APPSC Group 2 S&T Material Final PDF

APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence APPSC Group 2 S&T Mains Material Unit 1: Technology Missions, Policies and Applications 1. National S&T Policy: Recent Science, Technology and Innovation P...

APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence APPSC Group 2 S&T Mains Material Unit 1: Technology Missions, Policies and Applications 1. National S&T Policy: Recent Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, and National Strategies and Missions 2. Emerging Technology Frontiers 3. Space Technology: Launch Vehicles of India, Recent Indian Satellite Launches and its applications, Indian Space Science Missions 4. Defence Technology: Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO): Structure, Vision and Mission, Technologies Developed by the DRDO, Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) 5. Information and Communication Technology (ICT): National Policy on Information Technology – Digital India Mission: Initiatives and Impact – E-Governance Programmes and Services – Cyber Security concerns – National Cyber Security Policy 6. Nuclear Technology: Indian Nuclear Reactors and Nuclear Power Plants – Applications of Radioisotopes –India’s Nuclear Programme. 1.1 National S&T Policy: Recent Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, and National Strategies and Missions Science & Technology in India Science refers to the process of gaining knowledge through methodical experimentation and observation. Often, the words science and technology are used interchangeably. But while the goal of science is the pursuit of knowledge, technology aims to create products that solve problems and improve human life. So, technology can be seen as the practical application of science. Overview of S&T Infrastructure of India APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Important Scientific Institutes and Organisations- Organization Establishment Objectives Major Responsibilities Department of May 1971 Promote new Formulate S&T policies, coordinate cross-sectoral Science & areas of S&T, S&T areas, sponsor scientific surveys, support Technology (DST) coordinate and scientific research institutions, oversee Science and promote S&T Engineering Research Council, Technology activities Development Board, National Council for S&T Communication, National Innovation Foundation, etc. Department of 1986 Promote Enhance biotech efficiency and productivity, Biotechnology biotechnology promote biotech industry, support R&D in biotech, (DBT) in India socioeconomic development through biotech, improve agricultural and nutritional security Council of 1942 Build R&D base Diverse S&T research, societal interventions, patent Scientific & in India portfolio management, promote entrepreneurship, Industrial rank high in global institutions, significant Research (CSIR) contributions to science and technology Indian Council of 1911 Biomedical Coordinate medical research, translate research into Medical Research research public health, focus on health problems of (ICMR) vulnerable populations, promote research in academia, support biomedical innovation and diagnostics Indian Council of 1929 Coordinate Manage research in agriculture, horticulture, Agricultural agricultural fisheries, and animal sciences, pioneer Green Research (ICAR) research and Revolution, promote food and nutritional security, education excellence in agricultural education Genetic Under Biotech Appraise use of hazardous microorganisms and Engineering Environment regulation recombinants, evaluate proposals for GE organisms, Appraisal Protection Act oversee environmental safety of biotech research Committee 1986 (GEAC) National Institute 1952 Virus research Monitor viral diseases, develop diagnostics, handle of Virology (NIV) pathogenic viruses, contribute to Covid-19 management through diagnostics and vaccine development Indian Science 1914 Promote Organize annual congress, publish scientific Congress science in India proceedings, manage funds for science promotion, Association hold sessions like Children’s Science Congress, (ISCA) Women’s Science Congress, and Young Scientist awards APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence National Policies on proliferation of Science, Technology and Innovation The chronology of various Science & Technology Policies in India is as follows — Science Policy Resolution (1956), Technology Policy Statement (1983), Science & Technology Policy (2003) and Science, Technology & Innovation Policy (2013) and Science Technology Innovation Policy 2020. Science Policy Resolution 1956- The first policy on science was adopted by India through the (SPR1958) which laid the foundation for scientific enterprise and scientific temper in India. S&T were seen as vehicles for the onward journey towards socio-economic transformation and nation-building. Technology Policy Statement (1983) By 1980, India had developed advanced scientific and technological infrastructure in the areas of space, industrial research, nuclear energy, defence research, biotechnology, agriculture, and health. Subsequently, with a focus to achieve technological competence and self-reliance through the promotion and development of indigenous technologies, the TPS was launched in 1983. These S&T policies took recourse to mass education and cultivation of science and scientific research in HEIs for attaining technological competence. Economic liberalization and globalization brought new challenges and opportunities in Science and Technology. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Science & Technology Policy (2003) From 2000 onwards, India focused on the conversion of knowledge into wealth and value, addressing socio- economic needs of the country and to amalgamate science, technology, and innovation (STI). Accordingly, Science and Technology Policy 2003 brought together the areas of S&T with the aim of increasing the investment required for R&D and innovation in the areas impacting the economy and society. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013: In 2013, Government of India released science, technology and innovation policy that laid greater thrust on innovation, establishing research institutes and encourages women scientists with an aim to position itself among the top five scientific powers in the world by 2020. India has declared 2010-20 as the “Decade of Innovation”. The Government has stressed the need to enunciate a policy to synergize science, technology and innovation and has also established the National Innovation Council (NlnC). APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence The key elements of the STI Policy - 2013 1. Promoting the spread of scientific temper amongst all sections of society. 2. Enhancing skill for applications of science among the young from all social strata. 3. Making careers in science, research and innovation attractive enough for talented and bright minds. 4. Establishing world class infrastructure for R&D for gaining global leadership in some select frontier areas of science. 5. Positioning India among the top five global scientific powers by 2020. 6. Linking contributions of science, research and innovation system with the inclusive economic growth agenda and combining priorities of excellence and relevance. 7. Creating an environment for enhanced Private Sector Participation in R&D. 8. Enabling conversion of R&D outputs into societal and commercial applications by replicating hitherto successful models as well as establishing of new PPP structures. 9. Seeding S&T-based high-risk innovations through new mechanisms. 10. Fostering resource optimized, cost-effective innovations across size and technology domains. 11. Triggering changes in the mindset and value systems to recognize, respect and reward performances which create wealth from S&T derived knowledge. 12. Creating a robust national innovation system. Investment in Research & Development 1. Global investments in science, technology and innovation are estimated at $1.2 trillion as of 2009. India’s R&D investment is less than 2.5% of this and is currently under 1 % of the GDP. 2. Achieving this in the next five years is realizable if the private sector raises its R&D investment to at least match the public sector R&D investment from the current ratio of around 1 :3. The new paradigm is “Science technology and innovation for the people”. 3. A National Science, Technology and Innovation Foundation will be established as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) initiative for investing critical levels of resources in innovative and ambitious projects. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2020 (STIP 2020) 1. Covid-19 pandemic has shown the world that it has to take research in science and technology more seriously than before. In India, the pandemic presented an opportunity for R&D institutions, academia, and industry to work with a shared purpose, synergy, collaboration and cooperation. 2. With the growing realisation, that science can address many of society’s pressing problems, the Government of India has released a draft 2020 policy. 3. The STIP will be guided by the vision of positioning India among the top three scientific superpowers in the decade to come. 4. Apart from it, the policy outlines strategies for strengthening India’s STI ecosystem to achieve the larger goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). Novel Ideas of the Policy & their Significance- A. Open Science Framework & Inclusiveness: 1. Open Science fosters more equitable participation in science through increased access to research output, greater transparency and accountability in research. 2. Apart from this, it would ensure better resource utilisation through minimal restrictions and a constant exchange of knowledge between the producers and users of knowledge. 