Midterm Reviewer.pdf

Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer 2. All forms of life are important Ecology and Fieldworks: Introduction - organisms have their own...

Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer 2. All forms of life are important Ecology and Fieldworks: Introduction - organisms have their own ecological niche Ecology 3. Everything is interconnected studies interaction among organisms -physico-chemical factors influence and their environment the condition of the surrounding. Biosphere 4. Everything changes Combined portion of the planet in * Cyclical- season and geological which exist including land, water, and changes air * Linear- state of matter/biological Population organism are not repeated number of individuals in same species * random- natural disasters Community 5. Everything must go somewhere different population in same - wastes must go in other forms environment 6. Ours is a finite earth Ecosystem - renewable and non-renewable Organisms lives together/ interaction resources of non-living and living things 7. Nature is beautiful and we are God’s Biome creation group of ecosystem that have same climate/ similar dominant Ecologist vs. Environmentalist communities Habitat Ecologist place where organisms lived - Environmental experts/ scientist Ecological Niche - Have scientific knowledge Role of organism in natural - Work on lab and in field environment and its relationship with Environmentalist each other - Examines natural environment and its For survival connection Autotroph - involved in relevant social activities Organism that produce their own food - Concentrate most on observation “Auto” self, “troph” food Food chain Ecologist and Environmentalist Transfer of energy in organisms to organisms Anton van Leeunwenhoek Food Web - develop the concept of food chains consumer -resource system Interconnection of food chain Carl Linnaeus Composed of autotrophs and - inventor of science on economy of nature heterotrophs Alexander Humboldt Seven Principles of Environment - describe ecological gradient of latitudinal 1. Nature knows best biodiversity  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer Charles Darwin Charles Elton - theory of evolution - father of animal ecology - evolution through natural selection - pioneered food-web, niche concepts Herbert Spencer - early founder of social ecology Karl Mobius Philippine Environmentalism - first concept of ecological community, The Philippine Environmentalism biocenosis, and living community Environmentalism Ernst Haeckel - ethical movement the seek to improve and - inverted term ecology protect the quality of natural environment - linked ecology and evolution - consideration, reasoning about morality, political, and economic and social policies. Victor Hensen - term plankton,quantitative and statistical measures of productivity in the sea. Laws in the Philippines and Enacted Year Eugenius Warming Spanish Regime - founder of ecological plant geography Encomendia system Real hacienda Galleon trade Henry Cowles Cash crops - founder of ecological succession Governor Jose Raon Ordinance no. Jan Christian Smuts 57, waters in Pampanga, Laguna, and - holism and evolution Bulacan must be protected. Decree Nov. 26, 1898- prohibitions of killing carabaos Arthur Tansley - term ecosystem and notable researchers Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901) - First president of the Republic of Charles CHristopher Adams Philippines - founded ecological energetics - Division of Forest- Division of Mines American Era Victor Ernest Shelford - Bureau of Forest, Bureau of Mines - founded physiological ecology, pioneered - William Cameron (1912)- appropriate food web, and biome concept public waters, usage of water power, - the Nature Conservancy irrigation system - Francis Burton Harrison (1916)- Alfred Lotka Irrigation Act no. 2652 - mathematical population model - Leonard Wood (1924)- stipulating loan to irrigation system (predator-prey interaction - Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1933)  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer utilization of water and develop Development Corporation hydraulic power - Support Agricultural Machinery - The Natural Parks Act (1932) Equipment Corporation and Rice and - Commission of Parks and Wildlife Corn Production Administration - 1935 Constitution Article XII (Conservation and Utilization of Ramon Magsaysay Natural Resources) - NARRA (National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration) American Occupation Acts and Laws - Natural Resources of the Philippines (1901-1934) The Philippine Environmentalism Act no. 3572 - prohibiting the cut of tindalo, ,olave, and Environmentalism tress with penalty to violations. - ethical movement the seek to improve and Act no. 3983 protect the quality of natural environment - Protection to wild flowers and plants - consideration, reasoning about morality, in philippine island political, and economic and social policies. 