible - Discovered antibodies for cellular immunity). - Vaccination against germ-borne diseases (TB, - In order for the CA to do damage and cause disease, there Anthrax, Cholera) should also be a susceptible host (host factors) - Pasteurization - Immunity depends on: 1. Causative agent Uses virus (poison for the first time) 2. Virulence factors - Came up with word virus (virus means “poison”) 3. Host factors - Concept of virus - It must have route of infection (exit old host and enter new host in proper manner). Pasteurization - E.g. If you inhale E.coli, it will not cause disease (since it - Heating of substances that cannot be exposed to high will be destroyed by our mucus), but if you ingested E.coli, temperatures for a long time it is able to cause disease (gut is its natural habitat). - High temp, short time (e.g. alcoholic beverage, milk) - It is called Chain of Infection.  Theobold Smith (killed cultures of chicken cholera  Paul Ehrlich (Antibodies formation) – binasa lang bacillus as vaccine)  Karl Landsteiner (Blood grouping) - Discovered that killed cultures of chicken cholera are still infectious and can still trigger the immune response and - ABO blood grouping and blood antigens. therefore can be used as vaccine. - Understand the interaction between antigens and antibodies  Roux and Versin (Dipththeria toxin) - Certain antigens act as receptors (e.g. certain blood types are resistant to Malaria falciparum) The receptor sites are - Discovered Diphtheria toxin in the antigen of the specific blood group system (If you don’t have that specific type of antigen, you will not have  Von Behring and Kitasato (Serotherapy) malaria). - Serotherapy: You can get antibodies from a person and then introduce to other person.  Charles Richet and Paul Portier (Allergies) - They used this with COVID-19 (used blood of COVID-19 - Allergies: When the immune system is OA or patient then introduced to other people) hypersensitive. - Understand the interaction between antigens and  Dmitri Iwanowsky (first concrete evidence for the antibodies existence of the virus)  Mauric Arthus (Intermediate hypersensitivity, - Virus: acellular (alive but doesn’t have the usual characteristics of a cell.); called the nature’s robots. antigens deposit on the walls of BV, heart, and kidney)  William Coley (Tumor treatment using bacteria and - He defined the different types of hypersensitivity bacterial lysates) (intermediate hypersensitivity). - Tumor and cancer immunology are part of immunology.  Opsonization  Richard Pfeiffer (Bacteriolysis Phenomenon) - Process by which an opsonin coats an antigen / bacteria - Bacteriolysis Phenomenon: Certain substances that are for it to be more recognizable and targeted by the produced by cells can lyse bacteria. phagocytes - It became the basis for the way the first antibiotic was - Hastens the phagocytosis by means of tagging the discovered. bacteria/antigen to be targeted by the phagocyte. - Alexander Flemming: First to discover antibiotic which is penicillin.  Ehrlich (Immune surveillance) – binasa lang GUEVARA, QUITON, REYES, & SUANSING| BSMT 3B 3  MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC)  Landsteiner (Hapten) - AHG acts against immunoglobulins. - Immunoglobulins are Y-shaped structure, which includes - Hapten: small molecule (literal half). It is not capable of heavy and light chains that fold into a Y shape (these eliciting an immune response, but if it is with a large chains varies if it is G, A, M, E, or D) molecule, it will become a strong antigen/immunogenic - IgM: Pentamer (5 globular proteins) (trigger the immune system). - When it binds to an antigen, under the microscope, - Benign/harmless when small and immunogenic (cause we will see it as clumping/agglutination (indication immune response) when paired correctly. that there is an antigen-antibody reaction) - IgM became pentamer because it has a J chain, it  Flemming (Lysozyme) acts as a joining chain - Discovered penicillin and lysozyme. - IgG: Monomer - Unlike IgM, when it binds to the antigen of a red cell, we cannot see agglutination, because they do not  More vaccines (RMSF, Tetanus) stay together. - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Caused by - AHG reacts against antibodies, therefore, it can species of Rickettsia. bridge the gap between one antibody and another, - CA of Tetanus: Clostridium tetani (related to Clostridium so that when we can see it as agglutination. botulinum – widely used in the beauty industry; Botox – botulinum toxin). - Clostridium family can trigger muscle spasms - Tetanus causes muscle stiffness, and in the fatal stage, the back bends/arches. - Clostridium botulinum is associated with food poisoning. When the toxin is diluted, it can slightly paralyze facial - Coomb’s test: allows us to detect antibodies and muscles to reduce wrinkles diagnose conditions earlier, as opposed to identifying diseases only at advanced stages.  