Midterms_Finals Reviewer.pdf

Purposive Communication ❖ Lesson 1: Communication Process, Principles and Ethics. Meaning of Communication //General Meaning: Communication is a systematic process of sending and receiving messages through written words or spoken, and sometimes verbal or non-verbal....

Purposive Communication ❖ Lesson 1: Communication Process, Principles and Ethics. Meaning of Communication //General Meaning: Communication is a systematic process of sending and receiving messages through written words or spoken, and sometimes verbal or non-verbal. Interacting with people. Exchanging Information. //Meaning of Communication according to researchers: Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages sometimes through spoken or written words, and sometimes non-verbally through facial expressions, gestures, and voice qualities. ​(Ober & Newman, 2013, p.5). Communication is a systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. ​(Wood, 2012, p.3). Communication is the process of sending information to oneself or another entity, usually via a language.​ (Palta, 2007, p.1). Communication is a continuous activity (process) that operates within a certain context (system) in which people exchange words, gestures, and other verbal and nonverbal (symbols) behavior to create and understand information or messages (meaning). (Ambida, Galicha, & Oandasan, 2019, p.10). Linear Model ​  A. Laswell’s Verbal Model - Communication can be understood by answering the five questions provided by Harold Laswell (1948).​ B. Shannon and Weaver’s Model - In 1949, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver modified Laswell’s verbal model by adding noise as a component.​ Interactive Model Considerations: Speaker ◆ Source of the Idea ◆ Answers the question “from whom?” Message ◆ The idea being communicated. ◆ Answers the question “what?” Listener ◆ Intended recipient of the idea ◆ Answers the question “for whom?” Feedback ◆ Reaction to the idea being communicated ◆ Answers the question “what now?” Noise ◆ Barriers in communication​ ◆ Physical noise (environmental sounds)​ ◆ Physiological noise (illness)​ ◆ Psychological noise (beliefs, behaviors)​  ◆ Semantic noise (different meaning)​ ◆ Cultural noise (wrong explanation or non- ​ verbal communication) Transactional Model Considerations: Communicators ◆ Participants switch roles between being senders and receivers​. ◆ Takes into account the social, relational and cultural contexts of the communicators​. Social Context ◆ Rules​ learned explicitly through parental guidance and formal education​. ◆ Norms ​ social conventions picked up through trial-and-error in one’s social circles​. Relational context​ ◆ Hierarchal​ one person is given higher respect than the other ◆ Lateral ​ both sender and receiver are viewed as equals​ ◆ Cultural context​ Race, nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, socioeconomic class, level of ability​ Underprivileged cultures are not accorded the same respect and recognition as others​ Principles of Communication Communication is Transactional Communication is Inevitable Communication is Goal-Oriented Communication has Various Levels Communication is Complex  Communication can be learned complex (?) Communication is Relational Communication is Guided by Culture. Ethics of Communication Ethical communicators are honest Ethical communicators are well aware of the consequences of their thoughts and actions. Ethical communicators value diversity and respect each other’s opinions Ethical communicators are just and fair. Interpersonal Communication Between two people​ May differ based on their relationship​ Good interpersonal communication follows Immanuel Kant’s philosophy: “Human beings should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else.​” Group Communication Collection of people with a common goal, sense of belongingness, and mutual influence​. The bigger the group, the less influence each person has on the group and the greater the chance that subgroups will emerge.​ Works best in teams, where each individual has clearly defined roles, duties and responsibilities​ Presentational Communication Addresses a gathering of people to inform, persuade or entertain​ Can be done live, or can be done through mass communication where a mediated message is sent out to many people at the same time​