1930- provision on noise pollution, traffic, and trashes in bodies of water Carlos P. Garcia - RA 2046- prohibition on dams, dikes, and 1932- Act no. 3992 amended law in relation to communal fishing grounds motor vehicles. - RA 4003 Bureau of Fisheries International Rice Research Institutes to Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) develop high-yield rice - reorganize National Development Company where National Rice and Corn Company Diosdado Macapagal - “Pasture Land Act” - Commonwealth Act - Republic Act 4136 (Land Transportation no. 141 and Traffic Code) - Philippine National Assembly Act 383- - RA 3931 Water and Air Pollution Control throwing garbage on rivers for flood Commission (National Pollution Control prevention Commission) - Republic Act 3571- act of prohibiting cutting Jose P. Laurel (1942-1945) trees and plants in plaza, parks, school and - Japanese Occupation of World War II public grounds. - preventing sell of edible meat Ferdinand Marcos Sergio Osmena (1944-1946) - RD 1151 known as Philippine - Agricultural stations Environmental Policy Degree - Bataan National Park, irrigation system, - PD 1152- Philippine Environmental dynamite fishing Environment Code - PD 1121 National Environmental Protection Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) Council - philippine environment in lowest conditions - RA no. 4850 Laguna Lake DEvelopment - stop environmental exploitation of Japanese Authority in the Philippines - RA 6234 MWSS - PD 281 PAsig River Development Council Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) - PD 461 DEpartment of Agriculture and - EO no. 355, National Land Settlement Natural Resources into CA to DNR Administration with Land Settlement - RA no. 3601- National Irrigation  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer Administration - Irrigation Law - PD no. 600- Prevention and Control of - RA 8550 “Philippine Fisheries Code of Marine Pollution 1998” - conservation of the fisheries and - PD no. 602 Oil Pollution Operations Center aquatic resources - Animal Welfare Act (RA 8485) - Presidential Decree 1586 - protect and promote welfare of animals, pets Facilitate maintenance between including birds socio-economic development and - RA 8749 Clean Air Act - banning of garbage environmental protection incineration and emission on oil products to - AO no. 12 series of 1979- regulation lower the pollution for conservation of Marine Turtles in -EO no. 54 (1999)- Pasig River Rehabilitation the Philippines Commission - RA 9003- garbage segregation scheme Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) - EO no. 131 renamed Department of Energy Gloria M. Arroyo (2001-2010) and Natural Resources - anti-smoke belching campaign and clean air - Substance and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste act Control Act of 1990 - reduction of the Philippine Ecological - National Integrated Protected Areas System Footprint Act of 1992 - RA no. 9072 National Cave and cave - Bureaus concerned with environment placed Resources Management and Protection Act in under DENR (6 bureau) 2001 - Republic Act 6969 Toxic Substance and - RA no. 9147 - Wildlife COnservation and Hazardous Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 Protection Act - RA 7586 National Integrated Protected - RA9154- establishing mr. kanla-on “Save Areas System Act 1992 - management of Mount Kanla-on Natural Park” protected areas for system biodiversity and - RA 9168 “Philippine Plant Variety sustainable development Protection Act” - Republic Act 7308- National Seed Industry - “Chain Saw Act of 2002” RA 9175 Council - conserve and develop plant genetic - RA 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act 2003) resources. - Philippine Clean Water Act (RA 9275) - Proclamation no. 926- Establishing Subic Watershed Forest Reserve - maintaining and improving waterfield Benigno Aquino (2011-2016) - Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP)- - forest conservation {alawan Act 1992) - SEP in Palawan- -Department of Environment and Natural converting the Palawan Integrated Resources as proactive sector Development Project Office Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) - House Bill 5668 “Imposition of Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) Environment Hazard Fee” - Philippine Agenda 21 - HB 8622 “Philippine Environment Code” - Executive Order no. 15 “Philippine Council revision for Sustainable Development” - HR 766- pollution of industrial - Coconut Preservation Act 8048 (Coconut establishment without waste treatment Preservation Act) facilities Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) - Agrikulturang Makamasa Philippines - Agri-Agra Law -Megadiverse country and biodiversity  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer hotspot Water Philippine Forest - rainfall, humidity, evaporation, water supply - lowland rainforest, montane rainforest, - temperature and moisture are acting mossy rainforest, pine forest, karst limestone together. Essential in the terrestrial forest, mangrove forest environment and part of climate. Mangroves Atmospheric gases - 50 species worldwide, 35-40 species in the - oxygen, CO2, and other gasses Philippines (palawan, bais bay in negros, quezon province) Macronutrients and Macronutrients - natural buffer of coastal areas Micronutrients- Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and - sinks organic and inorganic materials Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur, and Magnesium - nursing ground of fishes Micronutrients- Iron, Manganese, copper, zinc, Seabed Grass and Boron silicon, molybdenum, chlorine, - provide food for the organism vanadium, and cobalt - stabilize sediments Coral reefs Types of Soil - Philippines belong to the coral triangle-highest concentration of Marine Life Name: Gelisols in the planet Characteristic: soil where permafrost within 2m Fertility: Poor (climate) Location: Cold ares Name: Histosols Component of Ecosystem Characteristic: poorly drained, 20% of organic matter Biotic Factor Fertility: Variable - Autotroph Location: Swamps and Bogs Use energy from the environment to make their own food Name: Spodosols - photosynthesis Characteristic: Acidic soils, organic matter, -Heterotroph aluminum oxides, iron oxides Rely on other organism Fertility: Good It can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, Location: Coniferous Forest detritivores(remains of plants and animal and other dead matter ex. earthworms), and Name: Andisols decomposers Characteristic: volcanic ash and glass Fertility: poor, requires fertilizers Abiotic Factor Location: near volcanoes Temperature- range of temperature (hotness or coldness) Name: Oxisols - organisms can only survive certain environment Characteristic: rich in iron and oxides Radiation- exposure to light Fertility: need fertilizers - direct exposure of protoplasm to light can cause Location: humid tropic death - quality of light (wavelength, color, intensity, duration) Name: Vertisols  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer Characteristic: high clay content, dries and crack 3. Distribution Fertility: good with proper management 4. Use Location: seasonally dries 5. Disposal Name: Aridisols LCA Framework Characteristic: prominent clay horizon - Goal and definition and scoping- define product Fertility: good if irrigated process activity Location: Desert Regions - Inventory Analysis- quantify the energy, water, and material usage Name: Ultisols -Impact Assessment- potential human and Characteristic: acidic soils, formed forest, ecological effects contains clay - Interpretation- Evaluate the result inventory Fertility: poor, requires fertilizers analysis and impact assessment Location: humid and tropical regions Name: Mollisols Characteristic: thick, dark organic surface Ecological Fieldworks Fertility: excellent Location: grassland Ecological Succession - Fundamental concept in ecology Name: Alfisols - Predictable and orderly changes in Characteristic: forest soil, underlying clay composition of structure Fertility: Good - Formation of new and unoccupied Location: temperate humid subhumid habitat Name: Inceptisols Parameters of Ecological Succession Characteristic: horizon development - orderly process of community development Fertility: variable - results of modification of physical Location: mountains and young formation environment - culminates and stabilized ecosystem in Name: Entisols which maximum biomass and symbiotic Characteristic: undifferentiated soil function between organisms are maintained Fertility: Good per unit of available energy flow. Location: River valley, food plains Sere Name: Alfisols - whole sequence of community which replace Characteristic: Fertile solid one another in a given area Fertility: Good Location: Humid and Sub Humid regions Hydrosere- community of water Lithosere- community on rock Psammosere- community on sand Life Cycle Assessment Xerosere- community in dry area - Life cycle as major activities in the product Helosere- community in saline life-span - comprehensive view of environmental aspects of Primary Succession the product - development in the area that has not been - follows international rules occupied by a community Process Secondary Succession 1. Raw Metrials - development is proceeding in an area which 2. Production community was removed  Ecology and Fieldworks Midterm Examination Reviewer Ecesis- establishment and initial growth of Initial or Early Succession vegetation - small size Competition: vegetation became established, - wide dispersal competition space, light, and nutrients. - fast population Reaction- changes affect the habitat resulting replacement of one plant community by Late Successional Species another. - Low growth rate Stabilization: reaction phase development to - Lower rate of dispersal climax - larger size Types of Climax - single climax development and the development of climax is controlled by the climate region Edaphic Climax - when there are more than one climax in the community Catastrophic Climax - vegetation was vulnerable to catastrophic event Disclimax - when the community is stable - community is maintained - anthropogenic subclimax (man-regenerated) Mechanism of Succession Nudation- begins in the development of a bare site Migration- refers to arrival of species