3. All data used in and generated from publicly-funded research will be available to everyone under FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) terms. A dedicated portal to provide access to the outputs of such publicly-funded research will be created through Indian Science and Technology Archive of Research (INDSTA). B. One Nation, One Subscription & Democratization: 1. The STIP envisions free access to all journals, Indian and foreign, for every Indian against a centrally- negotiated payment mechanism. 2. In the present mechanisms, consumers of knowledge such as line departments, innovators, industry, the society at large, etc., do not have access to these research journals. 3. Hence, the policy seeks to democratise science by providing access to scholarly knowledge to not just researchers but also to every individual in the country. C. Science & Gender Parity: 1. India has valued women’s participation in science and education from ancient times. Some of the earliest women scientists, including Leelavati, Gargi, and Khana, made significant contributions to mathematics, natural science, and astronomy. 2. Over the last six years, women’s participation in S&T has doubled in India; however, women’s overall participation in R&D continues to be only about 16%. 3. Therefore, the policy has envisaged gender parity by addressing career breaks for women by considering academic age rather than biological/physical age. 4. Apart from this, it proposes an inclusive culture that'll be facilitated through the equal opportunity candidates from rural-remote areas, marginalised communities, differently-abled, Divyangjans, irrespective of their socio-economic backgrounds. D. Traditional Knowledge & Carving Own Niche: 1. The policy envisages establishing an institutional architecture to integrate Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) and grassroots innovation into the overall education, research and innovation system. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 2. This focus on indigenous know-how may help India shine globally, standing on its merit and unique technologies based on timeless ancient wisdom curated/enhanced by modern science and technology. E. Collaboration & Ease of Doing Research: 1. The proposed Science Technology Innovation Observatory will have an important governance role in the collaboration networks. 2. The policy proposes creating a National STI Observatory that will act as a central repository for all kinds of data related to and generated from the STI ecosystem. 3. Further, an STI Development Bank will be set up to facilitate a corpus fund for investing in direct long-term investments in select strategic areas. Technology Missions In 1987, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi appointed Sam Pitroda advisor to the Prime Minister on National Technology Missions. These missions focus on five critical areas: 1. Drinking water 2. Immunizations 3. Literacy 4. Oil seeds 5. Telecommunications Later, 6th mission is added. 6. Dairy production Technology Mission Specific Goals Achievements/Key Initiatives Drinking Water - Provide clean potable water to - Identified 100,000 problem villages using 100,000 problem villages. - Ensure 40 geohydrological mapping. - Established liters/day per person and 30 liters/day water quality and quantity standards. - per head of livestock. Educated villagers on pump repair, distributed repair manuals in 15 languages. Immunizations - Immunize 20 million pregnant - Implemented oral polio vaccine with cold women and 20 million children per chain for refrigeration. - Developed India's year. polio vaccine production capacity. - India declared polio-free in 2013. Literacy - Teach 80 million people (ages 15-35) - Focused on motivating adults to learn and to read and write at the rate of 10 providing materials and teachers. - Awarded million each year. UNESCO’s NOMA Literacy Prize in 1999. Oilseeds - Increase oilseed production by up to - Encouraged farmers to plant oilseeds by 18 million tons. - Reduce or eliminate restructuring the marketing system. - India India’s annual 10-billion rupee import started exporting oil cakes at the rate of 600 bill for edible oils. million per year. Telecommunications - Improve service, dependability, and - Developed indigenous telecom accessibility of telecommunications, technologies. - Expanded rural telephony including rural areas. and public call offices (PCOs). - Introduced digital switching systems and local manufacturing. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Dairy (added later) - Increase dairy production from 44 to - Implemented technologies for breeding, 61 million metric tons per year. - Raise animal health, fodder, and milk production. dairy employment and incomes. - - India became the number one producer of Expand dairy cooperatives by 42%. milk in the world. National Science and Technology Missions- 1. Climate Change Programme - National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Missions, 2008 S.No Mission Objective Key Focus Areas Coordinating Agency 1 National Solar Mission Promote solar Solar power capacity, Ministry of New and energy off-grid applications Renewable Energy 2 National Mission for Improve energy PAT scheme, MTEE, Bureau of Energy Enhanced Energy efficiency EEFP, FEEED Efficiency, Ministry of Efficiency Power 3 National Mission on Sustainable urban Urban transport, energy Ministry of Housing Sustainable Habitat planning conservation, waste and Urban Affairs management 4 National Water Mission Conserve water Efficient water use, Ministry of Jal Shakti resources basin-level management 5 National Mission for Assess and sustain Vulnerability Department of Sustaining the Himalayan Himalayan assessment, ecosystem Science & Technology Ecosystem (NMSHE) ecosystem health 6 National Mission for a Afforestation and Forest cover Ministry of Green India reforestation enhancement, Environment, Forest sustainable agriculture and Climate Change 7 National Mission for Sustainable Drought-proofing, soil Ministry of Agriculture Sustainable Agriculture agricultural health management & Farmers Welfare practices 8 National Mission on Build capacities in Human and institutional Department of Strategic Knowledge for climate science capacities, strategic Science & Technology Climate Change knowledge (NMSKCC) 2. National Super Computing Mission, 2015 Aspect Details Objective Provide supercomputing infrastructure to meet computational demands Focus Areas Academia, research, MSMEs, startups Implementing Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Electronics and IT Agencies (MeitY) Execution Partners Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune; Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 3. National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems (NM-ICPS), 2018 Aspect Details Objective Develop technologies and applications in Cyber Physical Systems Focus Areas AI, ML, Robotics, Cyber Security, Data Analytics, Advanced Communication, Quantum Technologies Budget Rs. 3660 crore (approved in 2018 for five years) Implementing Agency Department of Science & Technology (DST) Technology Innovation Hubs 25 TIHs established in reputed institutes across India (TIHs) 4. National Quantum Mission (NQM), 2023 Aspect Details Objective Develop and scale quantum technologies Focus Areas Quantum computing, communication, sensing, materials Budget Rs. 6003.65 crore (2023-24 to 2030-31) Implementing Department of Science and Technology (DST) Agencies Thematic Hubs Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, Quantum Materials & Devices National Science Missions- Prime Minister’s Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC – Established in 2018) has identified nine national science missions aim to address major scientific challenges to ensure India’s sustainable development. The Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC), is an overarching Council that facilitates the Principal Scientific Adviser’s Office to assess the status in specific science and technology domains, comprehend challenges in hand, formulate specific interventions, develop a futuristic roadmap and advise the Prime Minister accordingly. Each of these 9 missions will be led by concerned Ministries and will engage international and national institutional partners, young scientists and industry. The Nine Missions- Mission 1: Natural Language Translation: 1. It aims to make opportunities and progress science and technology accessible to all in their mother tongue and remove the barrier that the requirement of high-level of proficiency in English. 2. Using a combination of machine and human translation, the mission will eventually enable access to teaching and research material bilingually i.e. in English and one’s native Indian language. Concerned ministries: 1. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology 2. Ministry of Education 3. Department of Science and Technology APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Mission 2: Quantum Frontier 1. It aims to initiate work in control of the quantum mechanical systems, with a large number of degrees of freedom, as one of the great contemporary challenges in fundamental science and technology. 2. Building excellence in the quantum frontier will also be essential for national security and in the development of quantum computers, quantum chemistry, quantum communication, new materials, quantum sensors and quantum cryptography. 3. Joining the race with other technologically advanced nations, the Indian government has given primacy to building quantum capabilities in the Budget 2020-21. 4. The Union budget for 2020-21 allocated $1.12 bn (Rs. 8000 crores). Moreover, the Department of Science & Technology has set up Quantum-Enabled Science & Technology (QuEST) – a research program to build quantum capabilities. 