More blood groups – binasa lang - Stages of disease: 1. Incubation: Microorganism is encountered,  John Marrack (antigen-antibody hypothesis) but no signs or symptoms. - Described the antigen-antibody hypothesis, explaining 2. Prodromal: Initial appearance of symptoms how they interact with each other. begins (e.g., itchy throat, red skin). 3. Disease: Actual period of the disease /  Freund and McDermott (adjuvant) kasagsagsan na ng sakit (40 degrees fever). 4. Recovery / chronic stage / death - Adjuvant is the substance that makes the reaction of the - We cannot detect in the incubation phase, or those who vaccine better, strengthening the reactivity/effectiveness of recovered because we cannot see the other antibodies. the vaccine. - IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an - The problem is not the vaccine types but sometimes infection, while IgG appears later and provides long-term inadequate immune responses. Adjuvants help immunity. (REMEMBER: IgM – M – Mauuna) stimulate a stronger antibody response and longer- lasting immunity.  George Shell and Peter Gorer (MHC)  Allograph or transplantation - Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Explains self vs. non-self recognition. It helps the body identify its own - Allo: means from the same species. cells and determine compatibility for organ transplants. - You will get tissue from a human and transplant it to - These are antigens found on ourselves that another human – allograph determine what’s ours and not. - Allogeneic transfusion: Refers to transfusions between humans.  B cells – binasa - Historically, tissue was sometimes obtained from animals, known as xenographs (e.g., pig’s heart or blood to  GVHD (Graft-versus-Host Disease) humans). Now, most transplants are allographs. - If they are not compatible, there’s a high chance they develop Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).  Coomb’s Test - When allograph is not compatible, their MHC is not compatible, there’s a higher chance of rejection (organ or - Reliant on the use of the coomb’s reagent, which is the Anti Human Globulin (AHG). graft rejection), not just rejection but the graft mounts an - Globulin: A class of globular proteins, including immune response against the host. - Results in the graft attacking the host’s tissues, immunoglobulins (Ig). - Immunoglobulins (named for their heavy chains): results into a disease, hence GVHD - IgG (Gamma) - IgA (Alpha)  Jean Dausset (HLA) - IgM (Mu) - As they understood MHC, they renamed it Human - IgE (Epsilon) Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) - IgD (Delta) GUEVARA, QUITON, REYES, & SUANSING| BSMT 3B 4  MLSIS 301: IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (LEC)  James Gowans (Lymphocyte circulation) – binasa  Peter Nowell (discovery of interleukin 2 receptor) - Interleukins are examples of chemicals that help the immune system do its job, so the receptor for those was discovered by Peter Nowell.  Peter Perlmann and Eva Engvall (ELISA) - Developed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).  Molecular biology and genetic engineering – binasa REMEMBER  Before – Prime - In serology and laboratory work, priming is essential. For example, priming a pipette ensures accurate volume by breaking surface tension and removing bubbles (Similar to using primer in skincare or makeup). - Preparation / activation to come up with best possible quality  During – Aspirate - Gather as much information or sample as possible.  After – Dispense - Dispense knowledge by reviewing and sharing it (e.g., rewriting notes, teaching others). Without dispensing, information remains unutilized stock knowledge. GUEVARA, QUITON, REYES, & SUANSING| BSMT 3B 5