Midterm Review PDF

1. As Children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first? a. The phonology of the language b. The pragmatics of the language c. The semantics of the language d. The syntax of the language 2. Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and...

1. As Children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first? a. The phonology of the language b. The pragmatics of the language c. The semantics of the language d. The syntax of the language 2. Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and girls (by parents and other adults) influences children’s sex-type behaviors. What does the evidence show? a. Parents provide more encouragement for sons to achieve than daughters b. Parents show more warmth and responsiveness to their daughters. c. In many ways, boys and girls don’t appear to be treated differently. d. Parents interact more with their sons than with their daughters. 3. The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following? a. Social adjustment b. Protection c. Cognitive stimulation d. Behavior control 4. Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT: a. Hierarchical structure b. Unidimensional c. Dynamic and changing d. Multifaceted 5. When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her a. Area of representational thought b. Preoperational stage c. Zone of scaffolding d. Zone of proximal development 6. When a child has repeated experiences with one kind of event, such as going to a ball game several times or going to the doctor several times, the child begins to form a schematic representation of the features of the event—the order in which things occur. Such an episodic representation is called what? a. Nondeclarative information 1  b. A script c. A sensory input d. A sensory output 7. Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety? a. Withdrawal of love b. Power assertion c. Neglectfulness d. Induction 8. Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? a. The 3-year-old’s brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size. b. Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories c. Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy. d. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. 9. Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include a. Standing with support, reaching for objects, visual preferences for faces b. Sitting without support, playing with simple toys, 20/20 vision. c. Crawling, scribbling with a crayon, interpreting facial expressions. d. Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects 10. Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition). Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)? a. Operational b. Formal operational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational 11. According to recent views, the “Me” includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term? a. Self-efficacy b. Self-esteem c. Self-advocacy d. Self-concept 12. Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of 2  development? a. Sensory memory b. Procedural memory c. Working memory d. Short-term memory 13. If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying and baby’s other signals, shows sensitivity and consistency, and holds the baby often, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby? a. Disoriented b. Secure c. Avoidant d. Anxious 14. Which of the following widely held assumptions about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget? a. Children passively absorb information b. Children construct their knowledge c. Knowledge is funneled into children d. Children are blank slates receiving knowledge 15. How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual? a. Until nutrition is balanced b. Through infancy c. Throughout life d. Until birth 16. Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection? a. Child who is highly successful athletically b. Child who is highly successful academically c. Child with low self-esteem d. Child with high self-esteem 17. Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions? a. Baseline episode b. Positive affect system c. Still-face paradigm d. Negative affect system 3 18. Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl, and she expects to be a girl tomorrow, but she does not understand that her gender is permanent. She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender. Tiffany has ____ but not _____. a. Gender identity/ gender stability b. Gender constancy/ gender stability c. Gender constancy/ Gender identity d. Gender stability/ Gender constancy 19. What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures? a. Cerebellum b. Midbrain c. Hindbrain d. Forebrain 20. When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects? a. Heart b. Central Nervous system c. Parasympathetic nervous system d. Sympathetic Nervous system 21. The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following? a. Love withdrawal b. Fear c. Power assertion d. Neglect 22. Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people’s intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on. This field of study is referred to as a. Theory of mind b. Preoperational thought c. Cognitive development d. Concrete operational thought 23. Which of the following is most likely to effect compliance with fearless children? 4  a. Gentle discipline b. Warmth of their relationship to the parent c. Harsh discipline d. Intensity of the parent’s power assertion 24. At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy? a. 24-36 months b. 0-6 months c. After the age of 3 d. 15- 24 months 25. What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to the minority (Black and Hispanic) Children in the U.S.? a. White children feel more pressure for gender nonconformity b. Hispanic males feel less pressure for gender conformity c. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for minority children d. Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children 26. Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because a. They have been proven to be true b. They are more abstract than opinions c. They are based on scientific research d. They provide a complete picture of development 27. In Piaget’s work with children, he established that a child’s process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit. This aspect of adaptation is known as what? a. Intermodal perception b. Executive function c. Intersensory integration d. Accommodation 28. In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity. This is an example of a. A cross-fostering study b. A comparative study c. A survey study d. A longitudinal study 5 29. Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time? a. They spend three times more time with same sex peers b. They spend 11 times more times with same sex peers c. They spend most of their time in mixed-gender interactions d. They are indifferent about the gender of peers with whom they interact. 30. Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership? a. Gender constancy b. Gender stability c. Gender roles d. Gender allegiance 31. For babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes, at what age do they typically begin walking alone? a. Around 12 months b. Around 5-6 months c. Around 8 months d. Around 18-20 months 32. Marie has a 2 1/2-year-old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter “naughty” and “a bad girl” when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn’t understand what she is saying so it doesn’t matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? a. Marie should tell her daughter that she is loved to make up for what the babysitter says. b. Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter’s developing self-understanding. c. Marie should tell her daughter that what the babysitter says about her is untrue. d. Marie should not worry about what the babysitter is doing because her daughter is too young to understand. 33. What allows us to hold information in working memory and use it for periods of time longer than 15 to 30 seconds? a. Recognition 6  b. Retrieval c. Rehearsal d. Metacognition 34. What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that empowers or enables them to answer conservation questions correctly (like those posed by Piaget) and to think reversibly? a. Ability to decenter b. Ability to think abstractly c. Ability to count d. Ability of metacognition 35. Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include a. Addiction to alcohol b. Flipper arms c. Blindness and shortened limbs d. Widely spaced eyes and flattened nose 36. Children’s developing self-concepts differ on the basis of cultural values and emphases. North American children are more likely than children from Eastern cultures to incorporate which of the following elements in their self-concepts? a. Relationships b. Characteristics of parents c. Independence d. Self-criticism 37. Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation? a. Around one year of age b. Young infancy c. Around the age of three d. Around the age of two 38. Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high-quality childcare is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal process? a. The quality and characteristics of the apartment complex in which Juan and his mother reside 7  b. Governmental policies and subsidies for childcare that apply in the city c. The quality of caregiving provided by Juan’s mother d. The sensitivity of Juan’s caregiver 39. What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior? a. Egalitarianism b. Urbanization c. Industrialization d. Male domination 40. When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, this set of processes (involved in controlling genetic expression) is called a. Translation b. Epigenesis c. Transcription d. Mitosis 41. Which of the following is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status? a. Presence of a grandparent in the home b. Parental arguing and conflict c. Presence of older siblings d. A parent working outside the home 42. Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory about three aspects of adult personality. According to Freud, which of these aspects is the last to emerge during development? a. Superego b. Id c. Autonomy d. Ego 43. Models of development based on the assumption that change occur as a continuous process are called a. Stage models b. Multidimensional models c. Information processing models d. Incremental models 44. Which one of the following theorists emphasized continuity in development? 8  a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erikson c. Albert Bandura d. Jean Piaget 45. In Piaget’s stages of moral development, what is the stage in which individuals strictly adhere to rules and believe rule violations are always punished? a. Conventional morality b. Heteronomous morality c. Premoral period of morality d. Autonomous morality 46. The internalization of rules and standards of behaviors is most closely associated with the development of a. Intelligence b. Attachment c. Self-concept d. Conscience 47. Researchers have specified sets of behavioral skills that foster social bonding between parent and infant. Which set of dyadic skills is present from birth? a. Recognition system b. Intuitive parenting system c. Orienting system d. Attachment 48. According to many studies, which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood? a. Physical competence b. Peer acceptance c. Physical appearance d. Athletic competence 49. Stage theories of development typically describe _____ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Incremental d. Cumulative 50. Researchers do not agree on the question of what emotions are. However, they 9 seem to agree that emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT: a. Communication b. Intelligence quotient c. Survival d. Motivation of behavior 10 Answer Keys 1. As Children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first? Answer: A) The phonology of the language Explanation: Children first learn the sounds of their language, known as phonology, which forms the foundation for later learning of words, sentences, and grammar. 2. Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and girls (by parents and other adults) influences children’s sex-type behaviors. What does the evidence show? Answer: C) In many ways, boys and girls don’t appear to be treated differently. Explanation: Research indicates that while there are some differences in how boys and girls are treated, the overall treatment by parents and adults is often more similar than different. The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following? Answer: B) Protection Explanation: The primary purpose of the attachment system is to ensure the infant's protection by keeping the caregiver close. Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT: Answer: B) Unidimensional Explanation: Self-concept is multifaceted, dynamic, and hierarchical, not unidimensional, as it includes various aspects of an individual’s identity. When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her: Answer: D) Zone of proximal development Explanation: The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is where learning happens with the support of a more knowledgeable person, bridging the gap between 11  what the child can do alone and what they can achieve with help. When a child has repeated experiences with one kind of event, such as going to a ball game several times or going to the doctor several times, the child begins to form a schematic representation of the features of the event—the order in which things occur. Such an episodic representation is called what? Answer: B) A script Explanation: A script is a mental representation of the sequence of actions and events in a specific context, helping the child anticipate what will happen. Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety? Answer: B) Power assertion Explanation: Power assertion, which uses authority and sometimes physical means to enforce rules, can lead to immediate compliance but also causes anxiety in children. Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? Answer: D) Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. Explanation: Neuroplasticity is demonstrated when neurons adapt to new functions, such as when auditory neurons take on visual functions after being transplanted. Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include: Answer: D) Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects Explanation: By four months, infants typically start rolling over, reaching for objects, and visually tracking moving objects, which are key developmental milestones. Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition). Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)? 12  Answer: D) Concrete operational Explanation: In the concrete operational stage, children develop logical thinking but are still focused on tangible and concrete ideas rather than abstract reasoning. According to recent views, the “Me” includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term? Answer: D) Self-concept Explanation: The “Me” in self-concept includes the material self (physical possessions), social self (relationships), and spiritual self (inner values). Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development? Answer: A) Sensory memory Explanation: Sensory memory has a relatively constant capacity across the lifespan, processing information from the senses for a very short duration. If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying and baby’s other signals, shows sensitivity and consistency, and holds the baby often, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby? Answer: B) Secure Explanation: Secure attachment is fostered when a caregiver is responsive, consistent, and sensitive to the baby’s needs, leading to a strong and trusting bond. Which of the following widely held assumptions about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget? Answer: B) Children construct their knowledge Explanation: Piaget proposed that children actively construct knowledge through interaction with their environment, rather than passively absorbing information. How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual? Answer: C) Throughout life 13  Explanation: Prenatal malnutrition can have long-lasting effects that persist throughout an individual’s life, impacting physical and cognitive development. Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection? Answer: C) Child with low self-esteem Explanation: Children with low self-esteem are more likely to use self-protection strategies to avoid situations that could further harm their self-esteem. Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions? Answer: C) Still-face paradigm Explanation: The still-face paradigm demonstrates that infants can use strategies like self-soothing when faced with an unresponsive caregiver, indicating early emotional regulation. Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl, and she expects to be a girl tomorrow, but she does not understand that her gender is permanent. She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender. Tiffany has ____ but not _____. Answer: A) Gender identity/ gender stability Explanation: Tiffany has developed gender identity (awareness of being a girl) but not gender stability (understanding that gender is permanent). What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures? Answer: D) Forebrain Explanation: The forebrain is the largest part of the brain and includes critical structures like the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system, which are involved in various complex functions. When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects? Answer: D) Sympathetic nervous system 14  Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response, releasing adrenaline and other chemicals that prepare the body for action. The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following? Answer: C) Power assertion Explanation: Time-out is a form of power assertion where a child is temporarily removed from a situation to calm down and think about their behavior. Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people’s intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on. This field of study is referred to as: Answer: A) Theory of mind Explanation: Theory of mind is the understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own, a crucial aspect of social development. Which of the following is most likely to effect compliance with fearless children? Answer: B) Warmth of their relationship to the parent Explanation: Fearless children are more likely to comply with rules when they have a warm, positive relationship with their parents rather than through fear or power assertion. At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy? Answer: D) 15-24 months Explanation: During this period, children begin to recognize themselves in the mirror, develop early forms of self-esteem, and experience feelings of autonomy. What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to the minority (Black and Hispanic) Children in the U.S.? Answer: C) Gender identity has a greater impact on social adjustment for minority children 15  Explanation: Research indicates that for minority children, gender identity plays a more significant role in their social adjustment compared to White children. Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because: Answer: C) They are based on scientific research Explanation: Theories of development are grounded in systematic, scientific research, making them more robust and reliable than opinions. In Piaget’s work with children, he established that a child’s process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit. This aspect of adaptation is known as what? Answer: D) Accommodation Explanation: Accommodation involves changing existing cognitive structures to incorporate new information, allowing the child to adapt to new experiences. In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity. This is an example of: Answer: A) A cross-fostering study Explanation: A cross-fostering study involves raising offspring by a different set of parents than their biological ones to study the effects of the rearing environment on behavior. Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time? Answer: B) They spend 11 times more time with same-sex peers Explanation: During middle childhood, children typically prefer to spend time with peers of the same sex, with research indicating a strong preference for same- sex peer interactions. Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership? Answer: A) Gender constancy 16  Explanation: Gender constancy is the understanding that gender remains the same regardless of changes in appearance or behavior. For babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes, at what age do they typically begin walking alone? Answer: A) Around 12 months Explanation: Most infants begin walking independently around their first birthday, although this can vary slightly from child to child. Marie has a 2 1/2-year-old daughter. The babysitter has been calling her daughter “naughty” and “a bad girl” when the child is uncooperative. The babysitter says that the little girl doesn’t understand what she is saying so it doesn’t matter. Marie is unsure about what to do. Based upon information presented in this chapter, what would you say to Marie? Answer: B) Marie should find some way to stop this before these labels become part of her daughter’s developing self-understanding. Explanation: Negative labels, even if not fully understood by the child, can become internalized and affect self-concept, so it is important to prevent such labeling. What allows us to hold information in working memory and use it for periods of time longer than 15 to 30 seconds? Answer: C) Rehearsal Explanation: Rehearsal is a cognitive process that helps maintain information in working memory by repeating it, extending the time it remains accessible. What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that empowers or enables them to answer conservation questions correctly (like those posed by Piaget) and to think reversibly? Answer: A) Ability to decenter Explanation: Decentering allows children to consider multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously, a key skill needed to understand conservation and reversibility. 17  Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include: Answer: D) Widely spaced eyes and flattened nose Explanation: Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by physical abnormalities such as widely spaced eyes and a flattened nose, as well as cognitive and behavioral impairments. Children’s developing self-concepts differ on the basis of cultural values and emphases. North American children are more likely than children from Eastern cultures to incorporate which of the following elements in their self-concepts? Answer: C) Independence Explanation: North American cultures tend to emphasize individualism and independence, which are more likely to be reflected in the self-concepts of children from these regions. Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation? Answer: B) Young infancy Explanation: Even in early infancy, children begin to show signs of emotion regulation, such as self-soothing behaviors. Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high-quality childcare is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal process? Answer: B) Governmental policies and subsidies for childcare that apply in the city Explanation: A distal process refers to broader societal factors, such as government policies, that indirectly influence a child's development. What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior? Answer: A) Egalitarianism Explanation: Egalitarian societies, which promote equal rights and opportunities 18  for all genders, tend to reduce differences in gendered behavior. When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, this set of processes (involved in controlling genetic expression) is called: Answer: B) Epigenesis Explanation: Epigenesis refers to the process by which environmental factors can affect gene expression, altering the way genetic material is activated without changing the DNA sequence. Which of the following is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status? Answer: B) Parental arguing and conflict Explanation: Parental conflict and arguing can create a stressful environment that negatively impacts an infant’s attachment and overall emotional development. Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic theory about three aspects of adult personality. According to Freud, which of these aspects is the last to emerge during development? Answer: A) Superego Explanation: The superego, which represents internalized societal norms and morals, emerges last in Freud’s model of personality development, after the id and ego. Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a continuous process are called: Answer: D) Incremental models Explanation: Incremental models view development as a gradual and continuous process, as opposed to stage models that see development as occurring in distinct stages. Which one of the following theorists emphasized continuity in development? Answer: C) Albert Bandura Explanation: Albert Bandura, known for his social learning theory, emphasized 19  that development is a continuous process shaped by interactions with the environment. In Piaget’s stages of moral development, what is the stage in which individuals strictly adhere to rules and believe rule violations are always punished? Answer: B) Heteronomous morality Explanation: In the heteronomous stage, children see rules as fixed and unchangeable, and they believe that breaking rules will always result in punishment. The internalization of rules and standards of behaviors is most closely associated with the development of: Answer: D) Conscience Explanation: The conscience is the internalized set of rules and standards that guide behavior and help individuals distinguish right from wrong. Researchers have specified sets of behavioral skills that foster social bonding between parent and infant. Which set of dyadic skills is present from birth? Answer: C) Orienting system Explanation: The orienting system, present from birth, helps infants focus on and engage with their caregivers, fostering early social bonds. According to many studies, which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood? Answer: C) Physical appearance Explanation: Physical appearance is a significant factor in self-esteem, particularly in late childhood and adolescence, often correlating highly with overall self- esteem. Stage theories of development typically describe _____ changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. Answer: B) Qualitative Explanation: Stage theories propose that development involves qualitative 20  changes, meaning that each stage represents a different kind of behavior, cognition, or social relationship. Researchers do not agree on the question of what emotions are. However, they seem to agree that emotions serve functions in all of the following areas EXCEPT: Answer: B) Intelligence quotient Explanation: While emotions are recognized as important for communication, survival, and motivation, they are not directly related to intelligence quotient (IQ). 21