MIS-08-09 IT infrastructure and emerging technologies 1 v2.pdf

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IT INFRASTRUCTURE: IT infrastructure as the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firms specific IS applications. IT infrastructure includes in H/w, S/w, a...

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IT INFRASTRUCTURE: IT infrastructure as the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firms specific IS applications. IT infrastructure includes in H/w, S/w, and services such as consulting, education and training that are shared across the entire firm or across entire business. Def : IT IS consists of a set of physical devices and S/w applications that rare required to operated the entire enterprise. These services includes: 1. IT computing platform: Connect employees, customers and suppliers into a covered digital environment including large mainframe , desktop and laptop computers and mobile handheld devices. 2. IT in Telecommunication Service: Provide voice and video connectivity to employees and customer. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  3. IT in Data Management Service : That store and manage corporate data. Provide for analyzing the data. 4. IT Application S/w Service: Provides enterprise wide capabilities such as ERP, SCM, KM. 5.IT in Physical facilities mgt. Services: The physical installations required for computing, telecommunication and data mgt. service. 6. IT Mgt. service: That plan and develop the infrastructure coordinate with business units. 7. IT in educational services: That provide training the employee, and system. 8. IT in Research: It provide the firm with research on potential future IT projects Evaluation of IT IS: IT in the organization today is over 50 years of evaluation in computing platform. There are five stages in this evaluation each represents of different configuration of computing power and infrastructure elements. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Fig Connection between the firm, IT infrastructure and Business Capabilities Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  1. General purpose Mainframe and Microcomputers (1959- to Present) ❖ The introduction of IBM 1401 and 7090 transistorized machine in 1959 is the first commercial Mainframe computers. ❖ In 1965 Mainframe computer turned to IBM 360 Series. It was the first commercial computer with powerful OS and provide Timesharing, Multitasking, and virtual memory in more advanced model. ❖ This generation is highly centralized computing under control of programmers and system operators. ❖ In 1965 Digital Equipment corporation DEC introduced mini computer. PDP=II and later the VAX Machines offered powerful and lower price than IBM. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  2. Personal computer (1981 to Present): ❖The first PC appeared in 1970s. The XEROX ALTO, The MITS ALTAIR 8800 and APPLE I and II. ❖It used DOS OS a text based command , later Microsoft OS. ❖The WINTER PC (Windows OS S/w and a computer with Inter Microprocessor) become the standard desktop computers. ❖Today 95% using this. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  3. Client/ Server (1983 to Present): ❖Desktop and laptop computers called Clients and Network are powerful server. ❖The client is the user point of entry, whereas the server typically process and stores shared data service, WebPages or manages N/w activities. ❖The simplest C/S N/w consists of a client computer N/w to server computer with processing split between the two types of machines. This is called a TWO-TIERES C/S Arch. It is found in Small business. ❖Most corporations have more complex MILTITIERED (also called N-TIER) C/S Arch. ❖Some of the servers : Web Server. Application Server. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  4. Enterprise computing (1992-to Present): ❖As the internet developed I environment after 1995 business firm begin to use IT/TCP protocol to disparate N/W together. ❖Due to that Computer H/W and smaller N/W into an enterprise wide. So that information can flow freely across the organization. ❖It can link different type of computers including mainframe computers, servers, Pcs., mobile phones. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  5. Cloud and Mobile Computing(2000 to Present): The growing bandwidth power of the Internet has pushed the C/S model one step further towards is called the Cloud Computing model. It refers access to a shared pool of computing resources computers, storage, applications and services over a N/w often the internet. This resources can be accessed as on needed basis. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Technology drivers of Infrastructure evolution: Moors Law: The no of component with the smallest manufacturing per component had doubled each year. Moors Law interpreted multiple ways there are at least three variations: 1. The power of Microprocessor double every 18 months. 2. Computing power doubles every 18 Months. 3. Price of computing falls by half every 18 months. The LAW of MASS Digital storage: The amount of digital information is roughly doubling every year. The Metcalfe's LAW of N/w Economics: The value or power of N/w grows exponentially as a function of the Number of N/w members. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS : Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  IT infrastructure today is composed of Seven Major components: 1. Computer H/w Platforms: ❖ US firm will spend about 109 Billion in 2010 on computer H/w. ❖ 2010 90 Billion PCs sold in US. ❖ In India IT spend project at $79.8 Billion in 2012. ❖ $11 Billon will be spend on computer H/w with $54.7 Billion in Telecom Market. ❖ Around 350 firms worldwide have invested more than 41 Billon in IT. ❖ In India $11.5 Billon units PCs sales in 2011. ❖ This sales is increased by 14.0% in 2012. