Midterm 2 Review and Study Guide BIOL 1216 PDF

Midterm 2 Review and Study Guide BIOL 1216 TREVOR KING Midterm The review is intended as a study guide Content on Midterm ◦ Wk5 – L1 (CNS) to Wk 9 – L2(part 1) (muscle) 49 marks ◦ 39 MC and 10 SA (5 questions) 80 minutes Know what role each divisions of the nervous system performs...

Midterm 2 Review and Study Guide BIOL 1216 TREVOR KING Midterm The review is intended as a study guide Content on Midterm ◦ Wk5 – L1 (CNS) to Wk 9 – L2(part 1) (muscle) 49 marks ◦ 39 MC and 10 SA (5 questions) 80 minutes Know what role each divisions of the nervous system performs © 2019 JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Brain How is the brain protected by each of these components? ◦ Cranium, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier MOTOR CORTEX SOMATOSENSORY ◦ What is the blood brain barrier, and how does it impact substances entering the brain via CORTEX blood? Know the organization of the cerebrum AUDITORY CORTEX ◦ Focus: Cerebral cortex ◦ Recognize/describe the location and roles of these Brodmann areas→ Know the role of the hypothalamus and cerebellum Know how you measure structure and function of the brain VISUAL CORTEX Structure MRI CT FACIAL RECOGNITION Function AREA fMRI EEG PET Interpret this image Sensatory Receptors Know the categories and identify which receptors fall into each: ◦ Peripheral endings and separate cells How does a sensory receptor translate sensory information into membrane potential? Sensation Know how the 4 steps of sensation occur 1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor 2. Transduction of the stimulus 3. Generation of action potentials 4. Integration of sensory input Understand: ◦ How receptive field density and overlap impact localization ◦ How information is coded for stimulus intensity and duration ◦ What is adaptation? ◦ How sensory modality is determined?  Types of Sensations How do we detect somatic sensations? ◦ Tactile sensations ◦ Thermal sensations ◦ hot and cold receptors ◦ Pain sensations ◦ Nociceptors ◦ Proprioceptive sensations – muscles, joints, tendons ◦ What does the stretch reflex do? ◦ What does the tendon organ reflex do? Summarize the olfactory system ◦ Very sensitive, fast adapting Summarize the gustatory system ◦ Not as sensitive, not a wide variety of tastes Visual System Know the path light takes as it enters the eye through the pupil ◦ Iris adjusts the amount of light ◦ The lens focusses light on the retina ◦ The retina contains photoreceptors Visual System Know the roles of each of the photoreceptors ◦ Rods and cones ◦ Fovea contains highest density of cones Know 3 reasons why the fovea is area of greatest acuity Follow the path of sensory information from the retina to the visual cortex Auditory and Vestibular Systems Know an overview of how sound waves are translated to movement of hair cells in cochlea ◦ Tympanic membrane → ossicles → cochlear fluids → basilar membrane → hair cells ◦ Know where these actions occur: ◦ external ear, middle ear, inner ear ◦ Describe how each hair cell has its own receptive field (i.e. basilar membrane tuning) Understand the roles of the otolithic organs and semicircular ducts ◦ Hair cell motion Autonomic nervous system Know this overview of the autonomic nervous system (a) Parasympathetic nervous system (b) Sympathetic nervous system— Most cholinergic Innervation to most effector tissues adrenergic A special case: chromaffin cells release NE/E into the blood Understand how agonists and antagonists can target these receptors (e.g. drugs, poisons) Somatic Nervous System Neuromuscular junction ◦ Describe how neurotransmitters lead to an end plate potential and an action potential Know that electromyography (EMG) measures muscle fibre action potentials  Skeletal muscle Muscle Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) Striations Differentiate between the 3 types of muscle Skeletal ◦ What are striations? (a) Skeletal muscle muscle fiber Nucleus What are the steps of the contraction cycle? Cardiac Striations muscle ◦ Focus: Role of myosin, actin, and ATP Cardiac Hear muscle t fiber (cell) Cardiac muscle LM fibers (b) Cardiac muscle Smooth Smooth muscle fiber (cell) muscle Artery Smooth LM (c) Smooth muscle muscle fiber Excitation-contraction coupling Sarcoplasmic Voltage Know the role of each of these in muscle T-Tubule reticulum gated Ca2+ excitation-contraction coupling, and how contraction would change with a change in channel these components: ◦ Muscle fiber (cell) ◦ T-Tubule Myofibril ◦ Voltage gated Ca2+ channels Muscle fibre ◦ Sarcoplasmic reticulum ◦ Myofibril ◦ Sarcomere ◦ Actin filament ◦ Myosin filament Actin ◦ Myosin heads Myosin ◦ Troponin ◦ Tropomyosin ◦ SERCA pumps Myosin head tropomyosin Troponin  Muscle: Motor unit recruitment and Summation Know how a muscle changes the amount of force (tension) it produces 1. Summation: multiple Muscle Action Potentials cause increased contraction strength 2. Motor Unit recruitment: More ‘excitement’ of nerve activates more motor units Multiple twitches Twitch Force Summation Muscle fatigue Know what could cause muscle fatigue: Know the difference between type 1 and type ◦ Buildup of metabolites (H+, Pi) 2 motor units ◦ Loss of fuel (glycogen, ATP) ◦ Fuel sources ◦ Impaired cell communication (Na+/K+ imbalance, ◦ Force production neurotransmitter depletion) ◦ Fatiguability Slow twitch force Fast twitch force Time