5. As a part of the program, DST will invest a sum of $11.2 mn (Rs 80 crore) over three years to facilitate research in this field. Lead Agencies: 1. Department of Science and Technology 2. ISRO 3. Department of Atomic Energy Mission 3: Artificial Intelligence (AI) 1. It will focus on addressing societal needs in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities and infrastructure, including smart mobility and transportation. 2. This mission will work with extensive academia-industry interactions on developing core research capability at national level which will include international collaborations. 3. It will help push technology frontiers through the creation of new knowledge and in developing and deploying applications. Lead Agencies: 1. NITI Aayog 2. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology 3. Department of Science and Technology 4. Department of Biotechnology Mission 4: National Biodiversity Mission It will include 1. a comprehensive documentation of India’s biodiversity with the potential for cataloguing and mapping all lifeforms in India including associated cultural and traditional practices 2. assessment of the distribution and conservation status of India’s biodiversity 3. development of a cadre of professionals adept at handling large sets of environmental data for management and monitoring of biodiversity 4. establishment of a vibrant biodiversity-based economy on a solid foundation of reliable information 5. engagement with the public 6. enhanced options for agricultural production and livelihood security and the general well-being of society. Lead Agencies: 1. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change 2. Department of Biotechnology APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Mission 5: Electric Vehicles (EVs) 1. It will develop vehicle sub-systems and components for Indian requirements including rare earth based electric motors, Li-ion batteries, power electronics (like high voltage electric systems) etc. using academia industry collaboration. 2. This mission is critical for India to reduce fossil fuel consumption and mitigate emissions. 3. For EVs to become economically viable and scalable, focused research, development and innovation are needed to build indigenous capability. 4. Vehicles need to be energy efficient, use light and efficient batteries that function well in India specific conditions with materials that are recyclable. Lead Agencies: 1. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2. Department of Science and Technology 3. Department of Heavy Industries 4. Ministry of Power 5. NITI Aayog Mission 6: Bioscience for Human Health 1. It aims to construct comprehensive reference maps of genomes and to understand the dynamics of how exposure to different environments have impact on our bodies. 2. The mission will focus on the genomic study of populations of humans to identify and unravel the genetic basis and prevalence of rare and inherited diseases. 3. The outcome will help stimulate better diagnosis and treatment that can feed into the health care system of the country. 4. The diversity of Indians and of its environment requires a large-scale study of human genomes specific to our lifestyle and how this impact health and disease patterns. Lead Agencies: 1. Department of Biotechnology 2. Department of Health 3. Department of Science and Technology Mission 7: Waste to Wealth 1. It aims to identify, develop and deploy technologies to treat waste to generate energy, recycle materials and extract worth. 2. The mission will assist and augment the Swachh Bharat and Smart Cities project by leveraging science, technology and innovation to create circular economic models that are financially viable for waste management to streamline waste handling in India. 3. An economic system which prioritises the re-use and recycling of resources in order to eliminate waste and keep them circulating around. Lead Agencies: 1. Department of Biotechnology 2. Department of Science and Technology 3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 4. Ministry of Urban Development 5. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Mission 8: Deep Ocean Exploration 1. It aims to scientifically explore the deep oceans towards improving India’s understanding of the blue frontier. 2. It will address issues arising from long term changes in the ocean due to climate change. 3. The focus areas cover: a. the development of technologies for deep sea exploration and exploitation of living (biodiversity) and non-living (minerals) resources b. development of underwater vehicles and underwater robotics c. development of ocean climate change advisory services d. technological innovations and conservational methods for sustainable utilisation of marine bio- resources e. offshore based desalination techniques and renewable energy generation Lead Agencies: 1. Ministry of Earth Sciences 2. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 3. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 4. Department of Space 5. Defence Research and Development Organisation 6. Geological Survey of India 7. National Biodiversity Authority Mission 9: AGNIi (Accelerating Growth of New India’s Innovations) 1. The mission aims to support the national efforts to boost the innovation ecosystem in the country by connecting innovators across industry, individuals and the grassroots to the market and helping commercialise innovative solutions. 2. It will provide a platform for innovators to bring their technology ready products and solutions to industry and the market thereby helping propel techno-entrepreneurship which can usher a new era of inclusive socio-economic growth. 3. The mission includes services across the techno-commercialization chain required to support and upscale market-ready indigenous innovations. 4. The initiative includes a. working with government R&D laboratories and academia to help commercialise their innovations; b. collaborate and value add to existing innovation programs; c. training and capacity building of scientists, innovators, technology transfer offices and technology license offices d. Linking specific needs of industry to research laboratories to enable development of cost-effective marketable solutions Lead Partner: Invest India APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Indian Scientists and Their Contributions- Name Contributions Achievements Jagadish Chandra Pioneering work in plant physiology and IEEE Milestone, Fellow of the Royal Bose radio waves Society M. Visvesvaraya Contributions to engineering and Bharat Ratna, Knight Commander of irrigation projects the Indian Empire Prafulla Chandra Father of Indian Chemistry; established Knighthood, Fellow of the Royal Ray Bengal Chemicals Society C.V. Raman Discovered the Raman Effect, scattering Nobel Prize in Physics (1930), Bharat of light Ratna Srinivasa Made substantial contributions to Fellow of the Royal Society, several Ramanujan mathematical analysis, number theory, theorems named after him and continued fractions Satyendra Nath Work on quantum mechanics, Bose- Padma Vibhushan, Fellow of the Royal Bose Einstein condensate Society Meghnad Saha Developed the Saha Ionization Equation Fellow of the Royal Society, Padma Bhushan Birbal Sahni Pioneer in the study of paleobotany and Padma Bhushan, Founder of Birbal plant fossils Sahni Institute A.K. Saha Contributions to spectroscopy and atomic Fellow of the Royal Society physics Yellapragada Discovered ATP function; Developed Father of Chemotherapy; Herald- Subba Rao methotrexate (cancer chemotherapy); Tribune's most eminent medical minds Discovered aureomycin (antibiotic); of the century Synthesized folic acid; Cure for filariasis Homi J. Bhabha Father of Indian Nuclear Program; Padma Bhushan, Founder of TIFR Established BARC Subrahmanyan Work in stellar evolution and black holes Nobel Prize in Physics (1983), Copley Chandrasekhar Medal Vikram Sarabhai Father of Indian Space Program; Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan established ISRO (posthumously) Har Gobind Deciphered the genetic code and its Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Khorana function in protein synthesis (1968) Asima Chatterjee Research in organic chemistry, medicinal Padma Bhushan, Shanti Swarup plants; developed anti-malarial and anti- Bhatnagar Award epileptic drugs Yash Pal Contributions to cosmic rays and science Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan communication U.R. Rao Pioneering contributions to Indian Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan satellite technology Raja Ramanna Indian physicist and director of BARC Padma Vibhushan, Padma Shri APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence G.N. Developed Ramachandran plot for Fellow of the Royal Society, Shanti Ramachandran understanding peptide structure Swarup Bhatnagar Award M.S. Indian geneticist and leader of India's Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Swaminathan Green Revolution; Head of ICAR and IRRI; Vibhushan, Ramon Magsaysay Award, Chairman of the National Commission of TIME magazine's 20 most influential Farmers Asians of the 20th century Satish Dhawan Contributions to fluid dynamics and space Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan technology Prafulla Chandra Father of the White Revolution in India; Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Ray transformed India into the largest milk Padma Shri producer Dr. V. Shanta Renowned oncologist; significant Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, contributions to cancer care and research Padma Shri A.P. Mitra Contributions to atmospheric science and Padma Bhushan radio science Roddam Contributions to aerospace engineering Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan Narasimha and fluid dynamics E.C. George Contributions to quantum optics and Padma Vibhushan, Dirac Medal Sudarshan Sudarshan-Glauber representation A. P. J. Abdul Contributions