MIL-REVIEWER-Final-Exam-1st-quarter.pdf

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA PREHISTORIC AGE - A time before there were machines and tools that help perform tasks. People discovered fire, developed papers from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Cave Paintings (38,000 BCE)...

THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA PREHISTORIC AGE - A time before there were machines and tools that help perform tasks. People discovered fire, developed papers from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Cave Paintings (38,000 BCE) Also known as “parietal art”; Painted drawings on cave walls and ceiling first used in Eurasia; Theorized as ways of communicating; Theorized also as for religious or ceremonial purposes Papyrus in Egypt (2,500 BCE) From “pith” of Papyrus plant; Similar to thick papers; First used in ancient Egypt; Earliest archaeological evidence was excavated in 2012-2013 at Wadi al-Jarf (ancient Egyptian Harbor) Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2,400 BCE) Writing medium, especial for writing in cuneiform during Bronze and Iron age; Invented probably by the Sumerians Acta Diurna in Rome (131 BCE) First used in Roman Republic; Stated results of legal proceedings and outcomes of trials as well as Public and Military notices Dibao in China (2nd Century) Ancient Chinese Gazette; Also called “Palace Reports” and “Imperial Bulletin”; Maybe first used during early as the Han Dynasty or as late as the Tang Dynasty Maya Codices (5th Century) Folding books by the Pre-Columbian Maya Civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script in; Mesoamerican bark cloth; More durable and better writing surface than Papyrus INDUSTRIAL AGE - The industrial revolution was transition to new manufacturing process in the period from 1760 to sometimes between 1820 and 1840. People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products including books through printing press. Wood Blocks as Printing Press (7th Century) Originated in China during Tang Dynasty; Used in printing text, images, or patterns in those times Printing Press for Mass Production (1440) Iron presses inspired by earlier attempts by Swiss typefounder Wilhlm Hass, Charles Stanhope built iron presses that can print around 200 impressions per hour Newspaper (London Gazette) (1740) One of the official journals of record of the British Government; London Gazette – oldest surviving English newspaper; First published as “Oxford Gazette” Typewriter (1874) Mechanical and electromechanical machine for writing characters similar to those produced by printer’s movable type; Became common in offices during mid-1880s Telephone (1876) A telecommunication device; Alexander Graham Bell was the first one to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice Kinetoscope (1890) Allows viewers to watch brief movie through a small peephole; Developed by Thomas Edison from his other invention-phonograph; Still survived in the form of peep shows Kinetophone (19th Century) Provide music to accompany the image of the kinetoscope Telegraph (Late 19th Century) System of communication employing electronical apparatus to transmit and receive signals; Invented in USA by Samuel F.B. Morse and in Britain by Sir Charles Weatstone with Sir William F. Cooke ELECTRONIC AGE – The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication become more efficient. Punch Card (Late 19th Century) Stiff paper used to contain digital information; Card for computing data; Have patterns of holes punched in it Transistor Radio (1947) Small portable radio receiver that uses transistors in its circuits  Television (1920) Used for transmitting moving images; Primary medium during 1950 ENIAC (1946) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer; One of the earliest electronic general purpose computers made Mainframe Computers (1950) High-level computer designed for most intensive computational tasks LCD Projector (1960) Displays image, video, or computer data NEW (INFORMATION) AGE – The internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age. Web Browsers (1900s) Web browser that popularized the World Wide Web and the Internet; Was named for its support of multiple internet protocols; (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE); Included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995 Blogs (2003) Blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries; Developed by Pyra Labs Social Networks (2003) A social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. Microblogs (2004) A broadcast medium that exists on the form of blogging; Allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links Web Search Engine (2004) Software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web; The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files Video (2005) Video-sharing Internet venture Portable Computers (20th Century) Laptops, Netbooks, Tablets; Computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another and includes a display and keyboard MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES In searching for information, one needs help in locating appropriate and reliable sources while also having access to them. There are three main sources of information: Indigenous knowledge, Libraries, and the Internet. In many instances, sources of information are also classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. 1. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE - Traditional knowledge are reflection of one’s culture. These information serve as a foundation of communication and survival among our ancestors way back then. Hence, the term Indigenous was associated. Indigenous refers to native; local; originating or produced naturally in a particular region. Knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society refers to Indigenous knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive knowledge kept to a specific group of people. Local knowledge, folk knowledge, people’s knowledge, traditional wisdom, or traditional science are other terms used for it (Senanayak, 2006). Indigenous knowledge is transferred from one generation to another, either orally (oral tradition) or through cultural rituals. Oral traditions involve legends, folktales, epics, myths, and folk songs. 2. LIBRARY - Library is a place set apart to contain books, periodicals, and other material for reading, viewing, listening, study of reference, set of rooms, or building where books may be read or borrowed. As to its characteristics, libraries are known their reliability, accuracy and value - Libraries of published books are often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable.  Libraries are classified as academic, public, school, and special. a. Academic libraries- serve colleges and universities. b. Public libraries- serve cities and towns of all types. c. School libraries- serve students from Kindergarten to Grade 12. d. Special libraries- are located in specific environments (e.g., hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private business). 3. INTERNET - As defined in the Oxford Dictionary, the Internet is “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.” It transmits information stored in files or documents on one computer to another computer. It transfers together several information and services, such as file transfer, electronic mail, interlinked web pages, online chat, and other documents of the World Wide Web. Other Classifications of Information Sources A. Primary Sources of Information - Primary sources refer to “original materials.” These are materials from a certain period of time that have not been filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation, or evaluation. Also, primary sources are the bases of other researches. They are commonly the raw products of written texts (print or electronic format). Hence, they show original thinking, present a discovery, or impart new information. The following are examples of primary sources of information: Artifact- It refers to something made or created by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. Diary- It is a record with distinct entries organized by date reporting on daily activities or other periods. It can be personal, which may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings. Patent- This is the granting of a right to an inventor by a sovereign authority. This grant affords the inventor exclusive rights to the patented process, design, or invention for a designated period in exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention. Audio/ video recording Other examples of primary sources include e-mails, interviews, journal articles, letters, minutes of meetings, conferences and symposia, newspaper articles, original documents (e.g., birth certificate, marriage certificate), photographs, records of organizations, research survey results, speeches, works of art, literature, architecture, and music, and websites. B. Secondary Sources of Information - They are analyses, interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources. Secondary sources are not proof, but rather explanation on and discussion of evidence. Secondary sources may be classified as index type, survey type, and reference type. Indexes- are typically found as one or more individual volumes at the end of a set. Examples are index, bibliography, indexing periodicals, and abstracting periodicals. Survey type- involves the product of examination or description of someone or something. Examples are reviews, treatises, and monographs. Reference type- consists of materials collected from others’ works such as encyclopedia, dictionary, handbook, manual and critical tables. C. Tertiary Sources of Information - Tertiary sources are commonly confused with secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve information that collects and organizes primary and secondary sources. Tertiary sources include bibliographies of bibliographies, directories and yearbooks, guides to literature, and lists of research in progress. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES MEDIA LANGUAGE - is a method, consisting of signs and symbols, used by information producers to convey meanings to their audiences (Orlebar, 2009). It is a set of technical codes and conventions to communicate information (UNESCO, 2016). Media Languages can be WRITTEN (writing styles, punctuation); VERBAL (diction, stress), NON-VERBAL (gestures, facial expressions); VISUAL (camera angles, colors); and AURAL (diegetic and non-diegetic sounds).