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  2. Operating Systems : ❖2010 Microsoft windows comprises about 78% of the servers OS system in market. ❖25 % of the corporate servers using some form of UNIX OS or LINUX. ❖MS OS is capable of providing enterprise wide OS and N/W services. ❖UNIX and LINUX are scalable, reliable and much less expensive. ❖The major providers of UNIX OS are IB M, HP, and SUN. ❖AT the client level 90 % of PCs use some form of MS OS. ❖Google Chrome OS provides a light weighted OS for Cloud Computing. ❖Android S/w is designed around the mouse and Keyboard, it become used in touch Technology in Mobile phones. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  3. Data Management and Storage: ❖The leading DB S/W provider are IBM(DB2), ORACLE, MS SQL SERVER, SYBASE. ❖MYSQL, is a LINUX open source relational DB product. ❖In market for digital storage devices has been growing at more than 15% last 5 Years. ❖In addition to traditional disk arrays , tape libraries, large firms are turning to N/w based storage technologies. ❖Storage Area Network (SAN) connect multiple storage device on a separate N/w. 4.Network and Telecommunication Platforms: ❖US firms spend $100 Billon a year on N/w. ❖Most LAN and WAN use the TCP/IP protocol. ❖The leading N/w and H/w Provider are CISCO, ALCATEL, LUCENT, NORTEL, and JUNIPER. ❖In India $54.7 Billion spend on 2012. ❖In India BSNL, TCS, RCOMM, IDEA, BARTI-AIRTEL offers voice and data connectivity. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  5. Internet Platforms: ❖Us firms spend on $40 Billion annually on Internet related infrastructure. ❖These include S/w ,H/w. ❖A Web-hosting is the largest web server for providing fee-paying subscribes. 6. Enterprise S/w applications: ❖US firms spend $165 Billions in 2010 for Enterprise applications. ❖In India this application is grow 20% in 2009. ❖In 2010 it expanded to 18%. ❖The largest provider is SAP and ORACLE. 7. Consulting and system integrated services: ❖Implementing a new infrastructure requires significant training and education and s/w integration. ❖Leading consulting firms providing this ACCENTURE,IBM GLOBAL SERVICE, HP Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011SERVICES, ENTERPRISE Pearson Education, INFOSYS,Inc. ANDAllWIPRO. Rights Reserved.  CURRENT HARDWARE TRENDS: The exploding power of computer H/w and N/w technology has dramatically changed how business organize their computing power, putting more of the power on N/w and mobile hand held devices. Here we see the some important H/w trends. 1. The emerging mobile digital platform: ❖ Mobile digital computing platform have emerged as alternative to Pcs and large computers. ❖ Cell phones and smart phones have taken many functions of handheld computers including transmission of data, transmitting emails and instant msg., displaying digital content , exchanging data with internal corporate systems. ❖ The new mobile platforms also include small low cost light weighted subnotebooks called NETBOOKS optimized for wireless communication and internet access with core computing functions such as word-processing. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  2.Grid Computing: ❖Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single N/w to create a virtual supercomputer by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid. ❖Computers use their CPU avg. only 25% of the time for the work have been assigned. ❖Grid computing requires S/w programs to control and allocate resources on the grid. ❖Grid computing involves cost savings, speed of computers. 3. Virtualization: ❖Virtualization is the process of presenting a set of computing resources. So that they can all be accessed in a way that are not restricted by physical configuration of geographic location. ❖Leading virtualization S/w vender for windows and LINUX servers. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  4.Cloud computing: Firms and individuals obtain computer processing, storage , S/w and other services as a pool of virtualization resources over a N/w. Primarily the internet. The resource made available to users based on their needs irrespective of physical locations. The US national institute of standards and technology defined (NIST) having the following characteristics: 1. On demand self service: Individuals can obtain computing capabilities such as server time or N/w storage on their own. 2. Location independent resource pooling: Computing resources are pooled to server multiple users. 3. Rapid Elasticity: Computing resources can be rapidly provisioned, increased, or decreased meet changing users demand. 4. Measured service: Change for cloud resources are based on amount of resource actually used. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Cloud computing consists of three different types of services: 1.Cloud infrastructure as a service: Customers use processing, storage, N/w and other computing resources from cloud service providers to run there is. 2. Cloud perform as a service: Customers use infrastructure and programming tools hosted by a service provider their own applications. Eg. IBM Offers a smart business applications. 3. Cloud S/w as a service: Customers use S/w hosted by the vendor on the vendor H/w and delivered over a N/w. Eg. Google Apps provide common business applications. A cloud can be private or Public. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  5.Green Computing : Green computing or Green IT refers to practice and technologies of redesigning , manufacturing using and disposing of computers , servers and associated devices such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and N/w an communications systems to minimize impact on the environment. 6. Automatic computing: AC an industry wide effort to develop systems that can configure themselves , optimize and tune themselves from outside intruders and self destructions. Eg. Virus and firewalls protection S/w are able to detect virus automatically. 