Fundamentals of Communication PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION The elements of communication constitute the communication process. Usually, the process starts with sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Other elements such as the noise and the setting are also present in the communication in no definite time and...

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION The elements of communication constitute the communication process. Usually, the process starts with sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback. Other elements such as the noise and the setting are also present in the communication in no definite time and place. The following components (Dapat, Sadorra, & Lumabi, 2016) are essential in the communication process.  Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving messages through the verbal and non-verbal methods. Communication is a two-way means of communicating information in the form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more individuals with the purpose of building an understanding.  1. The Sender (or the speaker)- holds an idea that needs to be conveyed as a message in oral or written from influenced by experiences. Knowledge, skills, situation, purpose and attitude toward self and the listener. The sender’s goal is to transfer the message by all means.  2.The Receiver (or the listener)- decodes the conveyed message. He/She filters the message based on his/her frame of reference, which includes the level of knowledge about the subject, language proficiency, experiences, values and attitudes.  3. The message- is any idea delivered by the sender to the receiver. A message can be in verbal form (i.e., written or spoken words, sign language, e-mail, text messages, phone calls, snail-mail, sky-writing, etc.) with nonverbal content (e.g., body movement and gestures, eye contact, artifacts and clothing, vocal variety, touch, timing, etc.)  4.The Channel- is the medium or means through which the message is transmitted. The primary channels in face-to-face communication are sound and sight. Public announcements and advertisements are commonly sent through radio, television, internet, newspapers and magazines. Other channels communicate nonverbal messages through the use of other human senses such as touching, smelling, tasting.  5. The noise- is also known as the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood. Noise is classified in the following forms: a. Physical Noise is the noise from the environment such as beeping cars, talking people, ringing phones, barking dogs, etc. b. Semantic Noise is the different understanding of the meaning of the message sent which considers language, cultures, or hand writing. c. Psychological Noise depends on one’s concept or mentality towards the message or the speaker such as prejudices, narrow mindedness, and biases.  BASIC RULES OF COMMUNICATION NOTE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AS GUIDE: 1. Who is your audience? 2. Why are you communicating? 3. What are you communicating about? 4. What could be the possible objections? 5. Have you presented a comprehensive picture about the situation? 6. Are you a credible source of information?  11. Have you used multiple communication technique? 8. Is the volume of information easily manageable? 9. What are the creative ways done to present information? 10. Have you developed a practical, useful way to get the feedback? 11. Do you have additional information that would add depth to your message?  THE GOLDEN RATIO OF EFECTIVE COMMUNICATION PEOPLE REMEMBER: 10% of what they read 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see 40% of what they hear and see  5 the sender’s message. Feedback can be in the form of verbal or non verbal response.  6. The Situation- is the time and place in which communication occurs. Communication adapts to the setting. For example, the language of students in the classroom is quite different from the language they use at home. 7. The Feedback- is the receiver’s message that he or she sends to the source in response to the sender’s message. Feedback can be in the form of verbal or non verbal response.. Interactive Communication Model This model recognizes the involvement of more than one participant at the same time using two-directional communication known as “feedback loop”. Schramm (1954, as cited in Whaley & Samter, 2013) proposed continuous loop (interactive model) with communicators simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Westley Mac Lean (1957, as cited in Whaley & Samter, 2013) produced and corrected version of the linear model including feedback loops. Lastly, Berlo (1967, 1977 as cited in Whaley & Samter, 2013) finally imposed the notion that communication is dynamic interractive process and communication cannot be isolated or separated from other events. A model is a visual representation of the communication process to understand clearly the roles of the each element. Basically, there are three models of the communication process described by the experts. Linear, Interactive, and Transactional. They represent the simplest to the most complex perspectives of the communication process.  Communication Models Shannon and Weaver were the first to present the Linear Model of Communication in 1949’s The Mathematical Theory of Communication (Gavi, 2013). This is tha basic concept of communication where a speaker simply transmits a message to the listener. Dapat, Sadorra & Lumabi (2016) have given the following characteristics of the simplest model of communication: a.It is a unindirectional model. The process is moving in one direction only, which means the speaker is sending a message to the receiver with or without effect. b.It present a simple communication act. The Linear model does not look like a process. Instead, it is a transmission only of a cause and effect or also known as a one-way casualty. c. It involves persuasion , not mutual understanding. The Linear model promotes influence or advice rather than cultivating a mutual understanding among communicators. d. It values psychological effects over social effects. The linear model concentrates on the psychological effects (such as the individual understanding of the message) of the communicators rather than the social effects (like the relationships among communicators). Message SENDER RECEIVER Linear Communication Model (Dapat, Sadorra, & Lumabi, 2016)  INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL (Lorente, et al., 2017) Encoding Message Decoding Receiver Decoding Message Decoding Sender In the more complex interactive model, the sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver and the receiver then send a feedback and channels a message to the original sender. In this context, the interactive model is like two linear models piled on top of each other. Communication is considered effective if it receives the desired result, response or reaction (Lorente, et al., 2017)  3. Transactional Communication Model The transaction model generates social expectancies in communal, relative, and ethnic contexts among communicators. Here, the exchange of messages creates relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create communities. The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of communication differ significantly from the other models. Thus the transaction model encourages both the sender and receiver to communicate simultaneously..