to aerospace engineering Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan Kalam and missile development C. N. R. Rao Contributions to solid-state and structural Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan chemistry R. Chidambaram Contributions to Indian nuclear program Padma Vibhushan, Padma Shri Raj Reddy Pioneering work in artificial intelligence Turing Award, Padma Bhushan and robotics Manmohan Contributions to chemical engineering Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan Sharma Jayant Narlikar Contributions to cosmology and Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan astrophysics Darshan Significant contributions to bio-organic Fellow of the Indian National Science Ranganathan chemistry, including protein folding and Academy supramolecular assemblies Sam Pitroda Telecom and IT revolution in India; Padma Bhushan contributions to public policy and innovation Anil Kakodkar Contributions to India's nuclear energy Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan program APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence G. Madhavan Nair Contributions to Indian space missions, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan including Chandrayaan-1 Dr. Indira Hinduja Pioneering work in gynecology; credited Padma Shri with the birth of India's first test-tube baby Srikumar Contributions to metallurgy and nuclear Padma Shri, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Banerjee materials Award A. Sivathanu Pillai Contributions to BrahMos missile Padma Bhushan program K. Radhakrishnan Leadership in Indian space missions, Padma Bhushan including Mars Orbiter Mission K. S. Manam Contributions to computer science and Padma Shri development of Tejas fighter jet avionics Dr. Venkatraman Nobel Prize-winning biologist; Atomic Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Louis-Jeantet Ramakrishnan structure of the ribosome; Work on Prize for Medicine, Heatley Medal, histone and chromatin structure Padma Vibhushan Gagandeep Kang Noted virologist; contributions to the Fellow of the Royal Society development of the rotavirus vaccine Tessy Thomas Key contributions to the Agni series of Padma Shri, known as "Missile Woman missiles; Project Director for Agni-IV and of India" Agni-V M. Vanitha Project Director of Chandrayaan 2; Part of Best Woman Scientist by Astronomical Cartosat-1, Oceansat-2, Megha- Society of India Tropiques; Worked with ISRO for 34 years Ritu Karidhal Mission Director of Chandrayaan 2; ISRO Young Scientist Award by APJ Deputy Director of Mangalyaan (Mars Abdul Kalam; "Rocket Woman" of India Mission); Aerospace engineer with ISRO since 1997 1.3 Space Technology: Launch Vehicles of India, Recent Indian Satellite Launches and its applications, Indian Space Science Missions Space technology involves the development and application of tools, systems, and techniques for exploring and utilizing space. Key Components of Space Technology 1. Satellites: Artificial objects placed in orbit around celestial bodies. They are used for communication, weather forecasting, navigation, and scientific research. 2. Launch Vehicles: Rockets and spacecraft used to transport satellites and humans into space. 3. Spacecraft: Vehicles designed for travel or operation in outer space. 4. Ground Systems: Infrastructure on Earth that supports space missions, including control centers, tracking stations, and data processing facilities. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Keywords related to Space Technology- 1. Outer Space: It is a 3-dimensional region that begins where the Earth’s atmosphere ends. Geo space, up to 100 km (Karman Line), is governed by sovereign laws, while no nation can claim sovereignty in outer space. Interstellar space is the region between the Sun's heliosphere and the astrospheres of other stars. 2. Karman Line: A boundary 100 kilometers (62 miles) above mean sea level that marks the edge of Earth's atmosphere and the beginning of outer space. 3. Outer Space Treaty, 1967: An international agreement prohibiting the placement of weapons of mass destruction in outer space, nuclear weapons in orbit, and claims of sovereignty over celestial bodies. India is a signatory. 4. Artemis Accords: Non-binding principles established by the U.S. and NASA with other countries for governing civil exploration and use of outer space, the Moon, Mars, comets, and asteroids for peaceful purposes. India joined as the 27th member. 5. Microgravity: A condition of very low gravity experienced in space. Astronauts are trained to withstand microgravity. The Moon's gravity is 1/6th of Earth's gravity. Lack of significant atmosphere leads to extreme temperature variations on the Moon's surface. 6. Space Suit: Provides necessary protection for astronauts in space, including proper pressure, temperature regulation, oxygen, water, and protection from space dust and sunlight. ISRO has prepared an indigenous space suit for the Gaganyaan program. 7. Orbit: The curved path of an object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon. Satellites orbit Earth when their speed balances Earth's gravity. 8. Solar System: Planets orbit the Sun due to gravitational attraction. The formation process involved particles coalescing into planets, moons, and asteroids. 9. Satellite: A body that revolves around another object. Types include natural (e.g., Moon) and manmade (e.g., Astrosat, GSAT satellites). 10. Spacecraft: Artificial objects designed to revolve around other planets or for interstellar missions. Examples include Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, and NASA's Voyager probes. Ex: Voyager Interstellar Mission: NASA's Voyager 1 and 2 were launched in 1977 to explore outer planets and are now in interstellar space, sending data back to Earth. Both carry a golden record with sounds and images from Earth. 11. Rocket: A vehicle used to provide thrust for an object, governed by Newton's Laws of Motion. It consists of fuel, oxidizer, and an engine. 12. Launch Vehicle: Rockets used to place satellites or spacecraft into space. India's operational launch vehicles include PSLV, GSLV, and SSLV. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 13. Launch Station: A site for launching spacecraft. India's sites include the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, and Dr. Abdul Kalam Island. A new spaceport is planned in Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu. 14. Sounding Rockets: Rockets used for atmospheric and space research. India’s first sounding rocket was launched in 1963. Currently, the Rohini series is operational. 15. Telescope: Optical instruments for observing distant objects. Types include ground-based (e.g., Indian Astronomical Observatory) and space-based (e.g., Hubble Telescope, Astrosat). 16. Perigee & Apogee: Perigee is the closest point in a satellite's orbit to Earth. Apogee is the farthest point. 17. Lagrange Points: Stable positions near large orbiting bodies where a smaller object can remain balanced due to gravitational forces. Examples include L1 and L2 points used by space telescopes. 18. Spectrometer: An instrument used to measure properties of light. Examples include AstroSat, which studies celestial sources in multiple wavelengths. 19. Van Allen Radiation Belts: Zones of charged particles around Earth, trapped by its magnetic field. Discovered by James A. Van Allen in 1958, they are intense over the equator and absent over the poles. 20. Satellite Frequency Bands: Frequencies used for various satellite applications, including radio communications, astronomy, weather forecasting, and broadcasting. Types of Orbits- Type of Orbit Description Examples Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Orbits ranging from 200 to 2,000 kilometers RISAT series, Cartosat series, above Earth’s surface, used for Earth Astrosat, now EOS series observation and scientific missions. satellites Geostationary Orbit Orbits at approximately 35,786 kilometers INSAT series, GSAT series now (GEO) above the equator, where satellites appear CMS series satellites; IRNSS stationary relative to the Earth. Series satellites now NVS series satellites Geo Synchronous Orbits at approximately 35,786 kilometers , IRNSS Series satellites now NVS Orbit (GSyO) other than over equator series satellites Sun-Synchronous Polar orbits around 600-800 kilometers Cartosat series, Resourcesat Orbit (SSO) altitude, synchronized to always cross the series equator at the same local solar time. Highly Elliptical Orbit Orbits with a high eccentricity, bringing the None prominent (HEO) satellite close to Earth at one end and far at the other, used for communications and observation. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Geosynchronous Transitional orbit used to transfer a satellite GSAT series (during transfer Transfer Orbit (GTO) from LEO to GEO. phase) Types of Launch Vehicles of India Launch Vehicle Description First Payload Notable Missions Name Flight Capacity Satellite Launch India's first experimental satellite 1979 40 kg to LEO Rohini-1 (1980) Vehicle (SLV) launch vehicle, used for launching small payloads into low Earth orbit. Augmented Satellite Designed to augment payload 1987 150 kg to SROSS-1 (1987), Launch Vehicle capacity compared to SLV, with LEO SROSS-C (1994) (ASLV) the capability to launch heavier payloads. Polar Satellite Launch A highly reliable and versatile 1993 1,750 kg to Chandrayaan-1 Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicle used for launching SSO, 1,425 (2008), Mangalyaan satellites into polar orbits and kg to GTO (2013), Cartosat series geosynchronous transfer orbits. Geosynchronous Developed for launching heavier 2001 2,500 kg to GSAT series, INSAT-3D Satellite Launch payloads into geosynchronous GTO (2013) Vehicle (GSLV) transfer orbits, featuring a cryogenic upper stage. GSLV Mark III (LVM- The most powerful Indian launch 2014 4,000 kg to Gaganyaan (upcoming 3) vehicle, capable of launching GTO, 10,000 crewed mission), heavier payloads into kg to LEO GSAT-19 (2017); geosynchronous transfer orbits Chandrayan 3 and low Earth orbit. Small Satellite Aimed at providing on-demand 2022 500 kg to SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Launch Vehicle launch services for small satellites LEO, 300 kg (2022) (SSLV) with a quick turnaround time. to SSO Types of Satellites- A satellite is a body that revolves around another object, such as natural satellites like the Moon or artificial satellites used for communication, weather monitoring, navigation, Earth observation, scientific research, and military purposes. Type of Satellite Description Indian Satellite Examples Communication Facilitate telecommunication by relaying INSAT series, GSAT series, EDUSAT; Satellites signals between points on Earth. CMS series satellites Weather Satellites Monitor atmospheric conditions to provide INSAT-3D, INSAT-3DR, Megha- weather forecasts and track natural Tropiques; EOS series satellites disasters. