Laboratory Techniques PDF

‫وي‬$‫اح ص'ر ع‬+‫ ا‬:-‫ا‬/‫ا‬ ‫ء‬12 34‫د ا‬67‫ا‬ The introduction: T with a detailed look at the various devices and analyzes used in educational laboratories and how to work on them. Emphasi...

‫وي‬$‫اح ص'ر ع‬+‫ ا‬:-‫ا‬/‫ا‬ ‫ء‬12 34‫د ا‬67‫ا‬ The introduction: T with a detailed look at the various devices and analyzes used in educational laboratories and how to work on them. Emphasis will be placed on the basic principles of each device, analysis, steps of work on them, and their respective applications.  Parasitology Laboratory: In this laboratory, experiments and practical exercises are conducted for the path of internal parasites (which parasitize inside the body of the organism, such as worms of all types, etc.) and external parasites (which parasitize the body of the organism from the outside, such as ticks, fleas, dream -- etc.) are conducted using photomicroscopes, so that students bring samples to examine and diagnose them by means of the photomicroscopes and know the most important diseases caused by the body of the organism. This laboratory is also used to apply experiments and practical training for other practical courses such as animal physiology, reproductive science and IVF, and veterinary clinical diseases. Among the equipment in this laboratory: 1- Light Microscopes 2- Sieves 3- Liquid Nitrogen Container 4- Hemocytometer,.  Stool parasite Sub-laboratory examination that detects the presence of parasites or their eggs in a stool sample using a laboratory microscope. Urinalysis Urinalysis is a test that examines urine. It is used to detect and treat a range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. Urinalysis includes checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine. For example, a urinary tract infection can make urine appear cloudy instead of clear. Increased levels of protein in the urine may be a sign of kidney disease.Urinalysis is a test that examines urine. It is used to detect and treat a range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. Urinalysis includes checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine. For example, a urinary tract infection can make urine appear cloudy instead of clear. Increased levels of protein in the urine may be a sign of kidney disease.  Drawing blood from a vein Performing an intravenous blood draw is often done using a specific needle that draws a sample of blood from a vein. This type of procedure is done in medical laboratories. In some cases, it is also possible to perform a blood draw to remove excess red blood cells in the blood. This is usually used to treat certain blood disorders, and drawing blood from a vein may also be known as venipuncture. The process of withdrawing a blood sample from a vein Venepuncture is often done following the following steps: 1-Explain the procedure to the patient and draw blood to him, confirming the required tests and filling out the appropriateforms. 2-Check for any sensitivity present in the patient in relation to sterilizers, adhesives or others. 3-Stretching the patient’s arm as it should. 4-Clean your hands thoroughly while wearing proper PPE. 5-Place the Al-Asba about 8-10cm above the specified site to pull the sample. 6-Monitor the arm closely in order to make sure it is not placed tightly or for more than two minutes. 7-Prepare the sample withdrawal site by clearing the area for half a second and letting it dry in the air for half a second as well. 8-Holding the lower arm firmly in order to attract tight skin and fix the vein to roll. 9-Insert the needle at an angle of 15-30 degrees into the bowl, and connect the pipes needed to remove the appropriate volume of blood. 10-Remove the al-Asba where the last amount of blood is withdrawn, then remove the needle from- the patient's arm and pressed down the bowl with gauze, and then get rid of contaminated materials and needles. Purple blood tube (known as lavender) Some common tests performed, using purple blood tubes, include: - Full blood count FBC - Red blood cell deposition rate. - Film for abnormal blood cells, or malaria parasites. - Retinal cells - Red cell folate - To control diabetes patients HbA1c - Neighborous thyroid hormone - The least common tests performed using purple blood tubes: - Cyclosporine levels - ACTH level - Meta Nefrin plasma -Fasting hormones screen  Blue blood tubes Type Common uses made with blue blood tubes include: *The external pathway, thromboplastin time, including bleeding time, platelet function, prothrombin time, or vibrino-gin test, evaluates the final joint path, to evaluate an intrinsic pathway. *D-dimer to help rule out blood clots. *INR to monitor patients taking warafarin. *The proportion of partial anabolic thromoplastin, to monitor patients receiving, intravenous heparin injections. text Yellow Blood Tubes Nicknamed (Gold) Euro, keratin, sodium and potassium analysis. *C-reactive protein *Liver function tests, including total protein and albumin. Amylase test *A coil for bones, including calcium and phosphate. Examination of magnesium *The fat file includes cholesterol and triglycerides. *Thyroid function tests *Vitamins including vitamin B12. Troponin requires two samples at different times, to assess the sharp direction. *Creatine kinase Nourat.