Questions and Answers
In which stage do children develop logical thinking but focus on tangible ideas?
Which term includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self?
Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages?
What quality of attachment is most likely to develop when a mother is responsive to her baby?
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Which assumption about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?
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How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?
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Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection?
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What illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with emotions?
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Tiffany has ____ but not _____.
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What part of the brain includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system?
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What system is responsible for releasing chemicals like adrenaline during stress?
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The use of time-out with toddlers involves which method?
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What field of study focuses on understanding others' intentions and beliefs in children?
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What is most likely to affect compliance in fearless children?
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At what age do children exhibit signs of self-recognition and autonomy?
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How does gender identity impact social adjustment for minority children?
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Developmental theories differ from opinions primarily because they are based on what?
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In Piaget's theory, the aspect of adapting by modifying prior knowledge to fit new information is known as what?
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What type of study involves raising offspring by a different set of parents?
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What statement applies to children's time spent with peers in middle childhood?
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What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing the permanence of gender?
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At what age do most infants begin walking independently?
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What should Marie do regarding the negative labels her daughter is receiving?
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What allows us to hold information in working memory for longer durations?
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What cognitive ability helps children answer conservation questions correctly?
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Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include which of the following?
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North American children are more likely than those from Eastern cultures to emphasize which element in their self-concepts?
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At what age do children begin to show evidence of emotion regulation?
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What represents a distal process in child development?
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What factor in a cultural environment reduces gendered behavior differences?
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What process involves environmental factors influencing genetic expression?
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What is a contextual risk factor for an infant’s attachment status?
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Which aspect of personality development according to Freud emerges last?
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Models of development that view change as continuous are called what?
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Which theorist emphasized continuity in development?
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In Piaget’s moral development stages, which involves strict adherence to rules?
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The internalization of rules and behaviors is associated with the development of what?
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Which dyadic skill helps foster bonding between parent and infant from birth?
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Which domain of self-concept correlates highly with self-esteem from late childhood onward?
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Stage theories of development propose what type of changes in behavior?
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Emotions are agreed to serve functions in all areas EXCEPT what?
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As children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first?
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What does the evidence show about the differential treatment of boys and girls by parents?
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The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following?
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Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT:
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When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her:
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What is an episodic representation called when a child has repeated experiences with an event and begins to form a schematic representation of its features?
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Which discipline method is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety?
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Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?
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Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include:
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Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)?
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According to recent views, the “Me” includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term?
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Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?
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If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying and signals, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop?
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Which of the following widely held assumptions about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?
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How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual?
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Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection among children?
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Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions?
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Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl and expects to be a girl tomorrow, but she does not understand that her gender is permanent. What does Tiffany have but not?
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What part of the brain is the largest and includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures?
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When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases chemicals like adrenaline?
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The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following?
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Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, and feelings. This field of study is referred to as:
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Which of the following is most likely to affect compliance with fearless children?
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At what age does a child seem to exhibit the phase of self-development that includes self-recognition, early self-esteem, and feelings of autonomy?
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What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to minority children in the U.S.?
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Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because:
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In Piaget’s work with children, which aspect of adaptation involves modifying what the child already knows to make new information fit?
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In an animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of low-stress reactivity rats were raised by high-stress reactivity rats. What type of study is this?
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Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time?
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Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender. What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence?
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For babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes, at what age do they typically begin walking alone?
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What would you say to Marie, whose daughter has been called 'naughty' by the babysitter?
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What allows us to hold information in working memory and use it for periods longer than 15 to 30 seconds?
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What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that empowers them to answer conservation questions correctly?
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Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include:
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North American children are more likely than children from Eastern cultures to incorporate which of the following elements in their self-concepts?
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Based on research, at what age do children begin to exhibit evidence of emotion regulation?
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Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal process for Juan, a 7-month-old infant in limited childcare?
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What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?
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When environmental factors influence how hereditary material functions, what is this set of processes called?
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Which of the following is identified as a contextual risk factor in an infant’s attachment status?
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According to Freud, which aspect of adult personality is the last to emerge during development?
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Models of development based on the assumption that change occurs as a continuous process are called:
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Which theorist emphasized continuity in development?
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In Piaget’s stages of moral development, what is the stage where individuals strictly adhere to rules and believe rule violations are always punished?
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The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of:
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Which set of dyadic skills is present from birth that fosters social bonding between parent and infant?
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Which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood?
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Stage theories of development typically describe changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships as:
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Researchers agree that emotions serve functions in all areas EXCEPT:
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Study Notes
Language Acquisition
- Children first learn the phonology of a language, which includes the sounds and structure of language, forming the base for later skills like vocabulary and grammar.
Gender Socialization
- Evidence suggests that boys and girls are treated similarly by parents and adults, challenging the notion of significant differences in treatment that influence sex-typed behaviors.
Attachment System
- The attachment system serves primarily to ensure protection, creating a bond between infants and caregivers that promotes safety and security.
Self-Concept Development
- Self-concept is multifaceted and dynamic, incorporating various aspects of identity rather than being unidimensional.
Learning and Development Zones
- The Zone of Proximal Development is crucial for learning, where children succeed with the help of skilled individuals, bridging gaps in their abilities.