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Navigation Provide global positioning system (GPS) IRNSS (NavIC) series, NVS series Satellites services for accurate location and timing satellites information. Earth Observation Monitor and collect data on Earth's surface, Cartosat series, Resourcesat series, Satellites environment, and climate. RISAT series; EOS Series satellites Scientific Satellites Conduct scientific experiments and gather Astrosat, Chandrayaan-1, data on space and celestial bodies. Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayan 3, Mangalyaan (MOM) Military Satellites Used for defense and intelligence purposes, GSAT-7 (Rukmini), GSAT-7A, RISAT- including surveillance and reconnaissance. 2BR1 Indian Space Missions Year Mission Name Mission Type Mission Objectives 1975 Aryabhata Satellite India’s first satellite. It was launched for scientific and technological research. 1980 Rohini Satellite Satellite India’s first satellite launched by its launch vehicle, the Series (RS-1) SLV-3. 1983 INSAT-1B Communication Part of the Indian National Satellite System for Satellite telecommunications, broadcasting, and meteorology. 1987 SROSS Series Satellite Series of satellites for scientific research and (SROSS-1) observation. 1993 IRS-1E Earth Observation Part of the Indian Remote Sensing programme for resource monitoring and management. 1999 INSAT-2E Communication Advanced communication satellite for broadcasting Satellite and telecommunications. 2001 GSAT-1 Communication Experimental satellite for testing new technologies in Satellite communication. 2005 Cartosat-1 Earth Observation High-resolution mapping satellite for cartographic applications. 2008 Chandrayaan-1 Lunar Exploration India’s first lunar probe, which discovered water molecules on the Moon. 2013 Mars Orbiter Mars Exploration India’s first interplanetary mission, making India the Mission first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit. (Mangalyaan) 2014 IRNSS-1C Navigation Part of the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System for providing accurate position information. 2015 Astrosat Space India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space Observatory observatory for astronomical observations. 2016 GSAT-18 Communication Advanced communication satellite to support Satellite telecommunication, broadcasting, and broadband services. 2017 Cartosat-2 Series Earth Observation High-resolution earth observation satellite for Satellite cartographic and military applications. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 2018 GSAT-29 Communication High-throughput communication satellite to provide Satellite broadband connectivity to rural and remote areas. 2019 Chandrayaan-2 Lunar Exploration India’s second lunar mission aimed at exploring the Moon’s south pole region, was partially successful. 2020 GSAT-30 Communication Replacement satellite for INSAT-4A, providing Satellite enhanced communication services. 2021 PSLV-C51/ Satellite Launch Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle mission carrying Brazil’s Amazonia-1 Amazonia-1 satellite and 18 co-passenger payloads. 2022 GSAT-24 Communication A communication satellite launched for NewSpace Satellite India Limited (NSIL) to provide DTH television services. 2023 LVM3-M3/ Satellite Launch Launch of 36 OneWeb broadband communication OneWeb India-1 satellites aboard the LVM3 rocket. 2023 Aditya-L1 Solar Exploration India’s first solar mission to study the sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the solar corona. 2023 Chandrayaan-3 Lunar Exploration To demonstrate the ability to safely land on the moon and deploy a rover for exploration. 2024 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite Launch Launched to investigate the polarisation of cosmic X- Satellite (XPoSat) rays and examine the 50 brightest known celestial objects in the universe. Moon Missions of India- Category Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-3 Launched in 22nd October 2008 22nd July 2019 14th July 2023 Launched by PSLV-XL C11 GSLV Mk III GSLV Mk III Components Orbiter, Moon Impact Probe Orbiter, Vikram Lander, Vikram Lander, Pragyan (MIP) Pragyan Rover Rover Equipment Scientific Payloads from India: Orbiter payloads: Lander payloads: 1. Terrain Mapping Camera 1. Terrain Mapping 1. Spectro-polarimetry (TMC), Camera 2 (TMC 2), of Habitable Planet Earth 2. Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI), 3. 2. Chandrayaan 2 Large (SHAPE) payload, Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument Area Soft X-ray 2. Laser-Induced (LLRI), Spectrometer (CLASS), Breakdown 4. High Energy X-ray Spectrometer 3. Solar X-ray Monitor Spectroscope (LIBS), (HEX), (XSM), 3. Alpha Particle X-ray 5. Moon Impact Probe (MIP) 4. Orbiter High Spectroscope (APXS) Resolution Camera Scientific Payloads from abroad: (OHRC), 1. Chandrayaan-I X-ray 5. Imaging IR Spectrometer (CIXS), Spectrometer (IIRS), 2. Near Infrared Spectrometer 6. Dual Frequency (SIR-2), Synthetic Aperture Radar 3. Sub keV Atom Reflecting (DFSAR), Analyzer (SARA), APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 4. Miniature Synthetic Aperture 7. Chandrayaan-2 Radar (Mini SAR), Atmospheric 5. Moon Mineralogy Mapper Compositional Explorer 2 (M3), (CHACE 2), 6. Radiation Dose Monitor 8. Dual Frequency Radio (RADOM) Science (DFRS) experiment Objectives 1. Orbit the Moon using an Indian- 1. Demonstrate soft- 1. Demonstrate safe and made launch vehicle landing and rover soft landing on the lunar 2. Conduct scientific experiments operations surface for three-dimensional atlas and 2. Orbital studies of lunar 2. Demonstrate rover chemical/mineralogical mapping topography, mineralogy, operations on the lunar 3. Increase scientific knowledge and water ice surface 4. Test impact of Moon Impact 3. Expand scientific 3. Conduct in-situ Probe (MIP) knowledge, engage scientific experiments public, innovate, and explore economic possibilities Achievements 1. Discovered water/hydroxyl 1. Presence of water 1. Pragyan rover covered molecules in lunar soil molecules on the Moon over 100 meters on the 2. Indicated subsurface water-ice 2. Detection of minor lunar surface deposits elements such as 2. Confirmed presence 3. Recorded direct evidence of chromium, manganese, of sulphur in the lunar water and sodium surface 4. Detected new rock types 3. Observation of 3. Conducted 5. Global imaging of the moon microflares in the solar groundbreaking corona measurements of the 4. Exploration of lunar plasma permanently shadowed environment regions and craters 4. Recorded seismic activities and thermal behavior of the lunar surface Future Missions- Year Mission Name Mission Type Mission Details 2024 Gaganyaan 1 Human The first test flight of the Gaganyaan spacecraft, designed Spaceflight to carry three astronauts and equipped with rendezvous and docking capabilities. 2024 NISAR Earth A joint project with NASA to launch a dual-frequency Observation synthetic aperture radar satellite for remote sensing. This mission is notable for being the first dual-band radar imaging satellite. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Mid- Gaganyaan 2 Human The second test flight before the inaugural crewed 2025 Spaceflight mission of Gaganyaan. 2025 Venus Orbiter Planetary An orbiter mission to study the atmosphere and surface Mission Exploration of Venus. (Shukrayaan) 2026 Mars Orbiter Planetary India’s second interplanetary mission to Mars, primarily Mission 2 Exploration an orbiter mission aimed at further exploring the Martian (Mangalyaan 2) surface and atmosphere. 2026 Lunar Polar Lunar A collaborative mission with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Exploration Exploration Agency) to explore the Moon’s south pole Mission region, focusing on water ice and other resources. 2026 Gaganyaan 3 Human The first crewed Gaganyaan mission aimed at making Spaceflight India the fourth country to independently send humans to space. 2028 Chandrayaan-4 Lunar A lunar sample-return mission, the fourth in the Exploration Chandrayaan series, consisting of multiple modules for different mission phases, including landing and returning samples from the Moon. 2028– Bharatiya Human A planned Indian space station weighing approximately 2035 Antariksha Spaceflight 20 tonnes, orbiting around 400 kilometers above Earth, Station where astronauts could stay for 15–20 days at a time. To be AstroSat-2 Astronomy and A proposed space telescope, successor to Astrosat-1, decided Astrophysics aimed at advancing astronomical and astrophysical research. An ‘Announcement of Opportunity’ has been issued for ideas and the development of instruments. Gaganyan Program- 1. The Gaganyaan mission will send a crew of three astronauts into space for a three-day mission in a 400 km orbit, and then safely return them to Earth in the Indian Ocean. 