*Asmolity in the blood and this requires taking a urine sample, at the same timm. Endocrine examinations Serum tubes The tube with the red cover indicates that it is free of additives such as anticoagulants, and there are types of which are added silicon or gel in order to reduce the process of blood decomposition. Such tubes are used in the blood bank and some routine chemical tests and hormones. They are also used in the serology department; They contain silica molecules inside them to separate the serum or as it is known as serum. Gray Tube This type of tube is used to set the Type  Heparin tubes This type of tube is the least used and is intended for biochemical tests that require heparin plasma or whole blood for analysis. Added materials such as sodium or lithium-heparin. It is also used in the Department of Cellular Genetics, as well as can be used to measure pH, blood gases, electronics, amino acids, and hormones. The sample size to be withdrawn from the patient is 10 ml. Vacuum blood colletion tube Black Esr Tube ESR tube blood collection and blood clotting preventionAnticoagulant, Oem and ODM  (Microbiological) Microbiology laboratories are used for a variety of important purposes such as the knowledge and identification of Culture media Type Media They are environments that contain nutrients and an environment suitable for the growth of bacteria. Its types: Classification based on functional and application Classification of agricultural media depending on their function or applications: A/ Selective media Selective medium It allows the growth of specific types of microbiology while it prevents the growth of others. Such as: EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) It inhibits the growth of positive bacteria and allows the growth of negative bacteria B/ Differential Media: Differential Media A medium that contains components such as chemical reagents that produce differences that can be perceived between bacteria types. It is used to differentiate between different types of microorganisms that grow on dishes. Example: Blood agar: blood agar A dish used to differentiate between a specific bacteria that produces an enzyme analyzer for erythrocytes where it produces either: Beta hemolysis: An enzyme that completely analyzes red blood cells and produces a colorless transparent area around bacterial colonies. Alpha hemolysis: An enzyme that does not completely decompose red blood cells as it produces a green color around bacterial colonies. Gamma hemolysis: does not euther on erythrocytes. MacConkey agar media: MacConkey It is a selective and differential agricultural community. It is one of the selective media because it inhibits the growth of some bacteria (positive bacteria) It is a differential medium because it differentiates between bacteria that ferment lactose. "Lactose fermenters" Where the growth of fermented bacteria for lactose appear pink or red in color  Type C/ Enrichment media: The fertile medium A liquid medium used to inhibit coexistence in clinical samples. Selenite F broth, terathionate broth and alkaline peptone water are used to return pathogens from fecal samples. D/ Transport media: the carrier medium It is used to prevent the growth of pollutants in samples during their transport from the work site to the laboratory. These media are also used to prevent the sample from drying out. E/ Anaerobic media: Non-aerobic media Special media used to develop bacteria that need a non-aerobic medium for reproduction of clostridium. Classification based on consistency: Classification based on its strength A/ Liquid media: Liquid media Liquid media can be used in test tubes or vials. In some it is called broth. Used for bacteria B/ Solid media: solid media Any liquid medium is added to hardening factors such as Agar. Where these cars take from the wall membrane of some types of red algae. C/ semi solid agar The semi-solid media The percentage of acar is reduced between 0.2-0.5% These media are used to infer moving bacteria and differentiate between moving and non-mobile bacteria. text  Microbiological laboratory devices How to Write Microbiology Laboratory (Microbiological) Reports The laboratory report consists mainly of eight sections: The address The summary Introduction Methods and materials The results The discussion The conclusion References  Virus Lab Type : Viral test) is a group of tests that are performed to detect infection with types of viruses that cause infection and diseases, and are done by taking a sample from different areas of the body such as blood, urine, feces, saliva, spinal fluid, and the tissues of some organs. Examples of viral diseases that may affect humans; Cold sores, Human Immunodeficiency Virus short, and measles It should be noted that there are different types of viruses that may require a virus analysis to detect them, text Chemistry Unit: Type The unit consists of 9 main devices in addition to many auxiliary devices to do routine analyzes and automatic chemical analyzers. The mechanized systems used in the chemistry unit have made it possible to perform a set of analyzes using only one sample. The unit performs tests of diabetes, kidney and liver function, detect fats of all kinds, measure heart enzymes, and measure various ionic salts in the blood and urine according to scientific bases and references to ensure accuracy in diagnosis. text The blood bank is the storage of blood and its components, which are collected from donors with their blood, as blood and its components are collected, stored and preserved for later use in operations that require blood transfusion. The term “blood bank” refers to a department in hospitals where blood and its products are stored after tests are performed to reduce risks related to blood transfusion. However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also collect blood. Type Hero of blood How to know the blood type Bloodtypeisdeterminedbyantibodiesandantigensintheblood. Antibodiesareproteinsfoundinplasma,theyarepartofthebody'snaturaldefenses,recognizeforeign bodiessuchasgerms,andalerttheimmunesystemtodestroythesebodies. Antigensareproteinmoleculesonthesurfaceofredbloodcells. Tofindoutthebloodtype,redbloodcellsaremixedwithasolutionofdifferentantibodies. Forexample,ifthesolutioncontainsantibodiestothebloodtypeBandthepersonhasantigensofblood typeBonhisredbloodcells,hisbloodtypeisB,andapoolorso-calledclottingappearsinthe examination. IftheblooddoesnotinteractwithanyoftheantibodiesofbloodtypeAorbloodtypeB,thebloodtypewillbe O. Sothereisaseriesoftestswithdifferenttypesofantibodiesthatcanbeusedtodeterminebloodtype. Ifapersonneedsabloodtransfusion,bloodisexaminedwithasampleofdonorcellsthatcontainABO andRHDantigens. Ifthereisnoreaction,donorbloodtypeofthesametypeABOandRHDcanbeusedandgiventothe  Inconclusion thisreportprovidesacomprehensive overviewoftheanalysesinthe laboratoriesandhowtoworkonthem.