Cognitive Scripts
- Repeated experiences lead children to form scripts, which are mental frameworks representing the order of events in familiar contexts.
Discipline Methods
- Power assertion methods induce immediate compliance but generate high levels of anxiety in children, showcasing the psychological impact of disciplinary approaches.
Neuroplasticity
- Neuroplasticity is illustrated when transplanted neurons adapt to new functions, such as auditory neurons perceiving light after moving to the visual cortex.
Infant Development Milestones
- At around four months, infants usually display milestones like rolling over, reaching for objects, and visual tracking of moving items.
Cognitive Development Stages
- Concrete operational stage (ages 7-12) is characterized by logical thinking about concrete objects, but limited abstract reasoning.
Self-Concept Components
- The "Me" concept is defined by self-concept, encompassing the material self, social self, and spiritual self.
Memory Types
- Sensory memory maintains a consistent capacity throughout development, processing sensory information briefly.
Secure Attachment
- A secure attachment results from a caregiver's consistent and sensitive responses to an infant's needs, fostering a trusting relationship.
Knowledge Construction
- Children actively construct their own knowledge through engagement with the environment, according to Piaget's theories.
Impact of Prenatal Malnutrition
- Prenatal malnutrition may have effects that last throughout an individual's life, influencing both physical and cognitive development.
Emotion Regulation
- Emotion regulation begins to show in children around the age of two, indicating developing emotional control and coping mechanisms.
Gender Identity Formation
- Gender constancy involves recognizing that gender remains unchanged regardless of superficial actions or appearances.
Developmental Contexts
- Contextual risk factors like parental conflict can significantly affect an infant's attachment status, impacting emotional and relational development.
Behavioral Skills in Infants
- Infants demonstrate dyadic skills for social bonding, such as a recognition system, which starts from birth.
Cultural Variations in Self-Concept
- North American children are more inclined to define their self-concept with elements of independence, contrasting with more relationship-focused definitions in Eastern cultures.
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
- In heteronomous morality, children adhere strictly to rules, believing rule violations always warrant punishment, highlighting a rigid moral framework.
Theories of Development
- Developmental theories are distinguished by being based on scientific research rather than opinion, providing a structured understanding of growth.
Emotion and Functionality
- Emotions play critical roles in communication, survival, and motivating behavior, although consensus on the nature of emotions remains elusive.### Self-Protection and Self-Esteem
- Children with low self-esteem often employ self-protection strategies to avoid situations that could worsen their self-perception.
Infants' Emotional Coping
- The still-face paradigm showcases that infants naturally use self-soothing techniques in response to unresponsive caregivers, indicating early emotional regulation capabilities.
Gender Identity Development
- At age 3, children may know their gender but struggle with understanding its permanence, as seen with Tiffany, who has gender identity but lacks gender stability.
- Gender constancy involves recognizing that gender remains unchanged despite alterations in appearance or behavior.
Brain Structure
- The forebrain is the largest brain region, encompassing crucial structures like the hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system.
Stress Response
- The sympathetic nervous system triggers the body's 'fight or flight' response by releasing adrenaline and other energizing chemicals in stressful situations.
Parenting Techniques
- Time-out serves as a power assertion technique where a child is removed from a situation to reflect on behavior.
Theory of Mind
- Theory of mind refers to understanding that others possess beliefs and desires distinct from one's own, a fundamental aspect of social development.
Compliance in Fearless Children
- Fearless children are more likely to comply with rules if they enjoy a warm relationship with their parents, rather than through fear-based methods.
Developmental Milestones
- Children exhibit self-recognition, early self-esteem, and autonomy between 15-24 months.
- Most infants start walking independently around the age of 12 months.
Gender and Cultural Impact
- Research shows that gender identity plays a more significant role in social adjustment among minority children compared to White children.
- North American children often emphasize independence in their self-concepts, contrasting with Eastern cultural values.
Emotional Regulation
- Children begin to demonstrate emotion regulation skills, including self-soothing, in early infancy.
Environmental Influences
- Government policies on childcare represent a distal influence on a child’s development, affecting access to quality childcare.
Gender Equality
- Societies that promote egalitarianism reduce observable differences in gendered behavior among children.
Genetic Expression
- Epigenesis describes processes whereby environmental factors modify gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
Infant Attachment Contexts
- Parental conflict and arguing are identified as contextual risk factors that can negatively impact an infant's attachment status.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
- In Freud's model, the superego is the last personality aspect to develop, following the id and ego.
Development Models
- Incremental models view development as a continuous process of change, contrasting with stage theories that describe distinct stages of development.
Moral Development Stages
- In Piaget’s stages, heteronomous morality is characterized by strict adherence to rules and the belief that violations lead to punishment.
- The development of conscience correlates with internalizing rules and standards of behavior.
Parent-Infant Bonding Skills
- The orienting system, present from birth, facilitates early bonding by allowing infants to engage and focus on their caregivers.
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
- Physical appearance is closely linked to self-esteem from late childhood into adulthood.
Emotional Functionality
- While emotions are crucial for communication, survival, and motivation, they are not inherently correlated with intelligence quotient (IQ).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the stages of language acquisition in children and the influence of social learning theories on gender behaviors. This quiz covers essential concepts in child development, including phonology, pragmatics, semantics, and syntax.