2. The Gaganyaan programme includes two unmanned missions and one manned mission. 3. The mission is expected to launch between 2024 and 2025. It is first human space flight mission of India. 4. The mission, named after the Sanskrit word for craft or vehicle to the sky, has a projected cost of ₹90 billion. If successful, India will become the fourth country to send a human into space after the Soviet Union, the US, and China. 5. The Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) leads ISRO's Gaganyaan programme, coordinating activities across ISRO centers, Indian research labs, academia, and industries. 6. The mission focuses on R&D in life support systems, Human Factors Engineering, Bioastronautics, crew training, and human rating & certification, essential for future human space flight activities like space station building and interplanetary missions. 7. Objective is to demonstrate human spaceflight capability by launching a crew of three to a 400 km orbit for a three-day mission, landing in Indian sea waters. Strategy: Utilize in-house expertise, Indian industry experience, academic and research institutions, and international cutting-edge technologies. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Prerequisites: Develop critical technologies including a human-rated launch vehicle, Life Support System, crew emergency escape provision, and crew management aspects for training, recovery, and rehabilitation. Precursor Missions: 1. Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) 2. Pad Abort Test (PAT) 3. Test Vehicle (TV) flights 4. Safety and reliability to be proven in unmanned missions before the manned mission. Human Rated LVM3 (HLVM3): 1. LVM3 rocket (GSLV Mk-III), a reliable heavy-lift launcher, is identified for the Gaganyaan mission. 2. HLVM3 includes a Crew Escape System (CES) with quick-acting solid motors to ensure crew safety in emergencies. Orbital Module (OM): 1. Comprises Crew Module (CM) and Service Module (SM). 2. CM: Habitable space with Earth-like environment, double-walled construction, life support system, avionics, and deceleration systems. 3. SM: Provides necessary support to CM in orbit, contains thermal, propulsion, power, avionics systems, and deployment mechanisms. Recent Updates- 1. The four astronauts selected for the program are all Indian Air Force pilots: Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, Ajit Krishnan, Angad Pratap, and Shubhanshu Shukla. They trained in Russia in early 2020 and finished their training at ISRO's astronaut training facility in Bengaluru. 2. ISRO successfully tested the cryogenic engine for the unmanned Gaganyaan (G1) mission on February 21, 2024. The CE20 cryogenic engine, now human-rated, will power the upper stage of the LVM3 vehicle. NASA’s Major Missions- Mission Details Apollo Missions (1968) American astronauts made a total of 11 space flights and walked on the moon. The first Apollo flight was in 1968, the first moon landing in 1969, and the last moon landing in 1972. Apollo-Soyuz: An Orbital The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first spaceflight with two nations Partnership Begins (1975) working together. The Americans sent an Apollo command module, and the Russians launched a Soyuz spacecraft. Artemis Lunar Program Aims to put astronauts on the lunar surface in 2024, including the first female (May 2019) moonwalker. Named after the twin sister of Apollo, the program marks the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11. Cassini-Huygens (1997 to A joint mission by NASA, ESA, and ASI to explore Saturn and its system. Cassini 2017) orbited Saturn, while Huygens landed on its moon, Titan, in 2005. The mission ended in 2017. Chandra X-Ray Part of NASA's "Great Observatories," it allows scientists to obtain X-ray Observatory (1999) images of exotic environments. Named after Nobel Laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. CubeSats Nanosatellites built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) of 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm, weighing less than 1.33 kg per U. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Curiosity (2011, Still Part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, Curiosity assesses Mars' Functional as on Sept habitability. It found evidence of ancient lakes and key ingredients necessary 2023) for life. Double Asteroid A planetary defense test using Kinetic Impactor Technology to alter an Redirection Test (DART) asteroid's path. Successfully collided with Dimorphos in 2022, changing its Mission (2021) orbit. Galileo (1989 to 2003) Orbited Jupiter for eight years, studying its major moons and discovering that Europa likely has a subsurface ocean. Hubble Space Telescope NASA's first space-based optical telescope, named after Edwin P. Hubble. (1990) Major contributions include determining the universe's age, discovering Pluto's moons, and mapping dark matter. IceBridge Mission (2009) The largest airborne survey of Earth's polar ice, providing a 3D view of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheets. International Space A multi-nation construction project and the largest structure humans have Station (1998) put into space. Major partners include NASA, Roscosmos, and ESA. Parker Solar Probe (2018) The first mission to touch the Sun, using Venus' gravity to gradually bring its orbit closer to the Sun. Studies the solar corona and solar wind. The James Webb Space A joint venture between NASA, ESA, and CSA, it complements the Hubble Telescope (2021) Space Telescope with improved sensitivity and longer wavelength coverage. Perseverance Mars 2020 Investigates Jezero Crater for signs of past life. Equipped with MOXIE, it has Rover (2020) generated oxygen on Mars. Carries the Ingenuity helicopter for the first powered flight on another planet. Orion spacecraft NASA's spacecraft for astronauts, part of the Artemis Mission. Will carry the crew to space, provide emergency abort capability, and ensure safe re-entry. OSIRIS-REx The first U.S. spacecraft to collect and return a sample from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu. Part of NASA’s New Frontiers Program. PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, A mission to extend and improve NASA's record of satellite observations of Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) global ocean biology, aerosols, and clouds. (2022) ISRO Outreach Activities to Promote Space Technology ISRO Outreach Activity Description National Science Day and World Regular outreach programs for students, academicians, and Space Week enthusiasts. YUVIKA (Yuva VIgyani KAryakram) Young Scientist Program for school children to learn about space technology and science. UNNATI (UNispace Nanosatellite Nanosatellite assembly and training for developing countries, Assembly & Training by ISRO) enhancing skills in nanosatellite development. Space Theme Park (Sriharikota) Features Rocket Garden, Launch View Gallery, and Space Museum; open to the public. SPARK (The Space Tech Park) Digital space museum showcasing ISRO missions with interactive content. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 1.4 Defence Technology: Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO): Structure, Vision and Mission, Technologies Developed by the DRDO, Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) Keywords: 1. Defence Platforms a) Army Tanks: Heavily armed and armoured combat vehicles on tracks. Ex: Arjun Battle Tank (Indigenous), Soviet BMP-1, BMP-2. b) Aircraft: Machines supported in flight by buoyancy or dynamic action of air. c) Combat Aircraft: MiG-21, Mirage 2000, Rafale, LCA Tejas. d) Helicopters: HAL Rudra, HAL Dhruv, Chinook. e) UAVs/Drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles used for surveillance and launching missiles. Ex: Heron, MK I/II. f) Aircraft Carriers: Naval vessels for planes to land and take off from. Ex: INS Vikramaditya, INS Vikrant (IAC-1). g) Submarines: Naval vessels capable of underwater and surface propulsion. Ex: INS Sindhurakshak, INS Khanderi, INS Arihant. h) Frigates: Small fast ships in the navy for protection. Ex: INS Shivalik, INS Satpura, INS Sahyadri. i) Corvettes: Small fast warships for anti-submarine operations. Ex: INS Kamorta, INS Pralaya. j) Destroyers: Escort groups of ships, armed with firearms and guided missiles. Ex: INS Kolkata, INS Chennai. 2. Missiles Ballistic Missiles: Follow a predetermined trajectory. Ex: Agni, Prithvi.; Cruise Missiles: Guided throughout flight. Ex: BrahMos. 3. Anti-Ballistic Missile System Network of radars and missiles to neutralize incoming enemy missiles. Ex: Prithvi Ballistic Missile Defence System, S-400. 4. Nuclear Triad Capability to deliver nuclear weapons by aircraft, land-based ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched missiles. Achieved by India with INS Arihant. 5. Torpedoes Self-propelled underwater missiles. Ex: Varunastra, Shena. 6. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) Detection system using radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. Applications include weather forecasting, air traffic control, marine navigation, and more. 7. AEW&CS (Airborne Early Warning and Control System) Airborne radar system to detect aircraft, ships, and vehicles at long ranges and command/control the battlespace. Ex: DRDO NETRA, Phalcon AEW&CS. 8. SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) Detection system using sound waves for underwater objects. Used in submarines for detecting objects and missiles underwater. 9. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Remote sensing method measuring distances by firing light beams. Applications include topographic mapping, forest management, archaeological site detection, urban planning, coastal zone monitoring, and more. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 10. Stealth Technology Ability to hide objects from enemy detection using design or stealth-coated material. Ex: Stealth capabilities in BrahMos, AGM-158 JASSM, and developments in Tejas Mk2. Indian Defence: 1. The Government of India is responsible for ensuring the defence of India and every part thereof. The Supreme Command of the Armed Forces vests in the President. The responsibility for national defence rests with the Cabinet. 2. This is discharged through the Ministry of Defence, which provides the policy framework and wherewithal to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country. The Raksha Mantri (Defence Minister) is the head of the Ministry of Defence. 3. Indian Defence System has been divided into three services - Army, Air Force and Navy. Departments 1. The Department of Defence (DoD): The Department of Defence is headed by Defence Secretary and is responsible for the Defence Budget, establishment matters, defence policy, matters relating to Parliament, defence co-operation with foreign countries and co-ordination of all defence related activities. 2. The Department of Military Affairs (DMA): The Department of Military Affairs (DMA) is headed by Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as Secretary and was created to facilitate optimal utilization of resources and promote jointness among the three Services. 3. The Department of Defence Production (DDP): The Department of Defence Production is headed by a secretary and deals with matters pertaining to defence production, indigenisation of imported stores, equipment and spares, planning and control of departmental production units of the Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) 4. The Department of Defence Research and Development (DDR&D): The Department of Defence Research and Development is headed by a Secretary and Chairman DRDO and deals with research and development of defence technologies, systems and equipment as required by the three services of the Armed Forces. 5. The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare (DESW): The Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare is headed by a secretary and deals with all resettlement, welfare and pensionary matters of Ex- Servicemen. Chief of Defence Staff (CDS): 1. Created in 2019, the CDS is the highest-ranking officer in the Indian military and chief adviser to the Defence Minister. 2. Late General Bipin Rawat was the first CDS, with General Anil Chauhan as the current CDS as of October 2023. 3. The CDS heads the Department of Military Affairs and the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC). Functions: 1. Commands tri-service Cyber and Space agencies. 2. Member of Defence Acquisition Council and Defence Planning Committee. 3. Military Adviser to the Nuclear Command Authority. 4. Promotes jointness in operations, logistics, and training among the services. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 5. Principal Military Adviser to the Defence Minister on tri-service matters. Defence Acquisition Council (DAC): 1. Highest decision-making body for defence policies and capital acquisitions. 2. Chaired by the Defence Minister. 3. Formed in 2001 following the Kargil War recommendations. DRDO- Defence Research and Development Organization 1. DRDO is the R&D wing of Ministry of Defence, Govt of India. 2. "Balasya Mulam Vigyanam"—the source of strength is science-drives the nation in peace and war. 3. DRDO was formed in 1958 from the amalgamation of the then already functioning Technical Development Establishment (TDEs) of the Indian Army and the Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP) with the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). 4. DRDO Chairman - Dr Samir V Kamat Vision of DRDO Empowering the nation with state-of-the-art indigenous Defence technologies and systems. Logo: Motto: "Strength's Origin is in Science" Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम् Mission of DRDO 1. Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon systems, platforms and allied equipment for our Defence Services. 2. Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimise combat effectiveness and to promote well- being of the troops. 3. Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong indigenous technology base. Cluster Laboratories/Establishments List under DRDO- Sl. Location Area of Research No. /Establishments/Units 1 Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group Hyderabad Computational System (ANURAG) 2 Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) Hyderabad Missiles & Strategic Systems 3 Aerial Delivery Research & Development Agra Parachutes & Aerial Establishment (ADRDE) Systems APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 4 Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) Bengaluru Aeronautics 5 Armaments Research & Development Pune Armaments Establishment (ARDE) 6 Centre for Air Borne System (CABS) Bengaluru Air-Borne Systems 7 Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR) Bengaluru Artificial Intelligence & Robotics 8 Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety Delhi Explosives (CFEES) 9 Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences Hyderabad High Energy Weapons (CHESS) 10 Combat Vehicles Research & Development Chennai Combat Vehicles Establishment (CVRDE) 11 Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) Bengaluru Avionics 12 Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Bengaluru Bio-engineering Laboratory (DEBEL) 13 Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory Dehradun Electronics & (DEAL) Communication Systems 14 Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) Mysore Food Research 15 Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER) Haldwani Bio-Energy 16 Defence Institute of High Altitude Research Leh High Altitude Agro-animal (DIHAR) Research 17 Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences Delhi Physiology (DIPAS) 18 Defence Institute of Psychological Research Delhi Psychological Research (DIPR) 19 Defence Laboratory (DL) Jodhpur Camouflaging and Isotopes 20 Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL) Hyderabad Electronic Warfare 21 Defence Materials & Stores Research & Kanpur Textiles, Polymers & Development Establishment (DMSRDE) Composites 22 Defence Metallurgical Research Hyderabad Metallurgy Laboratory(DMRL) 23 Defence Research & Development Establishment Gwalior Chemical & Biological (DRDE) Warfare 24 Defence Research & Development Laboratory Hyderabad Missile & Strategic Systems (DRDL) 25 Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Tezpur Health & Hygiene 26 Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) Delhi Terrain Research 27 Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) Bengaluru Gas Turbine 28 High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Pune High Energy Materials (HEMRL) 29 Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences Delhi Nuclear Medicine (INMAS) APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 30 Instruments Research & Development Dehradun Electronics & Optical Establishment (IRDE) Systems 31 Integrated Test Range (ITR) Balasore Missile Testing 32 Joint Cypher Bureau (JCB) Delhi Cypher Systems 33 Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC) Delhi Laser Technology 34 Electronics & Radar Development Establishment Bengaluru Radars (LRDE) 35 Microwave Tube Research & Development Bengaluru Microwave Devices Centre (MTRDC) 36 Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) Ambernath Naval Materials 37 Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory Kochi Sonar Systems (NPOL) 38 Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL) Visakhapatnam Underwater Weapons 39 Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE) Balasore Armament Testing 40 Research Centre Imarat (RCI) Hyderabad Missile & Strategic Systems 41 Research & Development Establishment (Engrs) Pune Engineering Systems & (R&DE[E]) Weapon Platforms 42 Scientific Analysis Group (SAG) Delhi Cryptology 43 Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) Chandigarh Snow and Avalanche 44 Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) Delhi Solid- State/ Semiconductor Materials 45 Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) Chandigarh Ballistics 46 Vehicles Research & Development Establishment Ahmednagar Wheeled Vehicles (VRDE) Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) 1. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was conceived by renowned scientist Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. 2. Dr. Kalam, the then Director of Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), headed a Missile Study Team to weigh the feasibility of the programme. 3. The team included members from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), the Army, Navy and Air Force, and Defence Production. 4. Keeping in mind the requirements of various types of missiles by the defence forces, the team recommended development of five missile systems. The IGMDP finally got the approval from the Government of India on July 26, 1983. The missiles developed under the programme were: 1. Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Prithvi 2. Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Agni 3. Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile Trishul 4. Medium-range surface-to-air missile Akash 5. Third generation anti-tank missile Nag APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Structured as a phased campaign, IGMDP progressed through technology development, sub-system testing, prototype fabrication, rigorous flight trials, production and eventual induction: 1. 1983-84: Developing infrastructure and training scientific talent. 2. 1984-89: Prithvi and Trishul missile advances. 3. 1989-92: Mastering Nag anti-tank and Akash SAM missiles. 4. 