7. High performance and power saving operations: A multicar processor is an integrated circuit to which two or more processor. Cores have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption and more efficient ,simultaneous processing of multiple task. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  CURRENT SOFTWARE TRENDS , OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE Open source software: OSS is a S/w produced by a community of several thousand programmers around the world. It is free and can be modified by users. OSS is by definition not restricted to any specific OS or H/w technology, most OSS today based on LINUX OR UNIX os. The OSS movement has been evolving for more than 30 years and it commercially acceptable high quality S/w. Popular SS LINUS, the APACE HTTP WEB SERVER, the MOZILLA web browser. OSS tools are being used a net books as inexpressive alternatives to MS OFFICE. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  LINUX : Linux application are embedded in cell phones, smart phones, net books and consumer electronics. Linux is available in free version downloaded from the internet or in low cost commercial version that include tools and support from vendors such as REDHAT. Linux is not used in many desktop systems, it is major force in WAN, WEBSERVERS and high performance computing. S/w for WEB JAVA and AJAX: JAVA is OOPL that has become the leading interactive environment for the WEB. The JAVA platform has migrated into cellular phones, smart phones, auto mobiles , music players, game machine into cable television system serving interactive content and pay-per-vie service. JAVA S/w designed to run on any computer or computing device. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  AJAX: AJAX (Asynchronous Java script and XML) is another web development tech. for creating interactive web application that prevents all of inconvenience in web pages. It allows a client and server to exchange small pieces of data behind the scene. It provide entire webpage does not have to be reloaded each time the user to change. Eg. Google map, the server downloads just that part of the applications. Web services and service –oriented Arch.: Web service refer to a set of loosely coupled S/w components that exchange information with each other using universal web communication standards and languages. They can exchange information between two different systems regardless of OS or programming language on which the system based. The foundation technique for Web Services is XML which is stands for Extensible Markup language, and HTML Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  HTML page description languages that specifying how text, graphics, video and sound are placed on a webpage document. HTML is limited to describi9ng how dat should be presented in the WebPages. XML can perform presentation, communication and storage of data. The collection of Web services that are used to build a firms S/w systems constitutes is know as Service oriented Arch.. The SOA is a set of self-contained service that commutate with each other. S/w Packages and Enterprise S/w: A Software package is pre written commercially available set of S/w programmers, that eliminate the need for a firm to write its won S/w programs for certain functions such as payroll or order handling. Enterprise application S/w vendors such as SAP and ORACLE , developed powerful S/w package that can support the primary business processes of a firm worldwide from warehousing, CRM, SCM and finance and HR. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  S/w outsourcing: S/w outsourcing enables a firm to contract S/w or maintance of existing legacy programs. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Defining I T Infrastructure Set of physical devices and software required to operate an enterprise Set of firm-wide services including: – Computing platforms providing computing services – Physical facilities management services – IT management, education, and other services “Service platform” perspective – More accurate view of value of investments Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.1 Connection Between the Firm, IT Infrastructure, and Business Capabilities Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Evolution of I T Infrastructure General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present Personal computer era: 1981 to present Client/server era: 1983 to present Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.2 Stages in IT Infrastructure Evolution Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.3 A Multitiered (N-Tier) Client/Server Network Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution (1 of 2) Moore’s law and microprocessing power – Computing power doubles every 2 years – Nanotechnology Law of Mass Digital Storage – The amount of data being stored each year doubles Metcalfe’s Law and network economics – Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.4 Moore’s Law and Microprocessor Performance Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.5 Falling Cost of Chips Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nanotubes Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.6 The Amount of Storage Per Dollar Rises Exponentially, 1950–2016 Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Technology Drivers of Infrastructure Evolution (2 of 2) Declining communication costs and the Internet – Exponential growth in size of the Internet Standards and network effects – Technology standards ▪ Specifications that establish the compatibility of products and the ability to communicate in a network ▪ Unleash powerful economies of scale and result in price declines Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.7 Exponential Declines in Internet Communications Costs ($/MBPS) Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Components of I T Infrastructure? 