1992- 2008: Mature Agni ballistic missiles proving program success. The Agni, which was initially conceived as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges. After achieving the goal of making India self-reliant in missile technology, DRDO on January 8, 2008, formally announced successful completion of IGMDP. The important list of missiles is: (IGMDP plus others) Missile Features Agni I 1. Single stage, solid fuel, Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM). 2. Using solid propulsion booster and a liquid propulsion upper stage. 3. Range of 700-800 km. Agni II 1. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM). 2. Range more than 2000 km. Agni III 1. Two stage IRBM 2. Support a wide range of warhead configurations. 3. Strike range of more than 2,500 Km Agni IV 1. Two stage missiles powered by solid propellant. 2. Can fire from a road mobile launcher. 3. Range is more than 3,500 km. 4. Equipped with indigenously developed ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor. Agni V 1. Three-stage solid fuelled, indigenous Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). 2. Capable of carrying 1.5 tonnes of nuclear warheads. 3. Latest and most advanced variant in terms of navigation and guidance, warhead and engine. 4. After induction in the military, India will join an exclusive club of countries like the US, Russia, China, France, and Britain which have intercontinental ballistic missile capability. 5. Range is more than 5,000 km. Trishul 1. Short-range, quick reaction, all weather surface-to-air missile designed to counter a low-level attack. 2. Has necessary electronic counter-measures against all known aircraft jammers. 3. Only Technology demonstration is successful. Akash 1. Medium-range, surface-to-air missile with multi-target engagement capability. 2. Multiple warheads capable. 3. High-energy solid propellant and ram-rocket propulsion system. Nag 1. Third generation ‘fire-and-forget’ anti-tank missile with a range of 4-8km. 2. Developed indigenously as an anti-armour weapon employing sensor fusion technologies for flight guidance. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 3. HELINA (Helicopter Launched NAG) is the air-to-surface version of the NAG integrated into Dhruv Helicopters. Prithvi 1. First indigenously built ballistic missile under IGMDP. 2. Surface-to-surface battle field missile. 3. Demonstrates higher lethal effects and high-level capability with field interchangeable warheads. Range from 150 km to 300 km. BrahMos 1. Supersonic cruise missile. 2. Being developed with Russia as a private joint-venture. 3. Multi-platform cruise can strike from various types of platforms. 4. Among the world fastest supersonic cruise missiles with speeds ranging between Mach 2.5 – 2.8. 5. A 'fire and forget' weapon i.e. requiring no further guidance from the control centre once the target has been assigned. Nirbhay 1. Subsonic missile, supplement to the BrahMos. 2. Capable of being launched from multiple platforms on land, sea and air. 3. A terrain hugging, stealth missile capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements. 4. Can reach up to 1,000 km. Sagarika 1. Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) 2. Being integrated with India’s nuclear-powered Arihant-class submarine. 3. Range - 700 km. Shaurya 1. A variant of the K-15 Sagarika. 2. Submarine- nuclear-capable missile. 3. Aims to enhance India’s second-strike capability. Dhanush 1. Sea-based, short-range, liquid propellant ballistic missile. 2. Naval version of Prithvi II. 3. Maximum range 350 km. Astra 1. Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile using a solid-propellant. 2. In terms of size and weight, one of the smallest weapons developed by the DRDO. 3. Active radar seeker to find targets. 4. Electronic counter-measure capabilities. 5. Designed to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft at supersonic speeds in the head-on mode at a range of 80 km. Prahaar 1. India’s latest surface-to-surface missile with a range of 150 km. 2. Primary objective is to bridge the gap between the unguided Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher and the guided Prithvi missile variants. 3. Have high manoeuvrability, acceleration and accuracy. Anti-Ballistic Missile System: Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM), weapon designed to intercept and destroy ballistic missiles. Name of The Missile Type Range Prithvi Air Defence Exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic missile Altitude- 80km Prithvi Defence Vehicle Exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic missile Altitude- 30km APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence Advanced Air Defence Endo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic missile Altitude- 200km Ashwin Ballistic Missile Ballistic Missile interceptor / anti-aircraft 150+ km Interceptor or Advanced Air missile Defence (AAD) S-400 System Exo- atmospheric Anti- Ballistic Missile System 400km S-400 Air Defence Missile System: 1. The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system developed by Russia and entered service in 2007. 2. India signed a $5.5 billion deal in 2018 to acquire five S-400 systems. 3. It features four different missiles for engaging targets at various ranges up to 400 km, and can simultaneously engage 36 targets. 4. The system includes radars that can detect objects up to 1,000 km away and distribute targets to appropriate missile systems. 5. Other countries like China and Turkey have also procured S-400 systems. Anti-Satellite Missile (ASAT) – Mission Shakti: 1. Under Mission Shakti, DRDO tested ASAT missiles, making India the fourth country to achieve this capability. 2. These missiles can attack moving satellites and were tested using a modified Prithvi missile. 3. The initiative enhances India's space defense capabilities, complementing its ability to intercept incoming missiles. India’s Space Defence Initiatives: 1. Defence Space Agency (2019): Manages space-warfare and satellite intelligence assets. 2. Defence Space Research Organization (2019): Develops civilian space technology for military use. 3. Mission Shakti (2019): ASAT missile test, positioning India among the few nations with this capability. 4. Integrated Space Warfare Exercise (2019): Tri-service exercise using satellites for intelligence and communication. Anti-Radiation Missiles (ARM) – RUDRAM: 1. India's first indigenous anti-radiation missile, RudraM-I, was test-fired in October 2020 for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI. 2. RudraM-II, tested in 2023, can be fired from Su-30s and Mirage-2000s with a range of 300 km. 3. It disrupts enemy communication and tracking by targeting radar emissions. India previously procured Kh-31 missiles for similar purposes. Aircraft Carriers of India: 1. INS Vikrant- Procured from UK- Decommissioned (Means not in service) 2. INS Viraat- Procured from UK- Decommissioned (Means not in service) 3. INS Vikramaditya- Procured from erstwhile USSR- Currently in service 4. INS Vikrant (IAC-1)- First Indigenous Aircraft Carrier- Currently in service 5. INS Vishal- Under Construction INS Vikrant: Indigenous Aircraft Carrier -1 (IAC-1) 1. It is India’s first indigenously designed and manufactured aircraft carrier. 2. The ship has been designed in-house by Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and constructed by M/s Cochin Shipyard Limited. APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence 3. It will strengthen India as a ‘Blue Water Navy’ — a maritime force with global reach and capability to operate over deep seas. 4. With this, India joins the countries -The US, Russia, France, the UK and China – who are capable of designing and constructing aircraft carriers. Indigenous Submarine Program of India: P-75 and P-75I Program 1. The P-75I submarines are a planned class of diesel-electric attack submarines for the Indian Navy. They are successors to the P-75 class submarines. 2. India aims to acquire six advanced submarines under this project, featuring advanced capabilities - including Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP), , Special Operations Forces (SOF), Anti-Ship Warfare (AShW), Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW), Land-Attack Capabilities and other features. 3. All six submarines will be made in India as part of the "Make in India" initiative. 4. In 1997, MoD approved a plan for 24 submarines under Project 75. 5. Post-Kargil War, a 30-year submarine building plan was approved, including two production lines for six submarines each under P-75 and P-75I. P-75 and P-75I involve the transfer of technology (ToT) from different foreign manufacturers. 6. INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela, INS Vagir- that were built under P75 Commissioned. 7. The 6th (final) one under P75, INS Vagsheer is under construction. 8. Under P75I, strategic partnership model is followed, i.e, joint production by public and private sector. Joint Military Exercises- Name Countries Start Year SAMPRITI (Army) India and Bangladesh 2009 YUDH ABHYAS (Army) India and US 2002 HAND IN HAND (Army) India and China 2007 DHARMA GUARDIAN (Army) India and Japan 2018 KAZIND (Army) India and Kazakhstan 2016 MAITREE (Army) India and Thailand 2006 LAMITIYE (Army) India and Seychelles 2001 NOMADIC ELEPHANT (Army) India and Mongolia 2004 SURYA KIRAN (Army) India and Nepal 2011 MITRA SHAKTI (Army) India and Sri Lanka 2014 GARUDA SHAKTI (Army) India and Indonesia 2012 SHAKTI (Army) India and France 2011 EKUVERIN (Army) India and Maldives 2008 AL NAGAH (Army) India and Oman 2015 KHANJAR (Army) India and Kyrgyzstan 2011 AJEYA WARRIOR (Army) India and UK 2013 COPE-INDIA (Airforce) India and US 2004 AVIAINDRA (Airforce) India and Russia 2014 EX DESERT KNIGHT (Airforce) India and France 2021 APPSC Group2 S&T Notes by Malleswari Reddy Mana La Excellence EXERCISE INDRADHANUSH (Airforce) India and UK 2006 SHINYUU M