1. Computer hardware platforms 2. Operating system platforms 3. Enterprise software applications 4. Data management and storage 5. Networking/telecommunications platforms 6. Internet platforms 7. Consulting system integration services Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.8 The I T Infrastructure Ecosystem Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Computer Hardware Platforms Client machines – Desktop PCs, laptops – Mobile computing: smartphones, tablets – Desktop chips vs. mobile chips Servers Mainframes – IBM mainframe – Digital workhorse for banking and telecommunications networks Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Operating System Platforms Corporate servers – Windows Server – Unix – Linux Client level – Microsoft Windows – Android, iOS, Windows 10 (mobile/multitouch) – Google’s Chrome O S (cloud computing) Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Enterprise Software Applications In 2020, firms are expected to spend over $500 billion on software for enterprise applications Largest providers: SAP and Oracle Middleware providers: I BM, Oracle Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Data Management and Storage Database software providers – IBM (DB2) – Oracle – Microsoft (SQL Server) – SAP Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), – MySQL (Oracle) – Apache Hadoop Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Networking/Telecommunications Platforms Network operating systems – Windows Server, Linux, Unix Network hardware providers – Cisco, Juniper Networks Telecommunication services – Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access – AT&T, Verizon Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Internet Platforms Hardware, software, management services to support company websites, intranets – Web-hosting services – Routers – Cabling or wireless equipment Internet hardware server market – IBM, Dell, Oracle, HP Web development tools/suites – Microsoft (Visual Studio and.NET), Oracle-Sun (Java), Adobe Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Consulting and System Integration Services Even large firms do not have resources for full range of support for new, complex infrastructure Leading consulting firms: Accenture, I BM Global Services, HP, Infosys, Wipro Technologies Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or redesign Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Trends in Computer Hardware Platforms? (1 of 5) The mobile digital platform – Smartphones – Tablet computers – Digital e-book readers and apps (Kindle) – Wearable devices Consumerization of IT and BYOD (bring your own device) – Forces businesses and IT departments to rethink how IT equipment and services are acquired and managed Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Trends in Computer Hardware Platforms? (2 of 5) Quantum computing – Uses quantum physics to represent and operate on data – Dramatic increases in computing speed Virtualization – Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS); also enables multiple physical resources (such as storage devices) to appear as a single logical resource (such as in software-defined storage (SDS)) – Reduces hardware and power expenditures – Facilitates hardware centralization Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Trends in Computer Hardware Platforms? (3 of 5) Cloud computing – On-demand computing services obtained over network ▪ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) ▪ Software as a service (SaaS) ▪ Platform as a service (PaaS) – Cloud can be public or private – Allows companies to minimize IT investments – Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability – Hybrid cloud computing model Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.9 Cloud Computing Platform Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.10 Amazon Web Services Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Trends in Computer Hardware Platforms? (4 of 5) Edge computing – Servers at the edge of the network, near the source of the data – Reduces latency (delay) and network traffic Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Trends in Computer Hardware Platforms? (5 of 5) Green computing (Green IT) – Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware – Reducing power consumption a high priority – Green data centres High-performance, power-saving processors – Multicore processors – Power-efficient microprocessors Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Computer Software Platforms and Trends? (1 of 3) Linux and open-source software – Produced by community of programmers – Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice – Linux Software for the web: Java, HTML, and HTML5 – Java Virtual Machine – Web browsers – HTML and HTML5 – Ruby and Python Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Computer Software Platforms and Trends? (2 of 3) Web services and service-oriented architecture – Web services – XML: Extensible Markup Language – SOA: service-oriented architecture ▪ Set of self-contained services that communicate with one another to create a working software application ▪ Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the Current Computer Software Platforms and Trends? (3 of 3) Software outsourcing and cloud services – Software packages and enterprise software – Software outsourcing – Cloud-based software services and tools ▪ Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers Mashups and apps Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 5.12 Changing Sources of Firm Software Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary What is IT infrastructure? Evolution of IT Infrastructure Drivers for Technology Evolution IT Infrastructure Components Hardware Trends Software Trends Copyright © 2022, 2020, 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved